Matilda of Scotland
Matilda of Scotland | |
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Burial | |
Spouse | |
Issue |
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Margaret of Wessex |
Matilda of Scotland (originally christened Edith,
Daughter of King
Henry I succeeded his brother
Early life
Childhood
Born in 1080, in
Edith and her siblings were raised by a loving but strict mother who did not spare the rod when it came to raising her children in virtue, and instilled in her offspring the importance of piety.
Succession crisis
During her stay at Romsey and later at
Around this time, possibly due to the succession conflict in Scotland between her uncle Donald III, her half-brother
Problematic engagement
After
Henry had been born in England, but a bride with ties to the ancient Wessex line would increase his popularity with the English and help to reconcile the Normans and Anglo-Saxons.[18] Edith was a great-granddaughter of Edmund Ironside from the royal family of Wessex, in their heirs, the two factions would be united, further unifying the new regime.[19] Another benefit was that England and Scotland became politically closer; three of her brothers became kings of Scotland in succession and were unusually friendly towards England: Alexander I married Sybilla, one of Henry I's illegitimate daughters, and David I lived at Henry's court for some time before his accession.[20]
Because Edith had spent much of her life in a convent, there was some controversy over whether she was a nun and thus canonically ineligible for marriage.
Professing himself unwilling to decide so weighty a matter on his own, Anselm called a council of bishops in order to determine the canonical legality of the proposed marriage and ordered two inquiries at Wilton to get first-hand information on the matter. Edith testified that she had never taken holy vows, insisting that her parents had sent her to England for educational purposes[25] and her aunt had veiled her to protect her "from the lust of the Normans,"[10] but she had pulled the veil off and stamped on it, which made her aunt beat and scold her.[26] The council concluded that Edith was not a nun, she never had been, and her parents had not intended that she become one, giving their permission for the marriage.[27]
Queen of England
Edith and Henry were married on 11 November 1100 at
Regency and diplomacy
Acting as regent of England during her husband's frequent absences for military campaigns in Normandy and France, Queen Matilda was the designated head of King Henry's court. She went on travels around England and probably visited Normandy in 1106–1107.[31]
During the
Building projects
Matilda had a small dower but it did incorporate lordship rights, which allowed her to administer her properties. Most of her dower estates were granted from lands previously held by Edith of Wessex. Additionally, King Henry made numerous grants to the Queen, including substantial property in London, a political move made in order to win over the unruly Londoners who were vehement supporters of the Wessex Kings.[34]
Matilda had a great interest in
Like her mother, Matilda was renowned for her devotion to the poor, building public lavatories at
Marriage negotiations with Henry V
In late 1108 or early 1109, King
Piety
Queen Matilda was described as "a woman of exceptional holiness, in piety her mother's rival, and in her own character exempt from all evil influence."[42] She was remembered by her subjects as Mathilda bona regina[43] and for a time sainthood was sought for her, though she was never canonized.
Matilda was known for her generosity towards the church,[44] founding and supporting cloisters and hospitals for leprosies.[45] Malmesbury described her as attending church barefoot at Lent, as well as washing the feet and kissing the hands of the sick.[30] Queen Matilda was patroness of the monk Bendeit's version of The Voyage of Saint Brendan, written around 1106–1118.[46] She also commissioned the monk Thurgot of Durham, to write a biography of her mother, Saint Margaret.[30]
Issue
While Henry had numerous illegitimate children by various mistresses,[47] he and Matilda had two children who reached adulthood:
- Matilda (7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167)[48]
- William Adelin (5 August 1103 – 25 November 1120)[49]
The couple may have also had a stillborn child in July 1101. Some historians, such as Chibnall, have claimed that there was no pregnancy before the one with Empress Matilda "as it allows no time for a normal second pregnancy".
Death
On 1 May 1118, Matilda died at Westminster Palace.[51] Allegedly, three of her Anglo-Saxon ladies-in-waiting were so distraught by the Queen's death that they immediately became nuns.[51] She would have liked to have been buried at Holy Trinity, Aldgate, but King Henry asked for her to be buried at Westminster Abbey[52] near Edward the Confessor.[53] The inscription on her tomb reads: "Here lies the renowned queen Matilda the second, excelling both young and old of her day. She was for everyone the benchmark of morals and the ornament of life."[54]
The death of Matilda's son, William Adelin, in the disaster of the White Ship (November 1120) and her widower's failure to produce a legitimate son from his second marriage led to the succession crisis and, as a consequence, a long civil war.[55] During his reign, Stephen of Blois insisted that Queen Matilda had in fact been a nun and that her daughter, Empress Matilda, was therefore not a legitimate successor to the English throne.[43]
Queen Matilda's reputation considerably improved throughout the reign of her grandson Henry II, but she was remembered to a continuously lesser extent between the late 13th and 14th centuries.[43]
Notes
- ^ She is known to have been given the name "Edith" (the Old English Eadgyth, meaning "Fortune-Battle") at birth, and was baptised under that name. She is known to have been crowned under a name favoured by the Normans, "Matilda" (from the Germanic Mahthilda, meaning "Might-Battle"), and was referred to as such throughout her husband's reign. Historians generally refer to her as "Matilda of Scotland"; in popular usage, she is referred to equally as "Matilda" or "Maud".
References
- ^ Judith A. Green: The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p 41
- ^ Tyler 2017, p. 308.
- ^ Hollister 2001, p. xxii.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 81.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 82.
- ^ Turgot 1884.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 85.
- ^ a b Hilton 2010, p. 42.
- ^ a b Hollister 2001, p. 128.
- ^ Margot 1993, p. 12.
- ^ Hilton 2010, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Hilton 2010, p. 43.
- ^ Hollister 2001, pp. 102–104.
- ^ a b Hollister 2001, pp. 126, 128.
- ^ a b Hilton 2010, p. 45.
- ^ Green 2006, p. 57.
- ^ Hilton 2010, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 80.
- ^ a b Hollister 2001, p. 126.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, p. 17.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 93.
- ^ Margot 1993, p. 13.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, pp. 21, 28.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, p. 28.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 87.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, pp. 17–18, 28.
- ^ a b Margot 1993, p. 14.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d Hilton 2010, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Hilton 2010, p. 50.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 102.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, p. 76.
- ^ Hilton 2010, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Hilton 2010, p. 53.
- ^ a b Hilton 2010, p. 63.
- ^ a b Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 108.
- ^ Chibnall 1991, pp. 15–16
- ^ Leyser 1982, pp. 195–197; Chibnall 1991, p. 16
- ^ Chibnall 1991, p. 16
- ^ Chibnall 1991, pp. 16–17
- ^ Weir 2017, p. 126.
- ^ a b c Huneycutt 2003, pp. 146–48.
- ^ Green 2006, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Huneycutt 2003, pp. 103, 105–106.
- ^ Ritchie 1950.
- ^ Strickland & Strickland 1852, p. 95.
- ^ "Matilda daughter of Henry I". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 26 March 2024.
- ^ "William the Aetheling". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 16 April 2024.
- ^ Chibnall 1991, p. 9.
- ^ a b Margot 1993, p. 15.
- ^ Green 2006, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Tyler 2017, p. 302.
- ^ Green 2006, p. 140.
- ^ Tyler 2017, p. 303.
Sources
- Margot, Arnold (1993). Queen Consorts of England: the Power Behind the Throne. Facts on File. ISBN 0816029008.
- OCLC 29924153.
- OCLC 61757059.
- OCLC 649718519.
- OCLC 907375996.
- Huneycutt, Lois L. (2003). Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. OCLC 229990725.
- Leyser, Karl (1982). Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours, 900–1250. London, UK: Hambledon Press. ISBN 9780631157373.
- OCLC 7787819373.
- Strickland, Agnes; Strickland, Elisabeth (1852). Lives of the Queens of England From the Norman Conquest. Lea and Blanchard. ISBN 0342001302.
- OCLC 697981344. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- Tyler, Elizabeth Muir (2017). "Edith Becomes Matilda". England in Europe : English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, c. 1000–c. 1150. Toronto, Canada; Buffalo, New York; London, UK: University of Toronto Press. pp. 302–353. OCLC 984991708.
- OCLC 1003999244.
External links
- Matilda 3 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
- Medieval Women: The Life Of St Margaret, Queen Of Scotland By Turgot, Bishop of St Andrews Ed. William Forbes-Leith, S.J. Third Edition. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1896 . Retrieved 14 March 2011.
- Portraits of Matilda of Scotland at the National Portrait Gallery, London