Matthias Corvinus
Matthias Corvinus | |
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Royal Basilica, Székesfehérvár | |
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Matthias Corvinus (
As king, Matthias waged wars against the Czech
Matthias introduced new taxes and regularly set taxation at extraordinary levels. These measures caused a rebellion in
Matthias established one of the earliest professional standing armies of medieval Europe (the Black Army of Hungary), reformed the administration of justice, reduced the power of the barons, and promoted the careers of talented individuals chosen for their abilities rather than their social statuses. Matthias patronized art and science; his royal library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was one of the largest collections of books in Europe. With his patronage, Hungary became the first country to embrace the Renaissance from Italy. As Matthias the Just, the monarch who wandered among his subjects in disguise, he remains a popular hero of Hungarian and Slovak[1] folk tales.
Early life
Childhood (1443–1457)
Matthias was born in Kolozsvár (now
As a child, Matthias learnt many languages and read
According to a treaty between John Hunyadi and
John Hunyadi died on 11 August 1456, less than three weeks after his greatest victory over the Ottomans in Belgrade.[18] John's elder son—Matthias's brother—Ladislaus became the head of the family.[15][19] Ladislaus's conflict with Ulrich of Celje ended with Ulrich's capture and assassination on 9 November.[20][21][22] Under duress, the King promised he would never take his revenge against the Hunyadis for Ulrich's killing.[23] However, the murder turned most barons—including Palatine Ladislaus Garai, Judge royal Ladislaus Pálóci, and Nicholas Újlaki, Voivode of Transylvania—against Ladislaus Hunyadi.[23] Taking advantage of their resentment, the King had the Hunyadi brothers imprisoned in Buda on 14 March 1457.[21][24] The royal council condemned them to death for high treason and Ladislaus Hunyadi was beheaded on 16 March.[25]
Matthias was held in captivity in a small house in Buda.
Election as king (1457–1458)
King Ladislaus died childless in 1457.
The election of Matthias as king was the only way of avoiding a protracted civil war.[32] Ladislaus Garai was the first baron to yield.[33] At a meeting with Matthias's mother and uncle, he promised that he and his allies would promote Matthias's election, and Michael Szilágyi promised that his nephew would never seek vengeance for Ladislaus Hunyadi's execution.[32][33] They also agreed that Matthias would marry the Palatine's daughter Anna—his executed brother's bride.[32][33]
Michael Szilágyi arrived at the Diet with 15,000 troops, intimidating the barons who assembled in Buda.[21][32] Stirred up by Szilágyi, the noblemen gathered on the frozen River Danube and unanimously proclaimed the 14-year-old Matthias king on 24 January.[32][34][35] At the same time, the Diet elected his uncle as regent.[33][35]
Reign
Early rule and consolidation (1458–1464)
Matthias's election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted the royal throne in Hungary.[26] Michael Szilágyi sent John Vitéz to Prague to discuss the terms of Matthias's release with George of Poděbrady.[36] Poděbrady—whose daughter Katalin Matthias promised to marry—agreed to release his future son-in-law for a ransom of 60,000 gold florins.[37][38] Matthias was surrendered to the Hungarian delegates in Strážnice on 9 February.[36] With Poděbrady's mediation, he was reconciled with John Jiskra of Brandýs, the commander of the Czech mercenaries who dominated most of Upper Hungary.[39][40]
Matthias made his state entry into Buda five days later.
Jiskra was the first baron who turned against Matthias.
Matthias's first Diet assembled in Pest in May 1458.
Matthias's ordinary revenues amounted around 250,000 golden florins per year when his reign began.
At the turn of 1458 and 1459, Matthias held a Diet at Szeged to prepare for a war against the Ottoman Empire.[64] However, gossip about a conspiracy compelled him to return to Buda.[65] The rumours proved to be true because at least 30 barons—including Ladislaus Garai, Nicholas Újlaki, and Ladislaus Kanizsai—met in Németújvár (now Güssing in Austria) and offered the throne to Emperor Frederick III on 17 February 1459.[35][38][66] Even George of Poděbrady turned against Matthias when Frederick promised him to make him governor of the Holy Roman Empire.[67] Although the joint troops of the Emperor and the rebellious lords defeated a royal army at Körmend on 27 March, Garai had by that time died, Újlaki and Sigismund Szentgyörgyvölgyi soon entered into negotiations with Matthias' envoys.Újlaki became indifferent, Szentgyörgyvölgyi joined to Matthias.[66] Skirmishes along the western borderlands lasted for several months, preventing Matthias from providing military assistance to Tomašević against the Ottomans.[64] The latter took Smederevo on 29 June, completing the conquest of Serbia.[68][69]
Jiskra swore an oath of loyalty to Emperor Frederick on 10 March 1460.
The envoys of Matthias and Emperor Frederick agreed the terms of peace treaty on 3 April 1462.[35] According to the agreement, the Emperor was to return the Holy Crown of Hungary for 80,000 golden florins, but his right to use the title King of Hungary along with Matthias was confirmed.[35][70] In accordance with the treaty, the Emperor adopted Matthias, which granted him the right to succeed his "son" if Matthias died without a legitimate heir.[70][77] Within a month, Jiskra yielded to Matthias.[77] He surrendered all the forts he held in Upper Hungary to the King's representatives; as compensation he received a large domain near the Tisza and Arad and 25,000 golden florins.[It happened before peace treaty with Frederick] [48] To pay the large amounts stipulated in his treaties with the Emperor and Jiskra, Matthias collected an extraordinary tax with the consent of the Royal Council.[78] The Diet, which assembled in mid-1462, confirmed this decision but only after 9 prelates and 19 barons promised that no extraordinary taxes would be introduced thereafter.[78] Through hiring mercenaries among Jiskra's companions, Matthias began organizing a professional army, which became known as the "Black Army" in following decades.[79] The peace treaty made in Wiener-Neustadt 19 July 1463.[80]
The
In preparation for a war against the Ottomans, Matthias held a Diet at
Queen Catherine died in early 1464 during preparations for her husband's coronation with the Holy Crown, which had been returned by Emperor Frederick.
First reforms and internal conflicts (1464–1467)
Political reforms
Matthias dismissed his Chief Chancellor Archbishop Szécsi, replacing him with
Sultan Mehmed II returned to Bosnia and laid siege to Jajce in July 1464.[90][103] Matthias began assembling his troops along the river Sava, forcing the Sultan to raise the siege on 24 August.[103] Matthias and his army crossed the river and seized Srebrnica.[104] He also besieged Zvornik but the arrival of a large Ottoman army forced him to withdraw to Hungary.[105] The following year, Matthias forced Stefan Vukčić, who had transferred Makarska Krajina to the Republic of Venice, to establish Hungarian garrisons in his forts along the river Neretva.[106]
Dénes Szécsi died in 1465 and John Vitéz became the new Archbishop of Esztergom.
Matthias convoked the Diet to make preparations for an anti-Ottoman campaign in 1466.[110] For the same purpose, he received subsidies from Pope Paul II.[111][112] However, Matthias had realized that no substantial aid could be expected from the Christian powers and tacitly gave up his anti-Ottoman foreign policy.[113] He did not invade Ottoman territory and the Ottomans did not make major incursions into Hungary, implying that he signed a peace treaty with Mehmed II's envoy who arrived in Hungary in 1465.[114]
Matthias visited Slavonia and dismissed the two Bans Nicholas Újlaki and Emeric Zápolya, replacing them with Jan Vitovec and John Tuz in 1466.[109] Early the following year, he mounted a campaign in Upper Hungary against a band of Czech mercenaries who were under the command of Ján Švehla and had seized Kosztolány (now Veľké Kostoľany in Slovakia).[78][115] Matthias routed them and had Švehla and his 150 comrades hanged.[78][77]
Economic reforms
At the Diet of March 1467, two traditional taxes were renamed; the chamber's profit was thereafter collected as tax of the royal treasury and the thirtieth as the Crown's customs.[116] Because of this change, all previous tax exemptions became void, increasing state revenues.[77][117] Matthias set about centralizing the administration of royal revenues. He entrusted the administration of the Crown's customs to John Ernuszt, a converted Jewish merchant.[118] Within two years, Ernuszt was responsible for the collection of all ordinary and extraordinary taxes, and the management of the salt mines.[119]
Matthias's tax reform caused a revolt in Transylvania.
War for the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1468–1479)
Matthias's former brother-in-law
The Diet of 1468 authorized Matthias to levy an extraordinary tax to finance the new war, but only after 8 prelates and 13 secular lords pledged on the King's behalf that he would not demand such charges in the future.[129] Matthias also exercised royal prerogatives to increase his revenues.[129] For instance, he ordered a Palatine's eyre in a county, the cost of which were to be covered by the local inhabitants but soon authorized the county to redeem the cancellation of this irksome duty.[129]
The Czech Catholics, who were led by Zdeněk of Šternberk, joined forces with Matthias in February 1469.[130] Their united troops were encircled at Vilémov by George of Poděbrady's army.[74][131] In fear of being captured, Matthias opened negotiations with his former father-in-law.[131] They met in a nearby hovel, where Matthias persuaded George of Poděbrady to sign an armistice promising that he would mediate a reconciliation between the moderate Hussites and the Holy See.[74][131] Their next meeting took place in Olomouc in April.[130] Here the papal legates came forward with demands including the appointment of a Catholic Archbishop to the See of Prague, which could not be accepted by George of Poděbrady.[131][130] The Czech Catholic Estates elected Matthias King of Bohemia in Olomouc on 3 May but he was never crowned.[132][133] Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia soon accepted his rule but Bohemia proper remained faithful to George of Poděbrady.[134][135] The Estates of Bohemia even acknowledged the right of Vladislaus Jagiello, the eldest son of Casimir IV of Poland, to succeed king George of Poděbrady.[134][77]
Matthias's relations with Frederick III had in the meantime deteriorated because the Emperor accused Matthias of allowing the Ottomans to march through Slavonia when raiding the Emperor's realms.
Matthias expelled George of Poděbrady's troops from Silesia.[134] Matthias's army was encircled and routed at Uherský Brod on 2 November, forcing him to withdraw to Hungary.[77] Matthias soon ordered the collection of an extraordinary tax without holding a Diet, raising widespread discontent among the Hungarian Estates.[139] He visited Emperor Frederick in Vienna on 11 February 1470, hoping the Emperor would contribute to the costs of the war against Poděbrady.[140] Although the negotiations lasted for a month, no compromise was worked out.[140] The Emperor also refused to commit himself to promoting Matthias's election as King of the Romans.[140] After a month, Matthias left Vienna without taking formal leave of Frederick III.[141]
Having realised the Hungarian Estates' growing dissatisfaction, Matthias held a Diet in November.[139] The Diet again authorized him to levy an extraordinary tax, stipulating that the sum of all taxes payable per porta could not exceed one florin.[139] The Estates also made it clear that they opposed the war in Bohemia.[139] George of Poděbrady died on 22 March 1471.[142] The Diet of Bohemia proper elected Vladislaus Jagiello king on 27 May.[143] The papal legate Lorenzo Roverella soon declared Vladislaus's election void and confirmed Matthias's position as King of Bohemia, but the Imperial Diet refused Matthias's claim.[144][145]
Matthias was staying in Moravia when he was informed that a group of Hungarian prelates and barons had offered the throne to
The Ottomans had meanwhile seized the Hungarian forts along the river Nertva.
The Ottomans invaded Wallachia and Moldavia at the end of 1474.[161] Matthias sent reinforcements under the command of Blaise Magyar to Stephen the Great.[162] Their united forces routed the invaders in the Battle of Vaslui on 10 January 1475.[163] Fearing a new Ottoman invasion, the Prince of Moldavia swore fealty to Matthias on 15 August.[161] Sultan Mehmed II proposed peace but Matthias refused him.[161] Instead, he stormed into Ottoman territory and captured Šabac, an important fort on the river Száva, on 15 February 1476.[164][165] During the siege, Matthias barely escaped capture while he was watching the fortress from a boat.[166]
For unknown reasons, Archbishop Johann Beckensloer left Hungary, taking the treasury of the Esztergom See with him in early 1476.[159][167] He fled to Vienna and offered his funds to the Emperor.[168] Matthias accused the Emperor of having incited the Archbishop against him.[168]
Mehmed II launched a campaign against Moldavia in the summer of 1476.
Matthias's bride Beatrice of Naples arrived in Hungary in late 1476.[174] Matthias married her in Buda on 22 December that year.[174] The Queen soon established a rigid etiquette, making direct contacts between the King and his subjects more difficult.[175] According to Bonfini, Matthias also "improved his board and manner of life, introduced sumptuous banquets, disdaining humility at home and beautified the dining rooms" after his marriage.[176] According to a contemporaneous record, around that time Matthias's revenues amounted about 500,000 florins, half of which derived from the tax of the royal treasury and the extraordinary tax.[177]
Matthias concluded an alliance with the
Negotiations between the envoys of Matthias and Vladislaus Jagiellon accelerated during the next few months.[183] The first draft of a treaty was agreed upon on 28 March 1478, and the text was completed by the end of 1477.[115] The treaty authorized both monarchs to use the title of King of Bohemia—although Vladislaus could omit to style Matthias as such in their correspondence—and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were divided between them; Vladislaus ruled in Bohemia proper and Matthias in Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia.[159][144] They solemnly ratified the peace treaty at their meeting in Olomouc on 21 July.[115]
War for Austria (1479–1487)
Emperor Frederick only paid off half of the indemnity due to Matthias according to their treaty of 1477.
An Ottoman army supported by
Sultan Mehmed II died on 3 May 1481.[190] A civil war ensued in the Ottoman Empire between his sons Bayezid II and Cem.[191] Defeated, Cem fled to Rhodes, where the Knights Hospitaller kept him in custody.[191] Matthias claimed Cem's custody in the hope of using him to gain concessions from Bayezid, but Venice and Pope Innocent VIII strongly opposed this plan.[191] In late 1481, Hungarian auxiliary troops supported Matthias's father-in-law Ferdinand I of Naples to reoccupy Otranto, which had been lost to the Ottomans the year before.[192]
Although the "Black Army" had already laid siege to Hainburg an der Donau in January 1482, Matthias officially declared a new war on Emperor Frederick three months later.[178] He directed the siege in person from the end of June and the town fell to him in October.[193] In the next three months, Matthias also captured Sankt Veit an der Glan, Enzersdorf an der Fischa, and Kőszeg.[193] The papal legate, Bartolomeo Maraschi tried to mediate a peace treaty between Matthias and the Emperor, but Matthias refused.[193] Instead, he signed a five-year truce with Sultan Bayezid.[192]
Matthias's marriage to Beatrice of Naples did not produce sons; he tried to strengthen the position of his illegitimate son John Corvinus.[194] The child received Sáros Castle and inherited the extensive domains of his grandmother Elizabeth Szilágyi with his father's consent.[194] Matthias also forced Victor of Poděbrady to renounce the Duchy of Troppau in Silesia in favour of John Corvinus in 1485.[195] Queen Beatrice opposed Matthias's favouritism towards his son.[195] Even so, Matthias nominated her eight-year-old nephew Ippolito d'Este Archbishop of Esztergom.[196] The Pope refused to confirm the child's appointment for years.[197] The "Black Army" encircled Vienna in January 1485.[198] The siege lasted for five months and ended with the triumphal entry of Matthias, at the head of 8,000 veterans, into Vienna on 1 June.[198] The King soon moved the royal court to the newly conquered town.[115] He summoned the Estates of Lower Austria to Vienna and forced them to swear loyalty to him.[199]
Matthias, by the grace of God, king of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, and Bulgaria, Duke of Silesia and Luxemburg and Margrave of Moravia and Lusatia, for the everlasting memory of the matter. It is fitting that kings and princes who by heavenly decree are placed at the summit of the highest office, be adorned not only by arms but also by laws and that the people subjected to them, as well as the reins of authority, are restrained by the strength of good and stable institutions rather than by the harshness of absolute power and reprehensible abuse.
Preamble to the Decretum Maius[200]
Upon the monarch's initiative, the Diet of 1485 passed the so-called Decretum maius, a systematic law-code which replaced many previous contradictory decrees.[201][202] The law-code introduced substantial reforms in the administration of justice; the Palatine's eyre and the extraordinary county assemblies were abolished, which strengthened the position of the county courts.[201] Matthias also decreed that in cases of the monarch's absence or minority, the Palatine was authorized to rule as Regent.[201]
Emperor Frederick persuaded six of the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire to proclaim his son Maximilian King of the Romans on 16 February 1486.[203] The Emperor, however, had failed to invite the King of Bohemia—either Matthias or Vladislaus Jagiellon—to the assembly.[203][183] In an attempt to prevail on Vladislaus to protest, Matthias invited him to a personal meeting.[183][204] Although they formed an alliance in Jihlava in September, the Estates of Bohemia refused to confirm it and Vladislaus recognized Maximilian's election.[204]
In the meantime Matthias continued his war against the Emperor.[205] The "Black Army" seized several towns in Lower Austria, including Laa an der Thaya, and Stein in 1485 and 1486.[205] He set up his chancery for Lower Austria in 1486 but he never introduced a separate seal for this realm.[199] Matthias assumed the title of Duke of Austria at the Diet of the Lower Austrian Estates in Ebenfurth in 1487.[206] He appointed Stephen Zápolya captain-general, Urban Nagylucsei administrator of the Archdiocese of Vienna, and entrusted the defence of the occupied towns and forts to Hungarian and Bohemian captains, but otherwise continued to employ Emperor Frederick's officials who accepted his rule.[206][207] Wiener Neustadt, the last town resisting Matthias in Lower Austria, fell to him on 17 August 1487.[178][205] He started negotiations with Duke Albert III of Saxony, who arrived at the head of the imperial army to fight for Emperor Frederick III.[205] They signed a six-month armistice in Sankt Pölten on 16 December, which ended the war.[205][208] Matthias offered Emperor Frederick and his son prince Maximilian, the return of Austrian provinces and Vienna, if they would renounce the treaty of 1463 and accept Matthias as Frederic's designated heir and probable the inheritor of the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Before this was settled though, Matthias died in Vienna in 1490.[209]
King Matthias was happy to be described as "the second Attila".[210] The Chronica Hungarorum by Johannes Thuróczy published in 1488, set the goal of glorifying Attila, which was undeservedly neglected, moreover, he introduced the famous "Scourge of God" characterization to the later Hungarian writers, because the earlier chronicles remained hidden for a long time. Thuróczy worked hard to endear Attila, the Hun king with an effort far surpassing his predecessor chroniclers. He made Attila a model for his victorious ruler, King Matthias who had Attila's abilities, with this he almost brought "the hammer of the world" to life.[211]
Last years (1487–1490)
According to the contemporaneous
In the meantime, the citizens of Ancona, a town in the Papal States, hoisted Matthias's flag in the hope he would protect them against Venice.[218] Pope Innocent VIII soon protested, but Matthias refused to reject the overture, stating that the link between him and the town would never harm the interests of the Holy See.[218] He also sent an auxiliary troop to his father-in-law, who was waging a war against the Holy See and Venice.[219] The 1482 truce between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire was prolonged for two years in 1488.[220][216] On this occasion, it was stipulated that the Ottomans were to refrain from invading Wallachia and Moldavia.[220] The following year, Matthias granted two domains to Stephen the Great of Moldavia in Transylvania.[187]
Matthias, who suffered from gout, could not walk and was carried in a litter after March 1489.[221][222] Hereafter, his succession caused bitter conflicts between Queen Beatrice and John Corvinus.[222] Matthias asked Beatrice's brother Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, to persuade her not to strive for the Crown, stating that the "Hungarian people are capable of killing up unto the last man rather than submit to the government of a woman".[223][224] To strengthen his illegitimate son's position, Matthias even proposed withdrawing from Austria and to confirm Emperor Frederick's right to succeed him, provided the Emperor was willing to grant Croatia and Bosnia to John Corvinus with the title of king.[225][224]
Matthias participated in the lengthy
Patronage
Renaissance king
Matthias was the first non-Italian monarch promoting the spread of Renaissance style in his realm.
Matthias also cultivated traditional art.
Upon Matthias's initiative, Archbishop John Vitéz and Bishop Janus Pannonius persuaded Pope Paul II to authorize them to set up a university in
Building projects and arts
Matthias started at least two major building projects.[244] The works in Buda and Visegrád began in about 1479.[245] Two new wings and a hanging garden were built at the royal castle of Buda, and the palace at Visegrád was rebuilt in Renaissance style.[245][246] Matthias appointed the Italian Chimenti Camicia and the Dalmatian Giovanni Dalmata to direct these projects.[245]
Matthias commissioned the leading Italian artists of his age to embellish his palaces: for instance, the sculptor
The court of Matthias had a musical establishment of high quality. The master of the
Royal library
Matthias started the systematic collection of books after the arrival of his first librarian, Galeotto Marzio, a friend of Janus Pannonius from Ferrara in around 1465.[255][256] The exchange of letters between Taddeo Ugoleto, who succeeded Marzio in 1471, and Francesco Bandini contributed to the development of the royal library because the latter regularly informed his friend of new manuscripts.[255] Matthias also employed scriptors, illuminators, and book-binders.[257] Although the exact number of his books is unknown, his Bibliotheca Corviniana was one of Europe's largest collections of books when he died.[258]
According to Marcus Tanner, the surviving 216 volumes of the King's library "show that Matthias had the literary tastes of a classic 'alpha male'", who preferred secular books to devotional works. For instance, a Latin translation of
Patron of scholars
Matthias enjoyed the company of Humanists and had lively discussions on various topics with them.
Like all intellectuals of his age, Matthias was convinced that the movements and combinations of the stars and planets exercised influence on individuals' life and on the history of nations.
Family
Ancestors of Matthias Corvinus Elizabeth Szilágyi | | |||||||||||||||
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28. Michael Bellyéni | ||||||||||||||||
14. Stephen Bellyéni | ||||||||||||||||
7. Catherina Bellyéni | ||||||||||||||||
When Matthias was 12, his family arranged for him to marry Elizabeth of Celje who was also a child when their marriage took place in 1455.[15] She died in September before the marriage was consummated.[15][271] His second wife Catherine of Poděbrady was born in 1449.[3] She died in childbirth in January or February 1464.[3][61] The child did not survive.[61]
Matthias approached Emperor Frederick to suggest a new bride for him among Frederick's relatives.[93] Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg proposed one of his daughters to Matthias but the Hungarian Estates opposed this plan.[93] In an attempt to enter into an alliance with King Casimir IV of Poland, Matthias proposed to the King's daughter Hedvig but he was refused.[272][273] During the 1470 meeting of Emperor Frederick and Matthias, a marriage between Matthias and the Emperor's five-year-old daughter Kunigunde of Austria was also discussed, but the Emperor was not willing to commit himself to the marriage.[274]
Matthias's third wife Beatrice of Naples was born in 1457.[275] Their engagement was announced in Breslau on 30 October 1474, during the siege of the town by Casimir IV and Vladislaus Jagiellon.[276] Her dowry amounted to 200,000 gold pieces.[277] Beatrice survived her husband and returned to Naples where she died in 1508.[278]
Matthias's only known child John Corvinus was born out of wedlock in 1473.[279][280] His mother Barbara Edelpöck—the daughter of a citizen of Stein in Lower Austria—met the King in early 1470.[279] John Corvinus died on 12 October 1504.[3]
Legacy
According to Marcus Tanner, Matthias ruled "a European superpower" at the end of his reign.[281] His conquests, however, were lost within months of his death.[282] The burghers of Breslau soon murdered his captain Heinz Dompnig.[199] The Emperor's rule in Vienna and Wiener Neustadt was restored without resistance.[283]
Stephen Zápolya said the King's death relieved "Hungary of the trouble and oppression from which it had suffered so far".[284] Royal authority quickly diminished because various claimants—John Corvinus, Maximilian of the Romans, Vladislaus Jagiellon, and the latter's younger brother, John Albert—were fighting for the crown.[285][286] Vladislaus Jagiellon triumphed because the barons regarded him as a weak ruler and he gained the support of Matthias's wealthy widow by promising to marry her.[285][284] Vladislaus was elected king after he promised he would abolish all "harmful innovations" introduced by Matthias, especially the extraordinary tax.[287] Vladislaus could not finance the maintenance of the Black Army and the unpaid mercenaries began plundering the countryside.[285] A royal force led by Paul Kinizsi eliminated them on the river Száva in 1492.[285][288]
The burden of Matthias's wars and splendid royal court mainly fell on the peasants, who paid at least 85% of the taxes.[289][290] The Chronicle of Dubnic, written in eastern Hungary in 1479, says "widows and orphans" cursed the King for the high taxes.[291] However, stories about "Matthias the Just", who wandered in disguise throughout his realm to deliver justice to his subjects, seem to have spread during Matthias's reign.[292] The saying "Dead is Matthias, lost is justice" became popular soon after his death, reflecting that commoners were more likely to have received a fair trial in Matthias's reign than under his successors.[202][293] Matthias is also the subject of popular folk tales in Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovenia.[294] For instance, King Matjaž is one of the sleeping kings of Slovenian folklore.[295][294]
In popular culture
- Matthias Corvinus leads the Hungarian civilization in the Gathering Storm expansion of the 4X video game Civilization VI.[296]
Gallery
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Matthias I (Chronica Hungarorum, 1488)
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Matthias Corvinus depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum
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Matthias as young monarch (after a contemporary miniature from the Corviniana collection of the British Museum)
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The roughly 50-year-old Matthias in the style of Constantine the Great (contemporary sculpture from Buda Castle)
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Matthias Corvinus from a Corvina Codex
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Italian humanist, Pietro Ranzano before King Matthias Corvinus and Queen Beatrice (Epitome rerum Hungarorum, 1490)
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This stove tile depicts King Matthias (from Buda Castle, 1480)
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King Matthias Corvinus (Nádasdy Mausoleum, 1664)
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The triumphant Matthias (painting by Gyula Benczúr in 1919, Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest)
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King Matthias receives the Papal Legates (painting by Gyula Benczúr in 1915)
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King Matthias on the 1000 forint Hungarian banknote (1998–)
References
- ^ "Stanislav Klíma: Povesti zo Slovenska (Kráľ Matej a bača) – elektronická knižnica".
- ^ a b c Kubinyi 2008, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d E. Kovács 1990, p. 26.
- ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 49.
- ^ Tanner 2009, pp. 27–28.
- ^ a b c Kubinyi 2008, p. 24.
- ^ a b Kubinyi 2008, p. 161.
- ^ a b Klaniczay 1992, p. 165.
- ^ Tanner 2009, p. 28.
- ^ Tanner 2009, p. 28, 86.
- ^ Geréb, László (1959). "III". Mátyás király (in Hungarian). Magyar Helikon.
Tolmács útján megkérdezte: kicsoda, honnan jön, hová megy s mi okból van úton. Felelte erre: tolmácsra nincs szükség, mert ő magyar s Erdélyből való; azért jött Moldvába - az eseményekről mitsem tudva -, hogy fölkeresse földjeit, melyek felesége öröklött javai.
- ^ Pop 2012, p. 5.
- ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 174.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 292.
- ^ a b c d e f Kubinyi 2008, p. 25.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 290–292.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 280, 296.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 296.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 569.
- ^ a b c d Cartledge 2011, p. 61.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 26.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 297.
- ^ a b Kubinyi 2008, p. 27.
- ^ Tanner 2009, p. 49.
- ^ a b Tanner 2009, p. 50.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 28.
- ^ E. Kovács 1990, p. 30.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 30.
- ^ a b Kubinyi 2008, p. 29.
- ^ a b Magaš 2007, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d e f g Engel 2001, p. 298.
- ^ a b c d e Kubinyi 2008, p. 31.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 31–32.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bartl et al. 2002, p. 51.
- ^ a b Kubinyi 2008, p. 54.
- ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 53–54.
- ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 299.
- ^ a b c d e Kubinyi 2008, p. 57.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 300.
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Further reading
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 900–901.
- Bárány, Attila; Györkös, Attila, eds. (2008). Matthias and his Legacy: Cultural and Political Encounters between East and West. University of Debrecen. ISBN 978-963-473-276-1.
- Birnbaum, Marianna D. (1996). The Orb and the Pen: Janus Pannonius, Matthias Corvinus and the Buda Court. Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 963-506-087-4.
- ANTONIUS DE BONFINIS:DE REGE MATHIA RERUM UNGARICARUM DECADES A LIBRO IX. DECADIS III.USQUE AD LIBRUM VIII. DECADIS IV. In: Rerum Ungaricum decades. https://vmek.oszk.hu/mobil/konyvoldal.phtml?id=20375#_home
- Farbaky, Péter; Spekner, Enikő; Szende, Katalin; et al., eds. (2008). Matthias Corvinus, the King: Tradition and Renewal in the Hungarian Royal Court 1458–1490. Budapest History Museum. ISBN 978-963-9340-69-5.
- Farbaky, Peter; Waldman, Louis A. (2011). Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674063464.
- Feuer-Tóth, Rózsa (1990). Art and Humanism in Hungary in the Age of Matthias Corvinus. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5646-4.
- Gastgeber, Christian; Mitsiou, Ekaterini; Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Popović, Mihailo; Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes; Simon, Alexandru (2011). Matthias Corvinus und seine Zeit: Europa am Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit zwischen Wien und Konstantinopel [Matthias Corvinus and His Time: Europe in Transition from the Middle Ages to Modern Times between Vienna and Constantinople] (in German). David Brown Book Company. ISBN 978-3-7001-6891-1.
- Klaniczay, Tibor; Jankovics, József (1994). Matthias Corvinus and the Humanism in Central Europe. Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 963-7873-72-4.
- Kropej, Monika (2014). "Narrative Tradition about King Matthias in the Process of Transformation". Slovenský národopis. 62 (2): 244–258.
External links
- The Squash and the Colt, a folk tale reflecting Matthias' wisdom and sense of justice
- Bibliotheca Corviniana Digitalis – National Széchényi Library, Hungary
- Map of Europe in 1500.
- Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. .