Matthew II Csák

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Matthew (II) Csák
Palatine of Hungary
Reign1278–1280
1282–1283
PredecessorPeter Csák (1st term)
Ivan Kőszegi (2nd term)
SuccessorFinta Aba (1st term)
Denis Péc (2nd term)
Native nameCsák (II) Máté
Bornbetween 1235 and 1240
Died1283 or 1284
Noble familygens Csák
Spouse(s)unknown
Issuenone
FatherMatthew I
MotherMargaret N

Matthew (II) from the kindred Csák (Hungarian: Csák nembeli (II.) Máté; Slovak: Matúš Čák II; Romanian: Matei Csáki al II-lea; c. 1235 – 1283 or 1284) was a powerful Hungarian baron, landowner and military leader, who held several secular positions during the reign of kings Béla IV, Stephen V and Ladislaus IV. He was the first notable member of the Trencsén branch of the gens ("clan") Csák. His nephew and heir was the oligarch Matthew III Csák, who, based on his uncles' acquisitions, became the de facto ruler of his domain independently of the king and usurped royal prerogatives on his territories.

Family

He was born around 1235 as one of the four sons of Matthew I, founder and first member of the Trencsén branch, who served as master of the treasury (1242–1245), and Margaret from an unidentified noble family.[1] Matthew II's brothers were Mark I, ispán (comes) of Hont County in 1247, but there is no further information about him; Stephen I, master of the stewards from 1275 to 1276 and from 1276 to 1279; and Peter I, who held powerful positions, including palatine (1275–1276; 1277; 1278; 1281) and who, furthermore, was the father of the notorious Matthew III.[2] He had also a younger sister, who married to the Moravian noble Zdislav Sternberg, a loyal bannerman of the Csák clan.[3] Their son, Stephen Sternberg (or "the Bohemian") later inherited the Csák dominion because of the absence of a direct adult male descendant after the death of Matthew III in 1321.[4]

Matthew II married to an unknown noblewoman from an unidentified genus.

counties of the kingdom (today roughly the western half of present-day Slovakia and parts of Northern Hungary).[6]

Career

His name was first mentioned by an authentic royal charter on 13 June 1270, when he served as voivode of Transylvania (1270–1272), which indicates Matthew II reached influence only after the death of king Béla IV, thus he was a loyal supporter of duke Stephen, who rebelled against his father's rule and took over the government of Transylvania in the 1260s. During the civil war between Béla IV and his son Stephen, Peter and Matthew Csák were entrusted with gathering a small contingent and marching into Northeast Hungary to rescue the younger king's family. Later, in January 1265, they returned from Upper Hungary to Transylvania, where they collected and reorganised the younger king's army and persuaded the Saxons to return to Stephen's allegiance. The battle took place along the wall of Feketehalom, where Stephen was surrounded, between the two armies at the end of January, while Duke Stephen led his remaining garrison out of the fort. The royalist troops were defeated soundly. According to a charter issued in 1273, Matthew II participated in the Battle of Isaszeg in March 1265, where Stephen gained a strategic victory over his father's army.[7] After that Béla IV was forced to accept the authority of Stephen in the eastern parts of the kingdom. On 23 March 1266, father and son confirmed the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on 'Rabbits' Island.[8] The Transylvanian voivodeship and the income of Szolnok County were Matthew's reward when Stephen V ascended the throne in 1270. He took part in a military campaign against Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1271.[9] Alongside his brother Peter Csák and Nicholas Baksa, Matthew led an army to the river Moson to prevent the invading Czechs from crossing, but the troops of Ottokar II routed their army at Mosonmagyaróvár on 15 May 1271. Nevertheless, Stephen V won a decisive battle over the Bohemians. Matthew and Peter were among those barons, who ratified the peace of Pressburg in July 1271.[10] Matthew held the voivodeship until the sudden death of Stephen V in August 1272, after that he was replaced by Nicholas Geregye, a former supporter of Béla IV.[11] Only a validly assumed non-authentic charter refers to Matthew II as voivode in April 1273.[12]

Tapolcsány Castle (Podhradie, Slovakia)

During the time when tensions emerged between Béla IV and his son, Stephen, two rival baronial groups developed, one of them was led by

Gutkeled and Geregye clans, while the Trencsén branch of the Csák clan dominated the second group. Following the coronation of Stephen V in 1270, leaders of Béla IV's party fled to abroad from the potential retaliations, however they returned to Hungary, when the crown passed to the minor Ladislaus IV in August 1272. During the nominal regency of queen Elizabeth the Cuman both sides wished to take part in the exercise of power. The rivalry between the two parties characterized the following years.[13] According to historian Bálint Hóman, twelve "changes of government" took place in the first five regnal years of Ladislaus IV.[14] This kind of "political pendulum" is well illustrated by the fact that Matthew II functioned as ban of Slavonia from 27 November 1272 to April 1273, replacing the rival Joachim Gutkeled. However, he too has been replaced by a rival, Henry I Kőszegi.[15] After that Matthew II served as judge royal and ispán of Bánya (Árkibánya) ispánate within Nyitra County in the summer of 1273.[16] Soon, however, he was ignored again, because Nicholas II Gutkeled from the opposite group replaced him as judge royal.[15] In the next year, Matthew II regained his political influence in the court, when he was appointed voivode of Transylvania in 1274 and held that office until the following year with a small interruption, when Nicholas Geregye retook the position for several months.[11] Between 1275 and 1276, he became master of the treasury, besides that he also functioned as ispán of Pozsony, Baranya Counties and Bánya ispánate.[17] In 1276, he served as voivode for the fourth time, replacing his distant relative, Ugrin Csák.[11]

Coat of arms of the gens Csák

Matthew II remained partisan of the king at all times, in accordance with the Csák tradition. In contrast, the

king of Germany.[18] He led that army, consisted of several barons, into the region, which plundered these region for a month. Matthew's troops besieged Fürstenfeld and a certain fort Lastruch. Following that Matthew led his army against Carinthia, while Ivan Kőszegi plundered Styria.[19] These incursions prompted Ottokar II to launch a large-scale invasion against Hungary in the spring of 1273. As a result, the rival barons, including Matthew, formed an unity coalition against the invading Bohemians, putting aside their differences against each other.[20] Despite the earlier conflicts, the Csáks were temporarily considered supporters of reconciliation with Ottokar II in 1275, for domestic political reasons, in order to counterbalance the efforts of Joachim Gutkeled and the Kőszegis.[21] Matthew was one of the two commanders (the other one was his brother, Stephen Csák) of the Hungarian army in the Battle on the Marchfeld on 26 August 1278, where Ottokar II was killed.[1] Matthew's army consisted of approximately 2,000 Hungarian and 5,000 Cuman warriors of light cavalry. Despite Ladislaus' presence, Matthew was the commander of the entire Hungarian contingent in effect, alongside his brother Stephen Csák, according to the Steirische Reimchronik ("Styrian Rhyming Chronicle").[22] Matthew's bravery and heroism during the battle had been documented by German chronicles.[18]

After his last voivodeship (1276), he held only local head functions in the next two years; he was ispán of

royal servants. Several charters preserved, some landowners have complained to the king concern that the palatine harassed and plundered their possessions.[24]

The activity of

Church. Presumably under the leadership of Palatine Matthew Csák, the barons decided to imprison Ladislaus IV. Sometimes after 17 January 1280, when the king stayed in Transylvania, Finta Aba captured Ladislaus IV.[26] In less than two months, both the legate and the king were set free and Ladislaus took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws and also forgave his captors. In the summer of 1280, Matthew was replaced by Finta Aba, brother of Amadeus Aba, as palatine.[15] However, he was appointed palatine for a second term two years later, replacing Ivan Kőszegi, the late Henry the Great's son.[18] Besides that he was also ispán of Sopron (1282), Pozsony and Somogy Counties (1282–1283).[23] He held these offices until his death. He prepared his last will and testament on 15 April 1283. Chronologically the next royal charter refers to him as a deceased person on 9 August 1284.[5] The Annales Sancti Rudberti Salisburgensis mentions that Ladislaus IV ate together with two barons, including "a brother of" Matthew Csák in 1282. Then he told the guards to arrest the two barons, who, however, chose death. Matthew Csák, accordingly, fled Hungary, but the queen Isabella of Sicily called him back to take part in the funeral procession. Matthew made an alliance with other disgruntled nobles and sent a diplomatic mission to Rudolf I of Germany. Historian Veronika Rudolf identified Matthew's captured and assassinated brother with Stephen, if at all the text can be accepted as authentic. However, Matthew soon died, so the matter was dropped from the agenda.[27]

Possessions

Despite his successful political and military career, Matthew II was not among the largest landowners in Hungary. He had estates in Komárom County, north of the Danube in Hetény (today: Chotín, Slovakia) and to the south near the village of Bille (today part of Esztergom). According to his testament in 1283, Prasic (today: Prašice, Slovakia), Nemcsic and Jác (today: Jacovce, Slovakia), in the north part of Nyitra County, also belonged to his domain, which he inherited probably from his brother, Stephen I, because these lands were located close to Hrussó Castle, centre of his brother's former estate. At first his wife inherited this property, however she also died shortly, after that Matthew III, son of the youngest brother Peter I acquired the lands. The Dominican monastery at the 'Rabbits' Island, where the Csák brothers' widow mother lived for a long time, had inherited Gyirok and Nándor (Komárom County).

Matthew II established his centre at

Archdiocese of Esztergom, in connection with a payment of a loss. The expansion in Pozsony County caused conflicts between the Csák clan and the Kőszegi family, which had long been a landowner in the county.[28]

References

  1. ^ a b c Markó 2006, p. 219.
  2. ^ Kristó 1986, p. 31.
  3. ^ Kristó 1986, p. 50.
  4. ^ Kristó 1986, p. 199.
  5. ^ a b Fügedi 1986, p. 159.
  6. ^ Engel 2001, p. 126.
  7. ^ Kristó 1986, p. 45.
  8. ^ Fügedi 1986, p. 150.
  9. ^ Kristó 1986, p. 34.
  10. ^ Rudolf 2023, pp. 266, 276.
  11. ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 382.
  12. ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 38.
  13. ^ Engel 2001, p. 108.
  14. ^ Fügedi 1986, p. 153.
  15. ^ a b c d Kristó 1986, p. 36.
  16. ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 32.
  17. ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 63.
  18. ^ a b c Kristó 1986, p. 37.
  19. ^ Rudolf 2023, pp. 288–290.
  20. ^ Rudolf 2023, p. 300.
  21. ^ Rudolf 2023, p. 327.
  22. ^ Rudolf 2023, pp. 365, 368–369.
  23. ^ a b c Zsoldos 2011, p. 329.
  24. ^ Kristó 1986, p. 38.
  25. ^ Engel 2001, p. 109.
  26. ^ Markó 2006, p. 215.
  27. ^ Rudolf 2023, pp. 392–393.
  28. ^ Kristó 1986, pp. 40–41.

Sources

Matthew II
Born: between 1235 and 1240  Died: 1283 or 1284
Political offices
Preceded by Voivode of Transylvania
1270–1272 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ban of Slavonia
1272–1273 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Judge royal
1273 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Voivode of Transylvania
1274 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Voivode of Transylvania
1274–1275 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Master of the treasury
1275–1276 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Voivode of Transylvania
1276 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Palatine of Hungary
1278–1280 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Palatine of Hungary
1282–1283 		Succeeded by
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