Maurice Wilkes
Maurice Wilkes | |
---|---|
Born | John Maurice Vincent Wilkes 26 June 1913 Dudley, Worcestershire, England |
Died | 29 November 2010 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England | (aged 97)
Education | King Edward VI College, Stourbridge |
Alma mater | University of Cambridge (MA, PhD) |
Known for | Cache memory |
Spouse |
Nina Twyman
(m. 1947; died 2008) |
Children | one son, two daughters |
Awards |
|
Scientific career | |
Fields | Computer Science |
Institutions | |
Thesis | The reflexion of very long wireless waves from the ionosphere (1939) |
Doctoral advisor | John Ashworth Ratcliffe[3] |
Doctoral students | |
Website | www |
Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes
Early life, education, and military service
Wilkes was born in Dudley, Worcestershire, England[13] the only child of Ellen (Helen), née Malone (1885–1968) and Vincent Joseph Wilkes (1887–1971), an accounts clerk at the estate of the Earl of Dudley.[14] He grew up in Stourbridge, West Midlands, and was educated at King Edward VI College, Stourbridge. During his school years he was introduced to amateur radio by his chemistry teacher.[15]
He studied the
Research and career
In 1945, Wilkes was appointed as the second director of the
The Cambridge laboratory initially had many different computing devices, including a differential analyser. One day Leslie Comrie visited Wilkes and lent him a copy of John von Neumann's prepress description of the EDVAC, a successor to the ENIAC[18][19] under construction by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. He had to read it overnight because he had to return it and no photocopying facilities existed. He decided immediately that the document described the logical design of future computing machines, and that he wanted to be involved in the design and construction of such machines. In August 1946 Wilkes travelled by ship to the United States to enroll in the Moore School Lectures, of which he was only able to attend the final two weeks because of various travel delays.[20] During the five-day return voyage to England, Wilkes sketched out in some detail the logical structure of the machine which would become EDSAC.
EDSAC
Since his laboratory had its own funding, he was immediately able to start work on a small practical machine, EDSAC (for "Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator"),[8] once back at Cambridge. He decided that his mandate was not to invent a better computer, but simply to make one available to the university. Therefore, his approach was relentlessly practical. He used only proven methods for constructing each part of the computer. The resulting computer was slower and smaller than other planned contemporary computers. However, his laboratory's computer was the second practical stored-program computer to be completed and operated successfully from May 1949, well over a year before the much larger and more complex EDVAC. In 1950, along with David Wheeler, Wilkes used EDSAC to solve a differential equation relating to gene frequencies in a paper by Ronald Fisher.[21] This represents the first use of a computer for a problem in the field of biology.
Other computing developments
In 1951, he developed the concept of
A notable design feature of the Titan's operating system was that it provided controlled access based on the identity of the program, as well as or instead of, the identity of the user. It introduced the password encryption system used later by Unix. Its programming system also had an early version control system.[27]
Wilkes is also credited with the idea of symbolic labels,
In 1974, Wilkes encountered a Swiss data network (at Hasler AG) that used a ring topology to allocate time on the network. The laboratory initially used a prototype to share peripherals. Eventually, commercial partnerships were formed, and similar technology became widely available in the UK.
Awards, honours and leadership
Wilkes received a number of distinctions: he was a
In 1972, Wilkes was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University.[38]
In 1980, he retired from his professorships and post as the head of the Computer Laboratory and joined the central engineering staff of Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard, Massachusetts, US.[13]
Wilkes was awarded the
In his memoirs Wilkes wrote:[17]
I well remember when this realization first came on me with full force. The EDSAC was on the top floor of the building and the tape-punching and editing equipment one floor below. ... It was on one of my journeys between the EDSAC room and the punching equipment that "hesitating at the angles of stairs" the realization came over me with full force that a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs.
Publications
- Oscillations of the Earth's Atmosphere (1949), Cambridge University Press
- Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer (1951), with D. J. Wheeler and S. Gill, Addison Wesley Press
- Automatic Digital Computers (1956), Methuen Publishing
- A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis (1966), Cambridge University Press
- Time-sharing Computer Systems (1968), Macdonald
- The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System (1979), with R. M. Needham, Elsevier[ISBN missing]
- Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer. MIT Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-262-23122-0.
- Computing Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-55860-317-2.
Personal life
Wilkes married classicist Nina Twyman in 1947.[40] She died in 2008; he in 2010. Wilkes was survived by one son and two daughters.
References
- S2CID 5235054.
- ^ Maurice Wilkes author profile page at the ACM Digital Library
- ^ Maurice Wilkes at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- EThOS uk.bl.ethos.461558.
- ^ Wegner, Peter (1968). Programming Languages, Information Structures, and Machine Organization (PhD thesis). University College London.
- ^ Wheeler, David John (1951). Automatic Computing With EDSAC. cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
- .
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 11377060.
- ^ S2CID 10673679.
- S2CID 60934857.
- ^ "Father of British computing Sir Maurice Wilkes dies". BBC News. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- ^ a b c d "CV for Maurice V. Wilkes" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- required.)
- ^ a b "Obituaries – Professor Sir Maurice Wilkes". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- ^ "Maurice V. Wilkes – Short Biography". cl.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-262-23122-0.
- S2CID 36665440.
- ^ Piech, Chris (2018). "Debugging" (PDF). stanford.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2021.
As soon as we started programming, we found to our surprise that it wasn't as easy to get programs right as we had thought. We had to discover debugging. I can remember the exact instant when I realized that a large part of my life from then on was going to be spent in finding mistakes in my own programs.
- ISBN 978-0-8133-4264-1
- ^ Gene Frequencies in a Cline Determined by Selection and Diffusion, R. A. Fisher, Biometrics, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec., 1950), pp. 353–361.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-444-19525-8.
- .
- CiteSeerX 10.1.1.14.9546.
Sir Maurice, as he is known today, had been inspired by CTSS to create a time-sharing system
- CiteSeerX 10.1.1.14.9546.
Maurice Wilkes discovered CTSS on a visit to MIT in about 1965, and returned to Cambridge to convince the rest of us that time-sharing was the way forward
- ^ a b Lee, J. A. N. "Maurice Vincent Wilkes". Computer Pioneers.
- ISBN 978-0-444-00357-7.
- ^ Maurice V. Wilkes at DBLP Bibliography Server
- Microsoft Academic
- ^ Lee, J. A. N. (September 1994). "Maurice Vincent Wilkes". ei.cs.vt.edu. Virginia Tech. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
- ^ "Sir Maurice Wilkes obituary: Scientist who built the first practical digital computer". The Guardian. 30 November 2010.
- ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1 December 2010). "Obituaries – Maurice Wilkes: Visionary and pioneering doyen of British computing". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022.
- ^ Automatic Digital Computers. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1956, 305 pages, QA76.W5 1956.
- ISBN 978-0-521-09412-2.
- ISBN 978-0-262-23118-3.
- ^ "Harry H. Goode Memorial Award". IEEE Computer Society. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- Archive.org. UK: Newcastle University. Archived from the originalon 14 May 2012.
- ^ CHM. "Maurice V. Wilkes — CHM Fellow Award Winner". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ Memorial Tributes: Volume 15, National Academies Press, 2011, page 424
External links
- Oral history interview with David J. Wheeler, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Wheeler was a research student under Wilkes at the University Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge from 1948 to 1951. Wheeler discusses the EDSAC project, the influence of EDSAC on the ILLIAC, the ORDVAC, and the IBM 701 computers, as well as visits to Cambridge by Douglas Hartree, Nelson Blackman (of ONR), Peter Naur, Aad van Wijngarden, Arthur van der Poel, Friedrich Bauer, and Louis Couffignal.
- Listen to an oral history interview with Maurice Wilkes – recorded in June 2010 for An Oral History of British Science at the British Library
- An after-dinner talk by Maurice Wilkes at King's College, Cambridge, about Alan Turing. Filmed on 1 October 1997 by Ian Pratt (video)