Massimo D'Alema

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Massimo D'Alema
Prime Minister of Italy
In office
21 October 1998 – 26 April 2000
PresidentOscar Luigi Scalfaro
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
DeputySergio Mattarella
Preceded byRomano Prodi
Succeeded byGiuliano Amato
Deputy Prime Minister of Italy
In office
17 May 2006 – 8 May 2008
Prime MinisterRomano Prodi
Preceded byGiulio Tremonti
Succeeded byAngelino Alfano
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
17 May 2006 – 8 May 2008
Prime MinisterRomano Prodi
Preceded byGianfranco Fini
Succeeded byFranco Frattini
Vice-President of the Socialist International
In office
29 October 2003 – 29 August 2012
PresidentAntónio Guterres
George Papandreou
In office
11 September 1996 – 7 November 1999
PresidentPierre Mauroy
Party political offices
President of the Democrats of the Left
In office
6 November 1998 – 14 October 2007
Preceded byGiglia Tedesco Tatò
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Secretary of the Democrats of the Left
In office
12 February 1998 – 6 November 1998
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byWalter Veltroni
Secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left
In office
1 July 1994 – 12 February 1998
Preceded byAchille Occhetto
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Secretary of the Italian Communist Youth Federation
In office
3 April 1975 – 12 June 1980
Preceded byRenzo Imbeni
Succeeded byMarco Fumagalli
Parliamentary offices
Chair of the
Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto
(1987–1994)
Casarano (1994–2004)
Member of the European Parliament
In office
20 July 2004 – 27 April 2006
ConstituencySouthern Italy
Personal details
Born (1949-04-20) 20 April 1949 (age 74)
Rome, Italy
Political partyPCI (1963–1991)
PDS (1991–1998)
DS (1998–2007)
PD (2007–2017)
Art.1 (2017–2023)
SpouseLinda Giuva
Children2
Websitewww.massimodalema.it

Massimo D'Alema (Italian pronunciation:

Second Republic, he is referred to as Leader Maximo ("Maximum Leader").[3][4][5] He is also the author of several books.[1][2]

A member of the PCI since 1963, D'Alema was a member of the party's central committee and then of the leadership and party secretariat; from 1975 to 1980, he was also secretary of the Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI).[6] He was supportive of Achille Occhetto's turning point that dissolved the PCI and established the PDS, and he presided over the establishment of The Olive Tree coalition that won the 1996 Italian general election and the transformation of the PDS into the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 1998, the same year he became prime minister.[1][2] A member of Italy's Chamber of Deputies from 1987 to 2004 and then from 2006 to 2013, he was also a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2006. He joined the Democratic Party (PD) upon its foundation in 2007. He opposed Matteo Renzi's secretariat and was contrasted with the Renziani wing within the party, which he left in 2017 to become a founder of Article One.[2]

Early life and education

D'Alema was born in

communist politician, and Fabiola Modesti.[8] He joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI) at the age of 14 and began his political career in Pisa, where he was studying philosophy;[1] he was praised as enfant prodige by the then PCI leader Palmiro Togliatti and took part to the protests of 1968, alongside his friend Fabio Mussi.[9]

Career

Italian Communist Youth Federation

In 1975, D'Alema was elected national secretary of the

Chinese Communists after the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976, and D'Alema followed Berlinguer in Moscow for the funeral of Yuri Andropov in 1984.[9]

During the 1980s, the PCI's road to government did not succeed. To the press who reported a significant drop in membership, D'Alema replied that it was not only a problem of the PCI or of Italy but concerned all mass parties in the Western world, citing

Christian Democracy (DC) and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the then main parties of government. He said: "I would like to know how many members the DC and the PSI have ... who escape this discussion not because they too do not have problems of this type, but simply because they are not transparent. And yet we are."[9] According to D'Alema, the other parties registered through the distribution of card packages, while the PCI had a modern form of individual and voluntary registration. In the meantime, there was the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the turning point of the Bolognina.[9]

From 1988 to 1990, D'Alema was the director of L'Unità, formerly the official newspaper of the PCI, which subsequently became the newspaper of the DS. A journalist by profession, he also wrote for Città futura and Rinascita.[6] It is recounted that D'Alema hated other journalists, and that this was reciprocal, due to his word of scorn and haughtiness, allegations that he always denied.[9] One notable case was a 1995 interview to Lucia Annunziata, which was sensational for its lucidity regarding the relationship between the powers that be and Italian media information. He explained how the press had lost its historical references, namely a solid political system, which guaranteed clarity of alignment, and how what he described as the new anarchy that emerged bore the sign of the "unqualified destructuring of the political democracy".[9] He was asked "Do the 'powers that be' play the shambles of politics?", to which he replied: "There is no doubt. Information has been a formidable tool that has contributed to the disintegration and loss of authority of political power. No political power can survive information that spies on him through the keyhole as he goes to the toilet."[9] Despite his criticism of the mass media, D'Alema came to accept the change of times and accepted invitations to Porta a Porta and was host of Gianni Morandi's show, where he sang "C'era un ragazzo che come me amava i Beatles e i Rolling Stones". He and Morandi had met at the association football charity match between politicians and journalists.[9]

From the Italian Communist Party to the Democrats of the Left

D'Alema entered the PCI's national secretariat in 1986 and supported the transformation into the

Leninist concept of professional revolutionaries was rejected in favour of salaried party executives comparable to public administrators and union officials.[9]

D'Alema with Romano Prodi and Silvio Berlusconi in 1996

1994 saw the PCI tradition of the sole candidate for the party secretariat, the leader designated from above, broken. After the resignation of Occhetto, D'Alema announced his candidacy to succeed him. When he learned that Veltroni would also do so, he entered

social-democratic party. He was a member of Italy's Chamber of Deputies since 1987 and president of the PDS parliamentary group from 1992 to 1994. In July 1994, he became its national secretary and surpassed Veltroni, his direct competitor, in the votes of the national council. Under his leadership, the PDS conducted a tough opposition against the first Berlusconi government (May 1994 – January 1995), and then became part of the majority government that supported the subsequent Dini government (January 1995 – May 1996), including the Italian People's Party and the Northern League, among others.[1][2]

The same year of the DS foundation, succeeding Romano Prodi, D'Alema became Prime Minister of Italy as the leader of The Olive Tree coalition founded by Prodi and supported by D'Alema that, also thanks to the support of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), which was founded by those who were opposed to the dissolution of the PCI, had won the 1996 Italian general election;[1][2] it was the first general election win for progressives.[10] The first prime minister born after Italy became a republic in 1946, he was the first former Communist party member to become prime minister of a NATO country; he remains the only former PCI member to become prime minister.[11] Committed to institutional reforms during the first Prodi government, he was first elected president of a bicameral commission for constitutional reforms in February 1997, and began the development of the PDS into a new unitary force that would aggregate further personalities and organizations from the socialist, secular, and left-wing Catholic area. In February 1998, the start of the formation process of the DS, which was led by D'Alema, was concluded with the merge of the PDS, the Labour Federation, the Movement of Unitarian Communists, the Social Christians, and exponents of the republican left.[1][2] D'Alema became prime minister when the PRC retired its support of Prodi's government, and led to a new centre-left government, including the Democratic Union for the Republic and the Party of Italian Communists, the latter being a split from the PRC in disagreement over the fall of Prodi's government.[1][2]

Centre-left coalition governments

Prime Minister of Italy

D'Alema became prime minister thanks to

NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1999.[1][2]

D'Alema with President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in 1999

D'Alema supported Italy's commitment in the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in favour of Kosovo (March–June 1999).[1][2] The intervention was also supported by Silvio Berlusconi and the right-wing opposition, while some of those further to the left, such as the PRC, strongly contested it. The government suffered setbacks at the 1999 European Parliament election in Italy, which were held in June, and new tensions in the majority led in December 1999 to his government’s resignation and the establishment of the second D'Alema government, in which greater weight was given to The Democrats.[1][2]

Both as party leader and prime minister, D'Alema argued for a long time with

CGIL trade union. About labour issues, he said: "Precisely if we want to push forward a labour policy, we must have the courage of a work of renewal. ... I felt Cofferati, even unlike on other occasions, more closed and deaf. We feel challenged by reality to a necessary critical reflection. Mobility, flexibility, are above all a fact of reality. And even something which corresponds to a different way, in the new generation, of looking at work and at one's relationship with work."[11] At the 1997 party congress, he unexpectedly attacked the CGIL. He said: "Mobility and flexibility are above all a fact of reality ... we must build new and more flexible networks of representation and protection. If we don't put ourselves on this ground, we will represent more and more only a segment of the world of work."[10] Additionally, he promoted a Florence conference on the Third Way, in the presence of two personalities far from the tradition of the Italian left: Bill Clinton and Tony Blair.[10]

In the 1998 assembly of the General States of the political left in 1998, D'Alema launched the Cosa 2, a political construction site for a new federative party of the left that would unite the former PCI, socialists, and Christian reformers. Apart from the name change to the DS, its symbol (the rose of

European socialism instead of the PCI/PDS hammer and sickle at the foot of the oak) were changed. At the 2001 party congress, D'Alema supported the candidacy for the secretariat of Piero Fassino against Giovanni Berlinguer at the head of a minority motion promoted and supported by Cofferati and the CGIL. In a twist of fate, D'Alema was the only centre-left party secretary, alongside Matteo Renzi, to be opposed by the CGIL and its leaders. Because of this, coupled with support from its opponents on the political right, D'Alema was subjected to criticism not only because of his character but of his policy.[11] They reminded of the farewell to the permanent job and the dominated relationship with Cofferati, sympathy for the Palestinians, that "Bye-bye Condi" directed on the telephone to the then United States secretary of state, Condoleezza Rice, in order to be heard by journalists, the communist pride, and that Berlusconi's conflict of interest never approved in five years of government and that "Mediaset heritage to defend", which was pronounced during the normalization phase with Berlusconi.[9]

D'Alema with the then senator Ugo Sposetti

In 1999, D'Alema managed to summon five other heads of state and government to Florence: Clinton, Blair,

majoritarian system an ex-Communist party alone would never be able to govern, and that even if it succeed to do so, the Italian media information system would end up destroying it.[9] Following the defeat in the 2000 Italian regional elections, which were held in April, he left the offices of prime minister and president of the DS. In December 2000, he became president of the DS. At the second national congress of the party held in Pesaro in November 2001, he was confirmed to the party presidency.[2]

European Parliament and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs

D'Alema with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in 2006

Since the

Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs in the second Prodi government.[2]

D'Alema in 2007

As the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, D'Alema pushed for a foreign policy of peace in the Mediterranean world.

Islamists have become so strong."[17] He served in those posts until Prodi's government fell and Berlusconi's The People of Freedom (PdL) prevailed in the 2008 Italian general election. D'Alema was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies in this election as part of the newly formed PD.[2] The DS was one of the main founding parties of the PD, and D'Alema himself was a protagonist of the constituent phase.[2] When Veltroni became the new leader of the PD, two D'Alema's organizations hostile to factionalism sprang up: the Red Association and Red TV. In response, D'Alema clarified: "I don't intend to annoy Veltroni!"[10] After fourteen months, Veltroni resigned as the party secretary, and the two organizations dissolved themselves.[10]

Mitrokhin Commission

In November 2006, the new Italian Parliament with a centre-left coalition majority instituted a commission to investigate the Mitrokhin Commission for allegations that it was manipulated for political purposes.[18] The Mitrokhin Commission, which was established in 2002 by the centre-right coalition majority closed in 2006 with a majority and a minority report, without reaching shared conclusions, and without any concrete evidence given to support the original allegations of KGB ties to Italian politicians contained in the Mitrokhin Archive. The centre-right coalition-led commission was criticized as politically motivated, as it was focused mainly on allegations against opposition figures.[19]

November 2006 saw the publication of telephone interceptions between the chairman of the Mitrokhin Commission,

calumny.[23] In a December 2006 interview given to the television program La storia siamo noi,[24] colonel ex-KGB agent Oleg Gordievsky, whom Scaramella claimed as his source, confirmed the accusations made against Scaramella regarding the production of false material relating to D'Alema, Prodi, and other Italian politicians,[25] and underlined their lack of reliability.[26]

From the Democratic Party to Free and Equal

D'Alema during a Democratic Party meeting in May 2009

In 2010, D'Alema was elected president of the

Article 1 – Democratic and Progressive Movement (Art.1), which became part of the centre-left political movement called Free and Equal (LeU).[2] In the words of Francesco Cundari, author of the book Déjà-vu, in which he recounts twenty-five years of the Italian left, "[i]f on the one hand Veltroni and D'Alema can be reproached for a certain oligarchic conception of the party and of politics, on the other hand they should be recognized that in this way even the internal conflicts of that leadership group have never taken the form of tribal wars, as happened in the Democratic Party from the time of the Bersani–Renzi primary onwards."[9] According to Cundari, more than Renzi, it was the importation of the American party model that marked its definitive split.[9]

In the

single-member constituency for LeU.[29][30] Since the 2018 general election, D'Alema, like Veltroni, left the political scenes and became an opinion leader.[10] D'Alema became Extraordinary Professor at Link Campus University, and continued his work as president of the Italianieuropei Foundation (since 2000) and director of the magazine of the same name,[6] which he founded in 1998.[2] During a party reunion in 2019 to celebrate his 70 years, D'Alema paraphrased Vladimir Putin's quote about the Soviet Union, and said: "Whoever wants to restore communism is brainless, whoever doesn't remember it is heartless... and I'm deeply sentimental."[31]

Ahead of the

neoliberal hegemony, on the crisis that would invest the formula of liberal democracy plus market economy that, for D'Alema and his followers, entered into a deep and dramatic crisis.[10] Around the same period, he relaunched his call for an alliance between the PD and the Five Star Movement (M5S).[32] About the M5S leader Giuseppe Conte and the M5S, which he said that he did not vote for in the 2022 Italian general election,[33] D'Alema said: "It is voted for by workers and people in economic difficulty much more than the Democratic Party. A part of the progressives chose him."[34]

European politics and foreign policy views

D'Alema with Evangelos Venizelos

D'Alema was briefly a

political foundation at European level of the PES.[37] He was a friend of the Italian Freemason and banker Vincenzo De Bustis.[38]

While Italian Foreign Minister in the second Prodi government, D'Alema took a pro-active diplomatic stance during the

Unifil. The dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the centre-right coalition opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission, with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah.[39] He pledged Italy's willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans.[40] In November 2013, ahead of the 2014 European Parliament election, he said: "We cannot ignore what the eurosceptics are saying. We must take it into account. But the problem is how to answer to their arguments; how to offer an answer. I believe politics should provide solutions – otherwise, it becomes propaganda."[41]

Personal life

D'Alema is married to Linda Giuva, a professor at the

football clubs, D'Alema said: "I admire Juve but, when they play, I always support the others. Cossutta made me sympathize with Inter by telling me it was called Internazionale. I like Rivera from Milan. I was the only one to defend him, making him undersecretary in my government. A serious one. Of his 4–3 against Germany he said: I only put my foot in, Boninsegna did everything."[45]

Electoral history

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
1987 Chamber of Deputies
Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto
PCI 115,784 checkY Elected
1992 Chamber of Deputies
Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto
PDS 30,819 checkY Elected
1994 Chamber of Deputies Casarano PDS 24,018 checkY Elected
1996 Chamber of Deputies Casarano PDS 38,077 checkY Elected
2001 Chamber of Deputies Casarano DS 38,204 checkY Elected
2004 European Parliament Southern Italy
Ulivo
836,707 checkY Elected
2006 Chamber of Deputies
Apulia
Ulivo [a] checkY Elected
2008 Chamber of Deputies Apulia PD [a] checkY Elected
2018 Senate of the Republic Nardò LeU 10,552 ☒N Not elected
  1. ^ a b D'Alema was elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

First-past-the-post elections

1994 Italian general election (
Candidate Coalition Party Votes %
Massimo D'Alema Progressives PDS 24,018 34.80
Lorenzo Emilio Ria Pact for Italy PS 20,908 30.29
Massimo Basurto Pole of Good Government
FI
20,652 29.92
Others 3,437 4.98
Total 69,015 100.0
Turnout 75,660 77.94
Source: Ministry of the Interior
1996 Italian general election (
Candidate Coalition Party Votes %
Massimo D'Alema The Olive Tree PDS 38,077 55.75
Luciano Sardelli Pole for Freedoms
FI
30,218 44.25
Total 68,295 100.0
Turnout 74,404 74.42
Centre-left hold
Source: Ministry of the Interior
2001 Italian general election (
Candidate Coalition Party Votes %
Massimo D'Alema The Olive Tree DS 38,204 51.49
Alfredo Mantovano House of Freedoms
FI
33,666 45.37
Leonardo Tunno FT 870 1.17
Pantaleo Gianfreda IdV 839 1.13
Roberto Mancuso LB 622 0.84
Total 74,201 100.0
Turnout 79,169 75.99
Centre-left hold
Source: Ministry of the Interior
2018 Italian general election (S): Nardò
Candidate Coalition Party Votes %
Barbara Lezzi M5S 107,722 39.88
Luciano Cariddi Centre-right UDC 95,081 35.20
Teresa Bellanova Centre-left PD 46,891 17.36
Massimo D'Alema Free and Equal MDP 10,552 3.91
Others 9,881 3.65
Total 270,127 100.0
Turnout 282,226 70.51
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Political career

Party politics

  • 1975–1980: National Secretary of the FGCI
  • 1981–1986: Regional Secretary of the PCI in Apulia
  • 1986–1989: Editor of the daily newspaper L'Unità
  • 1986–1992: Member of the PCI/PDS national secretariat
  • 1992–1994: Chairman of the PDS members of Parliament
  • 1994–1999: Leader of the PDS/DS
  • Since 1996: Vice-chairman of the Socialist International
  • 1998–2007: Chairman of the DS

Institutional politics

Awards

Books

D'Alema published many books, several of which with

Mondadori, which is controlled by Fininvest, the family holding company of Silvio Berlusconi, whose first government he staunchly opposed.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Novelli, Claudio (2000). "D'Alema, Massimo". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. VI Appendice. Retrieved 26 July 2023 – via Treccani.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "D'Alèma, Massimo". Treccani (in Italian). 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Un leader Maximo senza partito". La Stampa (in Italian). 20 April 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  4. ^ Sorgi, Marcello (27 January 2010). "D'Alema, il Lider Maximo che non tramonta mai". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  5. ^ Olivieri, Maria Teresa (31 July 2017). "Ue, un posto per il leader maxi o D'Alema". Avanti! (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  6. ^ a b c "Massimo D'Alema". Atlante (in Italian). 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  7. ^ "D'Alema Massimo – PD" (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  8. ^ "D'Alema Massimo – Altri Mondi". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mossetti, Paolo (14 March 2018). "D'Alema, e anche oggi si governa domani". The Vision (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martini, Fabio (4 December 2022). "Dopo mezzo secolo la sinistra italiana è ancora lì: D'Alema vs Veltroni". HuffPost Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Cazzola, Giuliano (5 December 2022). "Sulla presunta riedizione dell'eterna sfida a sinistra fra D'Alema e Veltroni". HuffPost Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  12. ^ "6ª legislatura – Massimo D'Alema" (in Italian). European Parliament. 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  13. ^ Dell'Omo, Marco (12 January 2015). "Quirinale: 2006, ci prova D'Alema ma la spunta Napolitano" (in Italian). ANSA. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  14. ^ "Bertinotti: 'Voti a D'Alema un giochino della destra'". La Stampa (in Italian). 28 April 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  15. ^ Ronda, Serenella (25 August 2018). "C'è una maledizione che incombe sui presidenti della Camera (per chi ci crede)" (in Italian). AGI. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  16. ^ "D'Alema è con i palestinesi. Il ministro ai gruppi armati: 'Però basta con le violenze'". La Stampa (in Italian). 8 September 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  17. ^ Preziosi, Daniela (15 May 2021). "D'Alema all' 'amico Letta': 'Due popoli due stati è solo politically correct'". Domani (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023. ['Between the sea and the Jordan live millions of people, roughly half Jews half Arabs. With a difference. Jews live in large modern cities, Arabs mostly surrounded by barbed wire, turrets, machine guns.' The Palestinians are divided into 'Israeli Arab citizens' who however 'live in a Jewish state, are second-class citizens with fewer rights' and the Palestinians 'who live under occupation'.]
  18. ^ Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine[permanent dead link]
  19. ^ Stille, Alexander (11 December 2006). "The Secret Life of Mario Scaramella". Slate. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  20. ^ "'Così la Mitrokhin indagava su Prodi'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 30 November 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  21. ^ "Mitrokhin, la magistratura indaga, l'Udc prende le distanze". L'Unità (in Italian). 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  22. ^ "Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta concernente il 'dossier Mitrokhin' e l'attività di'intelligence italiana – Relazione di minoranza sull'attività istruttoria svolta sull'operazione Impedian" (PDF) (in Italian). Italian Parliament. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  23. ^ Popham, Peter (28 December 2006). "Scaramella questioned in Rome over arms trafficking allegations". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
  24. ^ "Licenza di uccidere?". La storia siamo noi (in Italian). December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  25. ^ "'Il gruppo della Mitrokhin voleva Prodi e D'Alema'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 27 November 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  26. ^ Bonini, Carlo; D'Avanzo, Giuseppe (7 December 2006). "L'ex spia del Kgb su Scaramella 'Un bugiardo, voleva rovinare Prodi'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  27. ^ "Massimo D'Alema". European Leadership Network. 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Dalemiano". Il Vocabolario Treccani – Neologismi (in Italian). Rome: Italian Encyclopedia Institute. 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via Treccani.
  29. ^ Casadio, Giovanna (5 March 2018). "Flop di Leu, Civati e D'Alema fuori. Grasso: 'Andiamo avanti, pronti a confronto con Di Maio'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  30. ^ Oggiano, Francesco (5 March 2018). "E nella sua Puglia D'Alema arrivò ultimo". Vanity Fair Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  31. ^ Casadio, Giovanna (7 May 2019). "Sinistra riunita per i 70 anni di Massimo D'Alema: 'Chi non ricorda il comunismo è senza cuore'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  32. ^ "D'Alema rilancia l'asse Pd-M5S: 'I dirigenti dem non hanno rapporti con la realtà, dove prendono il caffé la mattina?'". HuffPost Italia (in Italian). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  33. ^ "Massimo D'Alema: 'Non ho votato M5S, ma serve alleanza con Conte'". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  34. ^ "Per D'Alema, Conte non ha del tutto sbagliato a far cadere il governo Draghi". Linkiesta (in Italian). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  35. ^ "As concerned Europeans we urge eurozone leaders to unite". Financial Times. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  36. ^ Giovinazzo, Domenico (23 July 2014). "D'Alema and Juncker, the quest for a fil rouge in the match for appointments". Eunews. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  37. ^ "Massimo D'Alema elected as first President of FEPS". Foundation for European Progressive Studies. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  38. ^ Statera, Alberto (27 November 2007). "Massoneria I fratelli litigiosi costretti alla tregua". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  39. ^ "Italy to send up to 3,000 troops to Lebanon, largest pledge so far". Haaretz. 22 August 2006. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
  40. ^ Smith, Craig S. (24 August 2006). "France Pledges More Troops to Lebanon". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  41. ^ "D'Alema: 'We cannot ignore what the eurosceptics are saying'". Euractivc. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  42. ^ "Un Papa fra due millenni". La Repubblica (in Italian). 2003. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  43. ^ Giacobino, Andrea (8 August 2023). "Cantina Le Madeleine, la moglie di D'Alema lascia: alla figlia le sue quote". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  44. ^ Bincher, Fosca (22 July 2023). "Le consulenze di Massimo D'Alema rendono meno. Ora l'ex leader politico si butta sull'immobiliare". Open (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  45. ^ a b Carotenuto, Angelo (11 October 2018). "Torna D'Alema e parla di calcio: 'La Roma è come la sinistra'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  46. ^ Longo, Alessandra (18 December 2001). "A D'Alema la Legion d'onore. Sa rispettare gli avversari". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  47. ^ Corrias, Pino (7 September 2011). "Il vice-conte Max alla corte di papa Ratzinger". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  48. ^ "Aufstellung aller durch den Bundespräsidenten verliehenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ab 1952" (PDF) (in German). Austrian Parliament. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2023.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Media offices
Preceded by Director of L'Unità
1988–1990
Succeeded by
Renzo Foa
Party political offices
Preceded by Secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left
1994–1998
Party abolished
New political party Secretary of the Democrats of the Left
1998
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Giglia Tedesco Tatò
President of the Democrats of the Left
1998–2007
Party abolished
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Italy
1998–2000
Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Prime Minister of Italy
With Francesco Rutelli

2006–2008
Vacant
Title next held by
Angelino Alfano
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
2006–2008
Succeeded by