Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital | |||||||||||
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Mass General Brigham | |||||||||||
Geography | |||||||||||
Location | 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, United States | ||||||||||
Coordinates | 42°21′46″N 71°04′08″W / 42.36278°N 71.06889°W | ||||||||||
Organization | |||||||||||
Funding | Non-profit hospital | ||||||||||
Type | Teaching | ||||||||||
Affiliated university | Harvard Medical School | ||||||||||
Services | |||||||||||
Emergency department | Level I Trauma Center and Level I Pediatric Trauma Center[1] | ||||||||||
Beds | 999 | ||||||||||
Helipads | |||||||||||
Helipad | FAA LID: 0MA1[2] | ||||||||||
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History | |||||||||||
Opened | 1811[3] | ||||||||||
Links | |||||||||||
Website | massgeneral.org | ||||||||||
Lists | Hospitals in Massachusetts |
Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General or MGH) is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.[4] Massachusetts General Hospital houses the world's largest hospital-based research program, the Mass General Research Institute, with an annual research budget of more than $1.2 billion in 2021.[5] It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States with a patient capacity of 999 beds.[6] Along with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General is a founding member of Mass General Brigham, formerly known as Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts.
History
Founded in 1811,[3] the original hospital was designed by the famous American architect Charles Bulfinch.[7] It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States; only Pennsylvania Hospital (1751) and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital's predecessor New York Hospital (1771) are older.[3] John Warren, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at Harvard Medical School, spearheaded the move of the medical school to Boston. Warren's son, John Collins Warren, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, along with James Jackson, led the efforts to start the Massachusetts General Hospital, which was initially proposed in 1810 by Rev. John Bartlett, the Chaplain of the Almshouse in Boston. Because all those who had sufficient money were cared for at home, Massachusetts General Hospital, like most hospitals that were founded in the 19th century, was intended to care for the poor.[8] A 30-year-old sailor was the first patient admitted to the hospital on September 3, 1821.[9] During the mid-to-late 19th century, Harvard Medical School was located adjacent to Massachusetts General Hospital.
Walter J. Dodd established the radiology department at the hospital. From just after the discovery of x-rays in 1895, until his early death in 1916 from metastatic cancer caused by multiple radiation cancers he oversaw the radiology department. He also underwent over 50 surgical procedures at the hospital to treat his radiation injuries, from skin grafts to amputations.[10]
The first American hospital social workers were based in the hospital.[11]
The hospital's work with developing specialized computer software systems for medical use in the 1960s led to the development of the MUMPS programming language, which stands for "Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System," an important programming language and database system heavily used in medical applications such as patient records and billing. A major patient database system called File Manager, which was developed by the Veterans Administration (now the Department of Veterans' Affairs), was created using this language.
Early use of anesthesia
It was in the
A reenactment of the Ether Dome event was painted in 2000 by artists Warren and Lucia Prosperi. They used the then-MGH staff to pose as their counterparts from 1846.[13] The Ether Dome still exists[7] and is open to the public.
An anesthesia department was established at the MGH in 1936 under the leadership of Henry Knowles Beecher.
First successful replantation of a severed limb
On 23 May 1962, under the direction of Ronald A. Malt, a team of surgeons successfully accomplished the first replantation of completely severed limb.[14]
While attempting to hitch a ride on the back of a freight train, Everett Knowles hit an abutment when the train lurched, severing his arm completely at the shoulder. He and his arm were rushed to MGH, where a 30 year old Malt conducted the team of surgeons. Some doctors prepared Everett for surgery, while others worked on the separated arm. First, they rejoined the "chaotically mangled blood vessels, then the bone and finally the skin." In the time since the accident, the arm had grown a "deathly gray," but grew steadily pink as the surgery progressed and blood vessels were reattached. The nerves would be reconnected in a later surgery.[15][16]
"All we did," said the modest Dr. Malt, "was apply techniques we've known about for a long time and simply never had occasion to correlate before...The astonishing thing was not the newness of the operation but the teamwork—the way 12 doctors with expert skills, distinguished a collection of authorities as you could find anywhere, were willing to stand by and feed the incomparable extent of their knowledge to me, for no gain other than to know they had contributed."[15]
In April 2019, MGH received a $200 million gift from
Facilities and current operations
The main MGH campus is located at 55 Fruit Street in Boston, Massachusetts. It has expanded into an area formerly known as the
The hospital has 1,011 beds and admits around 50,000 patients each year.
In 2022, the state approved a more than $2 billion expansion proposal from MGB, which included a $1.9 billion expansion of MGH with a new clinical building on Cambridge Street.[25] This building will house 482 inpatient beds. After utilizing many of these beds to convert other parts of the hospital from 2-bed to 1-bed rooms, the hospital will net 94 new inpatient beds. The project is expected to be fully completed in 2030.[26]
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Level 1 Adult and Pediatric Trauma Center in the state.[32] The hospital is directly attached to Massachusetts General Hospital and near the Ronald McDonald House of New England.[33]
The hospital has an American Academy of Pediatrics verified level III neonatal intensive care unit that has a capacity of 18 bassinets.[34] The hospital also has a 14-bed pediatric intensive care unit for critical pediatric patients age 0–21.[35] In 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the hospital converted their PICU into an adult ICU to help with the surge capacity for COVID-19. Patients that were in the PICU previously were transferred out to the Floating Hospital for Children and Boston Children's Hospital for treatment.[36] AwardsAs of 2021, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children has placed nationally in 5 ranked pediatric specialties on U.S. News & World Report.
The Mass General Research Institute (MGRI)Massachusetts General Hospital houses the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, the Mass General Research Institute, with an annual research budget of over $1 billion[38] in 2019. MGRI received the 10th-most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 2018,[39] with ~$500 million going to support 959 awards. The Mass General Research Institute was launched in 2015 as a formalized way to support promote and guide research at Massachusetts General Hospital. Research at MGRI takes place in over 30 departments, centers, and institutes across the hospital. The Institute, in conjunction with clinical staff based in the hospital, is home to fundamental research labs investigating the basic building blocks of life as well as a clinical research program with approximately 1,200 active clinical trials. The hospital has six thematic research centers:
Notable scientists at MGH include Jack Szostak, PhD, 2009 winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[40] Rakesh Jain, PhD, a 2015 recipient of the National Medal of Science,[41] and Gary Ruvkun, PhD, winner of the 2014 Wolf Prize in Medicine,[42] the 2014 Gruber Prize in Genetics,[43] and the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.[44] In 2019, 55 scientists from MGH were listed in Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science annual Highly Cited Researchers Report.[45] There are 23 MGH researchers in the National Academy of Medicine (some are listed under their Harvard Medical School affiliation),[46] and four MGH researchers in the National Academy of Sciences.[47] Notable medications that have resulted from research at Mass General include:
AboutTransportationThe closest general public on the MGH campus. They include the Eat Street Cafe in the lower level of the Ellison Building, the Blossom Street Cafe in the Cox lobby, Coffee Central in the White lobby, Tea Leaves and Coffee Beans in the Wang Ambulatory Care Center, and Coffee South in the Yawkey outpatient center.
Mass General Cancer CenterThe Mass General Cancer Center is a center for cancer treatment within the broader Mass-General Hospital system, located at 55 Fruit Street in Boston, Massachusetts. It was formally established in 1989 as an independent aspect of the Mass-General Hospital system, and remains active today. The center was one of only 53 locations to receive the designation as a National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center.[when?] As part of the Mass General Hospital System, the Cancer Center extends throughout New England and has several different community locations to receive treatment. It continues to expand, and in September 2023 recently received donations from philanthropists Jason and Keely Krantz to establish the Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research. This expansion is the largest individual donation in the 34-year history of the Center. Second opinionsThe hospital offers a global second opinion service in cooperation with Grand Rounds.[49][50] Affiliated institutionsMassachusetts General Hospital is affiliated with Phillip T. and Susan M. Ragon Institute of immunology was founded to bolster research into creating vaccines and other therapies for acquired immune system conditions, chiefly AIDS. It was made possible by a $100 million gift over ten years, and represents the largest single donation made to MGH.[52]
The Recovery Research Institute was created in 2013 by Dr. John F. Kelly, the first-ever endowed professor of Addiction Medicine at Harvard Medical School.[53] The institute is a part of the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Psychiatry[54] and published the National Recovery Study, the first-ever nationally representative study on the number of Americans in recovery from alcohol or other drug use.[55] The institute also created the Addictionary, the first-ever glossary of addiction-related terms and a system for stigmatized terminology alerts.[56][57][58] MGH is affiliated with the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute through Dana-Farber/Partners Cancer Care and the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center.[59] They are also affiliated with Project Pinball Charity. In 2015, MGH Home Base Program became a founding partner of the Warrior Care Network health system focused on treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans, along with partners Emory Healthcare, Rush University Medical Center, UCLA Health and Wounded Warrior Project.[60][61] Though it has its own chief of psychiatry and top-ranking department, MGH is closely affiliated with nearby McLean Hospital, a psychiatric hospital also affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[62] Educational units
(in partnership with Harvard University)[63] Awards and recognitionNobel laureatesThere have been thirteen Nobel Laureates who have either worked or trained at MGH.[64]
RankingsIn 2015, MGH was named the number one hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and is nationally ranked in 16 specialties. In 2012, MGH was named the number one hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. In 2011, MGH was named the second-best hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. MGH consistently ranks as one of the country's top hospitals in U.S. News & World Report.[65] In 2011, MGH was also ranked as one of the top three hospitals in the country for Diabetes & Endocrinology; Ear, Nose & Throat; Neurology & Neurosurgery; Ophthalmology; Orthopedics; and Psychiatry. In August 2011, Becker's Hospital Review listed MGH as number 12 on the 100 'Top Grossing Hospitals' in America with $5.64 billion in gross revenue.[66]
In 2003, MGH was named the state's first Magnet hospital by the American Nurses Credentialing Center, a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association. Magnet recognition represents the highest honor awarded for nursing excellence.[67] ControversiesIn 1972 MGH received criticism from activists and legislators for their role in conducting a study of the use of MCI–Cedar Junction (known as MCI–Walpole at the time), Bridgewater State Hospital, and MCI–Framingham in an attempt to discover markers for "criminal" behavior. This discredited science is often associated with attempts at the time to pathologize and incarcerate Black people as a response to the Black liberation movement.[69]
In May 2015, a former MGH physician filed a lawsuit under seal alleging that at least five orthopedic surgeons endangered patient safety by keeping them under anesthesia longer than necessary while the surgeons performed simultaneous surgeries. That year, MGH fired Dr. Dennis Burke after he spoke to The Boston Globe about the dual-booking practice. In 2019, MGH paid $13 million and agreed to improve safety practices, to settle Burke's wrongful termination suit.[70] Also in 2019, MGH paid $5.1 million to settle a medical malpractice lawsuit involving a concurrent surgery performed on former Boston Red Sox baseball team pitcher Bobby Jenks.[70] Dr. Lisa Wollman refiled her lawsuit in June 2017 under the federal False Claims Act, citing concerns that the hospital was driven by economic benefit and keeping patients unaware of the practice of concurrent surgeries. Wollman's attorney claimed that Medicare and Medicaid were being defrauded because they require that the surgeons must be present for all "critical portions" of the surgery in order to be compensated.[71] MGH settled the lawsuit in 2022 for $14.9 million, including reimbursement for the disputed government payments, and agreed to get specific consent for the practice from patients.[70]
In June 2019, approximately 10,000 patients participating in research studies at MGH, had their names, dates of birth, diagnoses, tests, medical record numbers, and medical histories exposed in a data breach by "an unauthorized third party". The incident did not become public until August 2019.[72] See alsoReferences
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