Massimo D'Alema
Massimo D'Alema | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Minister of Italy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 21 October 1998 – 26 April 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
President | Oscar Luigi Scalfaro Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deputy | Sergio Mattarella | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Romano Prodi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Giuliano Amato | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deputy Prime Minister of Italy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 17 May 2006 – 8 May 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | Romano Prodi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Giulio Tremonti | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Angelino Alfano | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 17 May 2006 – 8 May 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | Romano Prodi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Gianfranco Fini | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Franco Frattini | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vice-President of the Socialist International | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 29 October 2003 – 29 August 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
President | António Guterres George Papandreou | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 11 September 1996 – 7 November 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
President | Pierre Mauroy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Rome, Italy | 20 April 1949||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | PCI (1963–1991) PDS (1991–1998) DS (1998–2007) PD (2007–2017) Art.1 (2017–2023) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | Linda Giuva | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Website | www | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Massimo D'Alema (Italian pronunciation:
A member of the PCI since 1963, D'Alema was a member of the party's central committee and then of the leadership and party secretariat; from 1975 to 1980, he was also secretary of the Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI).[6] He was supportive of Achille Occhetto's turning point that dissolved the PCI and established the PDS, and he presided over the establishment of The Olive Tree coalition that won the 1996 Italian general election and the transformation of the PDS into the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 1998, the same year he became prime minister.[1][2] A member of Italy's Chamber of Deputies from 1987 to 2004 and then from 2006 to 2013, he was also a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2006. He joined the Democratic Party (PD) upon its foundation in 2007. He opposed Matteo Renzi's secretariat and was contrasted with the Renziani wing within the party, which he left in 2017 to become a founder of Article One.[2]
Early life and education
D'Alema was born in
Career
Italian Communist Youth Federation
In 1975, D'Alema was elected national secretary of the
During the 1980s, the PCI's road to government did not succeed. To the press who reported a significant drop in membership, D'Alema replied that it was not only a problem of the PCI or of Italy but concerned all mass parties in the Western world, citing
From 1988 to 1990, D'Alema was the director of L'Unità, formerly the official newspaper of the PCI, which subsequently became the newspaper of the DS. A journalist by profession, he also wrote for Città futura and Rinascita.[6] It is recounted that D'Alema hated other journalists, and that this was reciprocal, due to his word of scorn and haughtiness, allegations that he always denied.[9] One notable case was a 1995 interview to Lucia Annunziata, which was sensational for its lucidity regarding the relationship between the powers that be and Italian media information. He explained how the press had lost its historical references, namely a solid political system, which guaranteed clarity of alignment, and how what he described as the new anarchy that emerged bore the sign of the "unqualified destructuring of the political democracy".[9] He was asked "Do the 'powers that be' play the shambles of politics?", to which he replied: "There is no doubt. Information has been a formidable tool that has contributed to the disintegration and loss of authority of political power. No political power can survive information that spies on him through the keyhole as he goes to the toilet."[9] Despite his criticism of the mass media, D'Alema came to accept the change of times and accepted invitations to Porta a Porta and was host of Gianni Morandi's show, where he sang "C'era un ragazzo che come me amava i Beatles e i Rolling Stones". He and Morandi had met at the association football charity match between politicians and journalists.[9]
From the Italian Communist Party to the Democrats of the Left
D'Alema entered the PCI's national secretariat in 1986 and supported the transformation into the
1994 saw the PCI tradition of the sole candidate for the party secretariat, the leader designated from above, broken. After the resignation of Occhetto, D'Alema announced his candidacy to succeed him. When he learned that Veltroni would also do so, he entered
The same year of the DS foundation, succeeding Romano Prodi, D'Alema became Prime Minister of Italy as the leader of The Olive Tree coalition founded by Prodi and supported by D'Alema that, also thanks to the support of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), which was founded by those who were opposed to the dissolution of the PCI, had won the 1996 Italian general election;[1][2] it was the first general election win for progressives.[10] The first prime minister born after Italy became a republic in 1946, he was the first former Communist party member to become prime minister of a NATO country; he remains the only former PCI member to become prime minister.[11] Committed to institutional reforms during the first Prodi government, he was first elected president of a bicameral commission for constitutional reforms in February 1997, and began the development of the PDS into a new unitary force that would aggregate further personalities and organizations from the socialist, secular, and left-wing Catholic area. In February 1998, the start of the formation process of the DS, which was led by D'Alema, was concluded with the merge of the PDS, the Labour Federation, the Movement of Unitarian Communists, the Social Christians, and exponents of the republican left.[1][2] D'Alema became prime minister when the PRC retired its support of Prodi's government, and led to a new centre-left government, including the Democratic Union for the Republic and the Party of Italian Communists, the latter being a split from the PRC in disagreement over the fall of Prodi's government.[1][2]
Centre-left coalition governments
Prime Minister of Italy
D'Alema became prime minister thanks to
D'Alema supported Italy's commitment in the
Both as party leader and prime minister, D'Alema argued for a long time with
In the 1998 assembly of the General States of the political left in 1998, D'Alema launched the Cosa 2, a political construction site for a new federative party of the left that would unite the former PCI, socialists, and Christian reformers. Apart from the name change to the DS, its symbol (the rose of
In 1999, D'Alema managed to summon five other heads of state and government to Florence: Clinton, Blair,
European Parliament and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Since the
As the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, D'Alema pushed for a foreign policy of peace in the Mediterranean world.
Mitrokhin Commission
In November 2006, the new Italian Parliament with a centre-left coalition majority instituted a commission to investigate the Mitrokhin Commission for allegations that it was manipulated for political purposes.[18] The Mitrokhin Commission, which was established in 2002 by the centre-right coalition majority closed in 2006 with a majority and a minority report, without reaching shared conclusions, and without any concrete evidence given to support the original allegations of KGB ties to Italian politicians contained in the Mitrokhin Archive. The centre-right coalition-led commission was criticized as politically motivated, as it was focused mainly on allegations against opposition figures.[19]
November 2006 saw the publication of telephone interceptions between the chairman of the Mitrokhin Commission,
From the Democratic Party to Free and Equal
In 2010, D'Alema was elected president of the
In the
Ahead of the
European politics and foreign policy views
D'Alema was briefly a
While Italian Foreign Minister in the second Prodi government, D'Alema took a pro-active diplomatic stance during the
Personal life
D'Alema is married to Linda Giuva, a professor at the
Electoral history
Election | House | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result | |
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1987 | Chamber of Deputies | Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto
|
PCI | 115,784 | Elected | |
1992 | Chamber of Deputies | Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto
|
PDS | 30,819 | Elected | |
1994 | Chamber of Deputies | Casarano | PDS | 24,018 | Elected | |
1996 | Chamber of Deputies | Casarano | PDS | 38,077 | Elected | |
2001 | Chamber of Deputies | Casarano | DS | 38,204 | Elected | |
2004 | European Parliament | Southern Italy | Ulivo
|
836,707 | Elected | |
2006 | Chamber of Deputies | Apulia
|
Ulivo | –[a] | Elected | |
2008 | Chamber of Deputies | Apulia | PD | –[a] | Elected | |
2018 | Senate of the Republic | Nardò | LeU | 10,552 | Not elected |
- ^ a b D'Alema was elected in a closed list proportional representation system.
First-past-the-post elections
1994 Italian general election ( C): Casarano
| |||||
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Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
Massimo D'Alema | Progressives | PDS | 24,018 | 34.80 | |
Lorenzo Emilio Ria | Pact for Italy | PS | 20,908 | 30.29 | |
Massimo Basurto | Pole of Good Government | FI
|
20,652 | 29.92 | |
Others | 3,437 | 4.98 | |||
Total | 69,015 | 100.0 | |||
Turnout | 75,660 | 77.94 | |||
Source: Ministry of the Interior |
1996 Italian general election ( C): Casarano
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Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
Massimo D'Alema | The Olive Tree | PDS | 38,077 | 55.75 | |
Luciano Sardelli | Pole for Freedoms | FI
|
30,218 | 44.25 | |
Total | 68,295 | 100.0 | |||
Turnout | 74,404 | 74.42 | |||
Centre-left hold | |||||
Source: Ministry of the Interior |
2001 Italian general election ( C): Casarano
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
Massimo D'Alema | The Olive Tree | DS | 38,204 | 51.49 | |
Alfredo Mantovano | House of Freedoms | FI
|
33,666 | 45.37 | |
Leonardo Tunno | FT | 870 | 1.17 | ||
Pantaleo Gianfreda | IdV | 839 | 1.13 | ||
Roberto Mancuso | LB | 622 | 0.84 | ||
Total | 74,201 | 100.0 | |||
Turnout | 79,169 | 75.99 | |||
Centre-left hold | |||||
Source: Ministry of the Interior |
2018 Italian general election (S): Nardò | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
Barbara Lezzi | M5S | 107,722 | 39.88 | ||
Luciano Cariddi | Centre-right | UDC | 95,081 | 35.20 | |
Teresa Bellanova | Centre-left | PD | 46,891 | 17.36 | |
Massimo D'Alema | Free and Equal | MDP | 10,552 | 3.91 | |
Others | 9,881 | 3.65 | |||
Total | 270,127 | 100.0 | |||
Turnout | 282,226 | 70.51 | |||
Source: Ministry of the Interior |
Political career
Party politics
- 1975–1980: National Secretary of the FGCI
- 1981–1986: Regional Secretary of the PCI in Apulia
- 1986–1989: Editor of the daily newspaper L'Unità
- 1986–1992: Member of the PCI/PDS national secretariat
- 1992–1994: Chairman of the PDS members of Parliament
- 1994–1999: Leader of the PDS/DS
- Since 1996: Vice-chairman of the Socialist International
- 1998–2007: Chairman of the DS
Institutional politics
- 1970–1976: Town councillor of Pisa
- 1985–1987: Regional councillor of Apulia
- 1987–2004: Chairman of the PCI/PDS/DS parliamentary group
- 1987–2013: Member of the Chamber of Deputies
- 1996–1998: Chairman of the Committee for Constitutional Reform
- 1998–2000: Prime Minister of Italy
- 2006–2008: Minister of Foreign Affairs
Awards
- Officer of the Legion of Honour (France), 18 December 2001.[46]
- Grand Cross Kinight of the Order of Pope Pius IX (Vatican City), 20 November 2006.[47]
- Grand Cross Kinight of the Order of Merit (Chile).
- Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Austria), 2007.[48]
- Supreme awards from Palestine and South Korea.
Books
D'Alema published many books, several of which with
- La crisi del paese e il ruolo della gioventù. Comitato Centrale della FGCI 26-27 gennaio 1976. Relazione del Compagno Massimo D'Alema ("The Country's Crisis and the Role of Youth: Central Committee of the FGCI 26–27 January 1976. Report by Comrade Massimo D'Alema"). 1976.
- La formazione politica in un moderno partito riformatore ("Political Formation in a Modern Reform Party"). Edited with Franco Ottaviano. Rome: Togliatti Institute. 1988.
- Il partito nelle aree metropolitane ("The Party in the Metropolitan Areas"). Edited with Sandro Morelli. Rome: Togliatti Institute. 1988.
- Dialogo su Berlinguer ("Dialogue on Berlinguer"). With ISBN 88-09-20545-6.
- Un paese normale. La sinistra e il futuro dell'Italia ("A Normal Country: The Left and Italy's Future"). With ISBN 88-04-40847-2.
- Progettare il futuro ("Shaping the Future"). Edited with Gianni Cuperlo and Claudio Velardi Milan: ISBN 88-452-2883-5.
- La sinistra nell'Italia che cambia ("The Left in the Changing Italy"). Milan: ISBN 88-07-47013-6.
- La grande occasione. L'Italia verso le riforme ("The Great Chance: Italy Towards Reforms"), Milan: Mondadori. 1997. ISBN 88-04-42161-4.
- Parole a vista ("Words on Sight"). Edited by ISBN 88-452-3777-X.
- Kosovo. Gli italiani e la guerra ("Kosovo: Italians and War"). Interview with ISBN 88-04-47302-9.
- Oltre la paura ("Beyond Fear"). Milan: Mondadori. 2002. ISBN 88-04-51206-7.
- La politica ai tempi della globalizzazione ("Politics in the Time of Globalization "). San Cesario di Lecce: Manni. 2003. ISBN 88-8176-391-5.
- A Mosca, l'ultima volta. Enrico Berlinguer e il 1984 ("In Moscow, the Last Time: Enrico Berlinguer and 1984"). Rome: Donzelli. 2004. ISBN 88-7989-905-8.
- Il mondo nuovo. Riflessioni per il Partito democratico ("The New World: Reflections for the Democratic Party"). Rome: Italianieuropei. 2009. ISBN 978-88-89988-23-7.
- Controcorrente. Intervista sulla sinistra al tempo dell'antipolitica ("Countercurrent: Interview on the Left at the Time of Anti-Politics"). Edited by ISBN 978-88-420-9612-2.
- Non solo euro. Democrazia, lavoro, uguaglianza. Una nuova frontiera per l'Europa ("Not Just Euros: Democracy, Labour, Equality. A New Frontier for Europe"). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino. 2014. ISBN 978-88-498-4104-6.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Novelli, Claudio (2000). "D'Alema, Massimo". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. VI Appendice. Retrieved 26 July 2023 – via Treccani.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "D'Alèma, Massimo". Treccani (in Italian). 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Un leader Maximo senza partito". La Stampa (in Italian). 20 April 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Sorgi, Marcello (27 January 2010). "D'Alema, il Lider Maximo che non tramonta mai". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Olivieri, Maria Teresa (31 July 2017). "Ue, un posto per il leader maxi o D'Alema". Avanti! (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
- ^ a b c "Massimo D'Alema". Atlante (in Italian). 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "D'Alema Massimo – PD" (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ "D'Alema Massimo – Altri Mondi". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mossetti, Paolo (14 March 2018). "D'Alema, e anche oggi si governa domani". The Vision (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martini, Fabio (4 December 2022). "Dopo mezzo secolo la sinistra italiana è ancora lì: D'Alema vs Veltroni". HuffPost Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cazzola, Giuliano (5 December 2022). "Sulla presunta riedizione dell'eterna sfida a sinistra fra D'Alema e Veltroni". HuffPost Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "6ª legislatura – Massimo D'Alema" (in Italian). European Parliament. 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Dell'Omo, Marco (12 January 2015). "Quirinale: 2006, ci prova D'Alema ma la spunta Napolitano" (in Italian). ANSA. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Bertinotti: 'Voti a D'Alema un giochino della destra'". La Stampa (in Italian). 28 April 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Ronda, Serenella (25 August 2018). "C'è una maledizione che incombe sui presidenti della Camera (per chi ci crede)" (in Italian). AGI. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "D'Alema è con i palestinesi. Il ministro ai gruppi armati: 'Però basta con le violenze'". La Stampa (in Italian). 8 September 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ Preziosi, Daniela (15 May 2021). "D'Alema all' 'amico Letta': 'Due popoli due stati è solo politically correct'". Domani (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023. ['Between the sea and the Jordan live millions of people, roughly half Jews half Arabs. With a difference. Jews live in large modern cities, Arabs mostly surrounded by barbed wire, turrets, machine guns.' The Palestinians are divided into 'Israeli Arab citizens' who however 'live in a Jewish state, are second-class citizens with fewer rights' and the Palestinians 'who live under occupation'.]
- ^ Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine[permanent dead link]
- ^ Stille, Alexander (11 December 2006). "The Secret Life of Mario Scaramella". Slate. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ "'Così la Mitrokhin indagava su Prodi'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 30 November 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "Mitrokhin, la magistratura indaga, l'Udc prende le distanze". L'Unità (in Italian). 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ "Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta concernente il 'dossier Mitrokhin' e l'attività di'intelligence italiana – Relazione di minoranza sull'attività istruttoria svolta sull'operazione Impedian" (PDF) (in Italian). Italian Parliament. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ Popham, Peter (28 December 2006). "Scaramella questioned in Rome over arms trafficking allegations". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
- ^ "Licenza di uccidere?". La storia siamo noi (in Italian). December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "'Il gruppo della Mitrokhin voleva Prodi e D'Alema'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 27 November 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Bonini, Carlo; D'Avanzo, Giuseppe (7 December 2006). "L'ex spia del Kgb su Scaramella 'Un bugiardo, voleva rovinare Prodi'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 22 July 2023.
- ^ "Massimo D'Alema". European Leadership Network. 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Dalemiano". Il Vocabolario Treccani – Neologismi (in Italian). Rome: Italian Encyclopedia Institute. 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via Treccani.
- ^ Casadio, Giovanna (5 March 2018). "Flop di Leu, Civati e D'Alema fuori. Grasso: 'Andiamo avanti, pronti a confronto con Di Maio'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Oggiano, Francesco (5 March 2018). "E nella sua Puglia D'Alema arrivò ultimo". Vanity Fair Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Casadio, Giovanna (7 May 2019). "Sinistra riunita per i 70 anni di Massimo D'Alema: 'Chi non ricorda il comunismo è senza cuore'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "D'Alema rilancia l'asse Pd-M5S: 'I dirigenti dem non hanno rapporti con la realtà, dove prendono il caffé la mattina?'". HuffPost Italia (in Italian). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Massimo D'Alema: 'Non ho votato M5S, ma serve alleanza con Conte'". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Per D'Alema, Conte non ha del tutto sbagliato a far cadere il governo Draghi". Linkiesta (in Italian). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "As concerned Europeans we urge eurozone leaders to unite". Financial Times. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Giovinazzo, Domenico (23 July 2014). "D'Alema and Juncker, the quest for a fil rouge in the match for appointments". Eunews. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Massimo D'Alema elected as first President of FEPS". Foundation for European Progressive Studies. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ Statera, Alberto (27 November 2007). "Massoneria I fratelli litigiosi costretti alla tregua". La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Italy to send up to 3,000 troops to Lebanon, largest pledge so far". Haaretz. 22 August 2006. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
- ^ Smith, Craig S. (24 August 2006). "France Pledges More Troops to Lebanon". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "D'Alema: 'We cannot ignore what the eurosceptics are saying'". Euractivc. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Un Papa fra due millenni". La Repubblica (in Italian). 2003. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ Giacobino, Andrea (8 August 2023). "Cantina Le Madeleine, la moglie di D'Alema lascia: alla figlia le sue quote". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ Bincher, Fosca (22 July 2023). "Le consulenze di Massimo D'Alema rendono meno. Ora l'ex leader politico si butta sull'immobiliare". Open (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ a b Carotenuto, Angelo (11 October 2018). "Torna D'Alema e parla di calcio: 'La Roma è come la sinistra'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ Longo, Alessandra (18 December 2001). "A D'Alema la Legion d'onore. Sa rispettare gli avversari". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Corrias, Pino (7 September 2011). "Il vice-conte Max alla corte di papa Ratzinger". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Aufstellung aller durch den Bundespräsidenten verliehenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ab 1952" (PDF) (in German). Austrian Parliament. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
Bibliography
- Baccetti, Carlo (1997). Il PDS. Verso un nuovo modello di partito? (in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino. ISBN 978-8-8150-5715-0.
- Fasanella, Giovanni (1999). D'Alema (in Italian). Milan: Dalai Editore. ISBN 978-8-8808-9720-0.
- Rapisarda, Alberto (1996). Massimo D'Alema (in Italian). Rome: Viviani. ISBN 978-8-8799-3064-2.
Further reading
- Verzichelli, Luca (December 1998). "Carlo Baccetti, Il Pds. Verso un nuovo modello di partito?, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997, pp. 285, £ 30.000, Isbn 88-15-05715-3". Italian Political Science Review (in Italian). 28 (3): 569–570. ISSN 0048-8402.
External links
- Official website
- Massimo D'Alema at the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs(CIDOB) (in Spanish)
- Personal profile of Massimo D'Alema in the European Parliament's database of members
- Declaration (PDF) of financial interests (in Italian)