Mass (liturgy)
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Etymology
The English noun Mass is derived from the
The Latin term missa itself was in use by the 6th century.[7] It is most likely derived from the concluding formula Ite, missa est ("Go; the dismissal is made"); missa here is a Late Latin substantive corresponding to classical missio.
Historically, however, there have been other etymological explanations of the noun missa that claim not to derive from the formula ite, missa est. Fortescue (1910) cites older, "fanciful" etymological explanations, notably a latinization of Hebrew
Order of the Mass
A distinction is made between texts that recur for every Mass celebration (ordinarium, ordinary), and texts that are sung depending on the occasion (proprium, proper).[13]
Catholic Church
The
Although similar in outward appearance to the
Within the fixed structure outlined below, which is specific to the Roman Rite, the Scripture readings, the antiphons sung or recited during the entrance procession or at Communion, and certain other prayers vary each day according to the liturgical calendar.[20]
Introductory rites
The
Liturgy of the Word
On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given. On other days there are only two. If there are three readings, the first is from the
Liturgy of the Eucharist
The Liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the preparation of the altar and gifts,[29] while the collection may be taken. This concludes with the priest saying: "Pray, brethren, that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the almighty Father." The congregation stands and responds: "May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands, for the praise and glory of His name, for our good, and the good of all His holy Church." The priest then pronounces the variable prayer over the gifts.
Then in dialogue with the faithful the priest brings to mind the meaning of "eucharist", to give thanks to God. A variable prayer of thanksgiving follows, concluding with the acclamation "
Communion rite
All together recite or sing the "
The priest then displays the consecrated elements to the congregation, saying: "Behold the Lamb of God, behold him who takes away the sins of the world. Blessed are those called to the supper of the Lamb," to which all respond: "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed." Then Communion is given, often with lay ministers assisting with the consecrated wine.[34] According to Catholic teaching, one should be in the state of grace, without mortal sin, to receive Communion.[35] Singing by all the faithful during the Communion procession is encouraged "to express the communicants' union in spirit"[36] from the bread that makes them one. A silent time for reflection follows, and then the variable concluding prayer of the Mass.
Concluding rite
The priest imparts a blessing over those present. The deacon or, in his absence, the priest himself then dismisses the people, choosing a formula by which the people are "sent forth" to spread the good news. The congregation responds: "Thanks be to God." A recessional hymn is sung by all, as the ministers process to the rear of the church.[37]
Western Rite Orthodox Churches
Since most Eastern Orthodox Christians use the Byzantine Rite, most Eastern Orthodox Churches call their Eucharistic service "the Divine Liturgy." However, there are a number of parishes within the Eastern Orthodox Church which use an edited version of Latin liturgical rites. Most parishes use the "Divine Liturgy of St. Tikhon" which is a revision of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, or "the Divine Liturgy of St. Gregory" which is derived from the Tridentine form of the Roman Rite Mass. These rubrics have been revised to reflect the doctrine and dogmas of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Therefore, the filioque clause has been removed, a fuller epiclesis has been added, and the use of leavened bread has been introduced.[38]
Divine Liturgy of St. Gregory
- The Preparation for Mass
- Confiteor
- Kyrie Eleison
- Gloria in excelsis deo
- Collect of the Day
- Epistle
- Gradual
- Alleluia
- Gospel
- Sermon
- Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
- Offertory
- Dialogue
- Preface
- Sanctus
- Canon
- Lord's Prayer
- Fraction
- Agnus Dei
- Prayers before Communion
- Holy Communion
- Prayer of Thanksgiving
- Dismissal
- Blessing of the Faithful
- Last Gospel
Anglicanism
In the Anglican tradition, Mass is one of many terms for the Eucharist. More frequently, the term used is either Holy Communion, Holy Eucharist, or the Lord's Supper. Occasionally the term used in Eastern churches, the Divine Liturgy, is also used.
Structure of the rite
The various Eucharistic liturgies used by national churches of the
- Gathering: Begins with a Gloria in Excelsis Deo is sung or said. The entrance rite then concludes with the collectof the day.
- Proclaiming and Hearing the Word: Usually two to three readings of Scripture, one of which is always from the , is done on Sundays and feasts.
- The Prayers of the People: Quite varied in their form.
- The Peace: The people stand and greet one another and exchange signs of God's peace in the name of the Lord. It functions as a bridge between the prayers, lessons, sermon and creeds to the Communion part of the Eucharist.
- The Celebration of the Eucharist: The gifts of bread and wine are brought up, along with other gifts (such as money or food for a food bank, etc.), and an Agnus Deiand the distribution of the sacred elements (the bread and wine).
- Dismissal: There is a post-Communion prayer, which is a general prayer of thanksgiving. The service concludes with a Trinitarian blessing and the dismissal.
The liturgy is divided into two main parts: The Liturgy of the Word (Gathering, Proclaiming and Hearing the Word, Prayers of the People) and the Liturgy of the Eucharist (together with the Dismissal), but the entire liturgy itself is also properly referred to as the Holy Eucharist. The sequence of the liturgy is almost identical to the Roman Rite, except the Confession of Sin ends the Liturgy of the Word in the Anglican rites in North America, while in the Roman Rite (when used) and in Anglican rites in many jurisdictions the Confession is near the beginning of the service.
Special Masses
The Anglican tradition includes separate rites for nuptial, funeral, and votive Masses. The Eucharist is an integral part of many other sacramental services, including ordination and Confirmation.
Ceremonial
Some
All of these books contain such features as meditations for the presiding celebrant(s) during the liturgy, and other material such as the rite for the blessing of palms on Palm Sunday,
These are often supplemented in Anglo-Catholic parishes by books specifying ceremonial actions, such as A Priest's Handbook by Dennis G. Michno, Ceremonies of the Eucharist by Howard E. Galley, Low Mass Ceremonial by C. P. A. Burnett, and Ritual Notes by E.C.R. Lamburn. Other guides to ceremonial include the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, Ceremonies of the Modern Roman Rite (Peter Elliott), Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described (Adrian Fortescue), and The Parson's Handbook (Percy Dearmer). In Evangelical Anglican parishes, the rubrics detailed in the Book of Common Prayer are sometimes considered normative.
Lutheranism
In the Book of Concord, Article XXIV ("Of the Mass") of the Augsburg Confession (1530) begins thus:
Falsely are our churches accused of abolishing the Mass; for the Mass is retained among us, and celebrated with the highest reverence. We do not abolish the Mass but religiously keep and defend it. [...] We keep the traditional liturgical form. [...] In our churches Mass is celebrated every Sunday and on other holy days, when the sacrament is offered to those who wish for it after they have been examined and absolved (Article XXIV).
Martin Luther rejected parts of the Roman Rite Mass, specifically the Canon of the Mass, which, as he argued, did not conform with Hebrews 7:27. That verse contrasts the Old Testament priests, who needed to make a sacrifice for sins on a regular basis, with the single priest Christ, who offers his body only once as a sacrifice. The theme is carried out also in Hebrews 9:26, 9:28, and 10:10. Luther composed as a replacement a revised Latin-language rite, Formula missae, in 1523, and the vernacular Deutsche Messe in 1526.[45]
Scandinavian,
but in most German and English-speaking churches, the terms "Divine Service", "Holy Communion, or "the Holy Eucharist" are used.Lutheran churches often celebrate the Eucharist each Sunday, if not at every worship service. This aligns with Luther's preference and the Lutheran confessions.[47] Also, eucharistic ministers take the sacramental elements to the sick in hospitals and nursing homes. The practice of weekly Communion is increasingly the norm again in most Lutheran parishes throughout the world. The bishops and pastors of the larger Lutheran bodies have strongly encouraged this restoration of the weekly Mass.[48]
Methodism
The celebration of the "Mass" in Methodist churches, commonly known as the Service of the Table, is based on The Sunday Service of 1784, a revision of the liturgy of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer authorized by John Wesley.[49] The use of the term "Mass" is very rare in Methodism. The terms "Holy Communion", "Lord's Supper", and to a lesser extent "Eucharist" are far more typical.
The celebrant of a Methodist Eucharist must be an ordained or licensed minister.[50] In the Free Methodist Church, the liturgy of the Eucharist, as provided in its Book of Discipline, is outlined as follows:[51]
- The Invitation: You who truly and earnestly repent of your sins, who live in love and peace with your neighbors and who intend to lead a new life, following the commandments of God and walking in His holy ways, draw near with faith, and take this holy sacrament to your comfort; and humbly kneeling, make your honest confession to Almighty God.
- General Confession
- Lord's Prayer
- Affirmation of Faith
- Collect
- Sanctus
- Prayer of Humble Access
- Prayer of Consecration of the Elements
- Benediction[51]
Methodist services of worship, post-1992, reflect the
Calendrical usage
The English suffix -mas (equivalent to modern English "Mass") can label certain prominent (originally religious) feasts or seasons based on a traditional liturgical year. For example:
See also
- Black Mass
- Blue Mass
- Chantry
- Eucharistic theology
- Eucharistic theologies contrasted
- Gnostic Mass
- Gold Mass
- Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII
- Mass (music)
- Mass in the Catholic Church
- Mass of Paul VI
- Origin of the Eucharist
- Pontifical High Mass
- Red Mass
- Redemptionis Sacramentum
- Requiem Mass
- Roman Missal
- Sacraments of the Catholic Church
- Suffrage Mass (in honour to dead people who are in Purgatory)
- White Mass
Notes
- ^ The Germanic word is likely itself an early loan of the Latin mensa, "table". "The origin and first meaning of the word, once much discussed, is not really doubtful. We may dismiss at once such fanciful explanations as that missa is the Hebrew missah ("oblation" — so Reuchlin and Luther), or the Greek myesis ("initiation"), or the German Mess ("assembly", "market"). Nor is it the participle feminine of mittere, with a noun understood ("oblatio missa ad Deum", "congregatio missa", i.e., dimissa.[8]
References
- ^ John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti (2 March 2007). The Catholicism Answer Book. Sourcebooks, Inc.
The term "Mass", used for the weekly Sunday service in Catholic churches as well as services on Holy Days of Obligation, derives its meaning from the Latin term Missa.
- ^ "Article XXIV (XII): Of the Mass". Book of Concord. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ Joseph Augustus Seiss (1871). Ecclesia Lutherana: a brief survey of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Lutheran Book Store.
Melancthon, the author of the Augsburg Confession, states, that he uses the words Mass and the Lord's Supper as convertible terms: 'The Mass, as they call it, or, with the Apostle Paul, to speak more accurately, the celebration of the Lord's Supper,' &c. The Evangelical Princes, in their protest at the Diet of Spires, April 19th, 1529, say, 'Our preachers and teachers have attacked and utterly confuted the popish Mass, with holy, invincible, sure Scripture, and in its place raised up again the precious, priceless SUPPER OF OUR DEAR LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST, which is called THE EVANGELICAL MASS. This is the only Mass founded in the Scriptures of God, in accordance with the plain and incontestable institution of the Saviour.'
- ^ Seddon, Philip (1996). "Word and Sacrament". In Bunting, Ian (ed.). Celebrating the Anglican Way. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 100.
- ISBN 9781587431739.
Luther also challenged the teaching that Christ is sacrificed at the celebration of the mass. Contrary to popular Protestant opinion, Magisterial Roman Catholic teaching denies that Christ is, in the Mass, sacrificed time and time again. According to The Catechism of the Catholic Church, 'The Eucharist is thus a sacrifice because it re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of the cross, because it is its memorial and because it applies its fruit.'
- ^ Bosworth-Toller, s.v. sendness (citing Wright, Vocabularies vol. 2, 1873), "mæsse" (citing Ælfric of Eynsham).
- ^
It is used by Caesarius of Arles (e.g. Regula ad monachos, PL 67, 1102B Omni dominica sex missas facite).
Before this, it occurs singularly in a letter attributed to Saint Ambrose(d. 397), Ego mansi in munere, missam facere coepi (ep. 20.3, PL 16, 0995A ). F. Probst, Liturgie der drei ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, 1870, 5f.). "the fragment in Pseudo-Ambrose, 'De sacramentis' (about 400. Cf. P.L., XVI, 443), and the letter of Pope Innocent I (401–17) to Decentius of Eugubium (P.L., XX, 553). In these documents we see that the Roman Liturgy is said in Latin and has already become in essence the rite we still use." (Fortescue 1910).
- ^ Diez, "Etymol. Wörterbuch der roman. Sprachen", 212, and others). Fortescue, A. (1910). Liturgy of the Mass. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ De vocabuli origine variæ sunt Scriptorum sententiæ. Hanc enim quidam, ut idem Baronius, ab Hebræo Missah, id est, oblatio, arcessunt : alii a mittendo, quod nos mittat ad Deum Du Cange, et al., Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, éd. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 5, col. 412b, s.v. 4. missa.
- ^ De divinis officiis, formerly attributed to Alcuin but now dated to the late 9th or early 10th century, partly based on the works of Amalarius and Remigius of Auxerre. M.-H. Jullien and F. Perelman, Clavis Scriptorum Latinorum Medii Aevii. Auctores Galliae 735–987. II: Alcuin, 1999, 133ff.; R. Sharpe, A Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland before 1540 (1997, p. 45) attributes the entire work to Remigius.
- ^ In Migne, PL 101: Alcuinus Incertus, De divinis officiis, caput XL, De celebratione missae et eius significatione (1247A)
- ^ This explanation is attributed by Du Cange to Gaufridus S Barbarae in Neustria (Godfrey of Saint Victor, fl. 1175), but it is found in the earlier De divinis officiis by Rupert of Deutz (Rupertus Tuitiensis), caput XXIII, De ornatu altaris vel templi: Sacrosanctum altaris ministerium idcirco, ut dictum est, missa dicitur, quia ad placationem inimicitiarum, quae erant inter Deum et homines, sola valens et idonea mittitur legatio. PL 170, 52A.
- ^ "Mass: Music". Encyclopedia Britannica. 11 October 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ISBN 9781438106397.
Anglicans worship with a service that may be called either Holy Eucharist or the Mass. Like the Lutheran Eucharist, it is very similar to the Catholic Mass.
- ISBN 9780195348309.
There is evidence that the late sixteenth-century Catholic mass as held in Germany was quite similar in outward appearance to the Lutheran mass
- ISBN 9780809143658.
Thus Anglican Eucharist is not the same as Catholic Mass or the Divine Liturgy celebrated by Eastern Catholics or Eastern Orthodox. Therefore Catholics may not receive at an Anglican Eucharist.
- ^ a b "Unitatis Redintegratio (Decree on Ecumenism), Section 22". Vatican. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
Though the ecclesial Communities which are separated from us lack the fullness of unity with us flowing from Baptism, and though we believe they have not retained the proper reality of the eucharistic mystery in its fullness, especially because of the absence of the sacrament of Orders, nevertheless when they commemorate His death and resurrection in the Lord's Supper, they profess that it signifies life in communion with Christ and look forward to His coming in glory. Therefore the teaching concerning the Lord's Supper, the other sacraments, worship, the ministry of the Church, must be the subject of the dialogue.
- ISBN 9780814651872.
- ^ Order of the Mass.
- ISBN 9780814657881.
- ISBN 9780814660218.
- ISBN 978-0225665321.
- ISBN 9780814657881.
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 66
- ^ "Homily". The Catholic Encyclopedia (1910).
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 68
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 69
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 73
- ^ Luke 22:19; 1 Corinthians 11:24–25
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 151
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 79c
- ^ Jungmann, SJ, Josef (1948). Mass of the Roman Rite (PDF). pp. 101–259.
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 160
- ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church # 291. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ GIRM, paragraph 86
- ^ Catholic Sacramentary (PDF). ICEL. 2010.
- ^ "Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America". www.antiochian.org. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ "The Catechism (1979 Book of Common Prayer): The Holy Eucharist". Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ^ a b MacCulloch, Diarmaid (1996). Thomas Cranmer. London: Yale UP. p. 412.
- ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (1996). Thomas Cranmer. London: Yale UP. pp. 404–8 & 629.
- ^ Neill, Stephen (1960). Anglicanism. London: Penguin. p. 152,3.
- ^ Seddon, Philip (1996). "Word and Sacrament". In Bunting, Ian (ed.). Celebrating the Anglican Way. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 107,8.
- ^ Book of Common Prayer p. 355 Holy Eucharist Rite II
- ^ Reuther, Thomas (1952-06-01). "The Background and Objectives of Luther's Formula Missae and Deutsche Messe". Bachelor of Divinity.
- ^ Preus, Klemet. "Communion Every Sunday: Why?". Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ "Why and how do we move to weekly communion?" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ISBN 9780195138863.
- ^ Beckwith, R.T. Methodism and the Mass. Church Society. p. 116.
- ^ a b David W. Kendall; Barbara Fox; Carolyn Martin Vernon Snyder, eds. (2008). 2007 Book of Discipline. Free Methodist Church. pp. 219–223.
- ^ Carpenter, Marian (2013). "Donald C. Lacy Collection: 1954 – 2011" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
Lacy also published fourteen books and pamphlets. His first pamphlet, Methodist Mass (1971), became a model for current United Methodist liturgical expression. Lacy's goal was to make ecumenism a reality by blending the United Methodist Order for the Administration of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion and "The New Order of Mass" in the Roman Catholic Church.
Sources
- The General Instruction of the Roman Missal (PDF). Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Publication Service. 2011. ISBN 978-0-88997-655-9. Archived from the original(PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2011. (GIRM)
Further reading
- Balzaretti, C., (2000). Missa: storia di una secolare ricerca etimologica ancora aperta. Edizioni Liturgiche
- Baldovin, SJ, John F., (2008). Reforming the Liturgy: A Response to the Critics. The Liturgical Press.
- Berington, Joseph (1830). . The Faith of Catholics: confirmed by Scripture, and attested by the Fathers of the five first centuries of the Church, Volume 1. Jos. Booker.
- Bugnini, Annibale (Archbishop), (1990). The Reform of the Liturgy 1948–1975. The Liturgical Press.
- Donghi, Antonio, (2009). Words and Gestures in the Liturgy. The Liturgical Press.
- Foley, Edward. From Age to Age: How Christians Have Celebrated the Eucharist, Revised and Expanded Edition. The Liturgical Press.
- Fr. Nikolaus Gihr (1902). The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass: Dogmatically, Liturgically, and Ascetically Explained. St. Louis: Freiburg im Breisgau. OCLC 262469879. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
- Johnson, Lawrence J., (2009). Worship in the Early Church: An Anthology of Historical Sources. The Liturgical Press.
- Jungmann, Josef Andreas, (1948). Missarum Sollemnia. A genetic explanation of the Roman Mass (2 volumes). Herder, Vienna. First edition, 1948; 2nd Edition, 1949, 5th edition, Herder, Vienna-Freiburg-Basel, and Nova & Vetera, Bonn, 1962, ISBN 3-936741-13-1.
- Marini, Piero (Archbishop), (2007). A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal. The Liturgical Press.
- Martimort, A.G. (editor). The Church At Prayer. The Liturgical Press.
- Stuckwisch, Richard, (2011). Philip Melanchthon and the Lutheran Confession of Eucharistic Sacrifice. Repristination Press.
External links
Present form of the Roman Rite
- The Order of Mass
- Fr. Larry Fama's Instructional Mass Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Today's Mass readings (New American Bible version)
- The Readings of the Mass (Jerusalem Bible version)
- Mass Readings (text in official Lectionary for Ireland, Australia, Britain, New Zealand etc.)
Tridentine Mass
Anglicanism
Lutheran doctrine
- The Church of Sweden Service Book including the orders for High and Low Mass