Marzban
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Marzbān, or Marzpān
Etymology
The Persian word marz is derived from
(919–1062 AD) dynasty rulers also used marzubān in their name.The word marzban was borrowed into Armenian as marzpan (մարզպան) and into Georgian as marzapani (მარზაპანი).[3]
History
The ranks tradition (primarily of vāspuhrān and āzādān) can be traced to the
The title marzbān can be dated to the Parthian Empire, where in the frontier areas such as
The primary sources imply the marzbān was a provincional function practiced for a single or multiple provinces,[18][19] but there is no evidence for a "quarter of the empire", as al-Masudi entitled Šahrwarāz (629 AD).[16] The rank of marzbān, like most imperial administration, was mostly patrimonial, and was passed down through a single family for generations. The marzbāns of greatest seniority were permitted a silver throne, while marzbāns of the most strategic border provinces, such as the province of Armenia, were allowed a golden throne.[9] In military campaigns the regional marzbāns could be regarded as field marshals, while lesser spāhbeds could command a field army.[20]
The function of marzbān changed over the years, with smaller territorial units being part of the civil administration.
Marzbāns were granted the administration of the border provinces and were responsible for maintaining the security of the
The Sasanian social, administrative and military structure and system was inherited by the Medieval Islamic civilization,[17] however, the marzbāns steadily disappeared depending on the region, as such in Iraq diminished and were replaced by Muslim frontier warriors muqātila, while in Khorasan still had special privileges.[27] In generally were replaced by the title dihqānān.[27]
See also
- Muḥammad ibn al-Marzubani (ca.910-994)
- List of marzbans
- Marzpanate Armenia
- Satrap, the governor of the provinces
- Spahbed, a similar Sassanid commandership rank
- Balkancountries
- List of Iranian titles and ranks
- Military of the Sasanian Empire
References
- ^ Hoyland 2011, p. 46.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 503.
- ISBN 978-1-4724-2552-2.
- ^ a b c d e Frye 1984, p. 316.
- ^ a b Farrokh & McBride 2012, p. 6.
- ^ a b Wiesehöfer 2001, p. 138-139.
- ^ Frye 1984, p. 316, 224.
- ^ Tafażżolī, Ahmad (15 December 1989). "Bozorgān". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ a b Nicolle 1996, p. 10.
- ^ Zakeri 1995, p. 30.
- ^ Zakeri 1995, p. 11, 30-31.
- ^ Shaki, Mansour (21 October 2011). "Class System III: In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Frye 1984, p. 224.
- ^ Briant 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Farrokh & McBride 2012, p. 8.
- ^ a b c d Gyselen 2004.
- ^ a b c Nicolle 1996, p. 13.
- ^ G. Gropp (1969), Einige neuentdeckte Inschriften aus sasanidischer Zeit, Berlin: W. Hinz, Altiranische Funde und Forschungen, pp. 229–262
- ^ Skjaervo, Prods O. (1983), The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli III/1-2, Wiesbaden, pp. 38–39
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Nicolle 1996, p. 14.
- ^ a b Nicolle 1996, p. 12-13.
- ^ Nicolle 1996, p. 12.
- ^ Nicolle 1996, p. 53.
- ^ Nicolle 1996, p. 51-53.
- ^ Nicolle 1996, p. 53, 55.
- ^ Nicolle 1996, p. 55.
- ^ a b Zakeri 1995, p. 11, 110.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-3-406-09397-5
- Zakeri, Mohsen (1995), Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8
- ISBN 978-1-874101-08-6
- ISBN 978-1-86064-675-1
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008), Decline and fall of the Sasanian empire: the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy and the Arab conquest of Iran, I.B. Tauris in association with the ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3
- ISBN 978-1-84631-697-5
- ISBN 978-1-78200-848-4, archived from the originalon 2016-03-04
- ISBN 978-0-674-74520-9
- Gyselen, Rika (20 July 2004). "Spāhbed". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Further reading
- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2005), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-75646-9