Matthias Knutzen
Matthias Knutzen (also: Knuzen, Knutsen) (1646 – after 1674) was a German critic of religion and the author of three atheistic pamphlets. In modern Western history, he is the first
Life
Matthias Knutzen was born at
Teachings
In his three pamphlets of 1674, Knutzen claimed that there was a sect or community called the Gewissener or "Conscientarians" (i.e., 'the conscience people'). According to him, the Conscientarians had adherents in Hamburg, Jena, Paris, Amsterdam, and Rome, and, allegedly, more than 700 in Jena alone. This claim, however, is regarded as a fiction and the teachings which Knutzen spread as an alleged member of the Conscientarians were in fact his own.
According to Knutzen, there are no transcendent entities such as God, the devil, or immortal souls, the Bible is implausible due to its many contradictions, and the guidelines for human behavior should be reason and conscience. Therefore, both secular and ecclesiastical authorities are superfluous. In his Latin letter Amicus Amicis Amica! Knudsen summarizes his beliefs as:[5]
Insuper Deum negamus, Magistratum ex alto despicimus, Templa quoque cum omnibus Sacerdotibus rejicientes.
Moreover, we deny God, we despise authorities from above and we reject the churches together with all ministers.
For Knutzen, the uppermost rule was: "Live honestly, do not harm anybody and give everybody what they deserve." (in Latin, Honeste vivere, neminem laedere, suum cuique tribuere), an old Roman legal principle according to Ulpian.
Sources and reception
Knutzen was obviously inspired by Socinianism. Other influences (Spinoza?) are difficult to discern and are disputed. However, it can be shown that Knutzen was well-versed in the philosophical literature of his day even when it came to insignificant details.[6]
Knutzen's views provoked the violent rejection of ecclesiastical authors. In 1677, for example, the German theologian Tobias Pfanner claimed that Knutzen's work surpassed the infamy of all enemies of religion known until then.
Works
- Epistola amici ad amicum [Latin: Letter of a Friend to a Friend], also under the title Amicus Amicis Amica!, 1674.
- Gespräch zwischen einem Gastgeber und drei Gästen ungleicher Religion [German: Conversation between a Host and three Guests of different Religion], 1674.
- Gespräch zwischen einem Feldprediger namens Dr. Heinrich Brummern und einem lateinischen Musterschreiber [German: Conversation between an Army Chaplain called Dr Heinrich Brummern and a Latin Pattern-Writer], 1674.
References
- ^ W. Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen, Schriften und Materialien (2010), p.8, calling Knutzen "the first author we know of who self-identified as an atheist". Cf. also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" [1]
- ^ Mortimer, Thomas (1789). Students Pocket Dictionary 1789.
- ISBN 978-0-19-162287-8.
- ^ W. Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen, Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 14
- ^ W. Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen, Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 37
- ^ Schröder, Matthias Knutzen (1998), p. 421
- ^ Schröder, Matthias Knutzen (1998), p. 420
Editions
- M. Knutzen, ein deutscher Atheist und revolutionärer Demokrat des 17. Jahrhunderts. Flugschriften und zeitgenössische sozialkritische Schriften, ed. and prefaced by Werner Pfoh. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1965.
- Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien, ed. by Winfried Schröder. (Philosophische Clandestina der deutschen Aufklärung. Texte und Dokumente / Philosophische Clandestina der deutschen Aufklärung Abteilung I: Texte und Dokumente). Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog 2010.
Further reading
- Pierre Bayle, Matthias Knuzen, in: Dictionnaire historique et critique, edition of 1740, vol. 3, p. 12 online here (French)
- Dieter Lohmeier (1980), "Knutzen, Matthias", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 12, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 232–233; (full text online)
- Winfried Schröder, Matthias Knutzen: Flugschriften, in: Winfried Schröder, Ursprünge des Atheismus. Untersuchungen zur Metaphysik- und Religionskritik des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart 1998, p. 420 f.
- Julius August Wagenmann (1882), "Knutsen, Matthias", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 335–336
- Wolfgang Weber. "Knutzen, Matthias". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German)., vol. 4, col. 190–193.