Maurice Wilkins

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For other people named Maurice Wilkins, see Maurice Wilkins (disambiguation).

Maurice Wilkins

CBE FRS
Maurice Wilkins with one of the cameras he developed specially for X-ray diffraction studies at King's College London[2]
Born
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

(1916-12-15)15 December 1916
Pongaroa, New Zealand
Died5 October 2004(2004-10-05) (aged 87)
Blackheath, London, England
EducationKing Edward's School, Birmingham
Alma materUniversity of Cambridge (MA)
University of Birmingham (PhD)
Known forX-ray diffraction, DNA
Spouses
Ruth Wilkins
​
(divorced)​
Patricia Ann Chidgey
​
​
(m. 1959)​
Children5
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiophysics
Physics
InstitutionsKing's College London
University of Birmingham
University of California, Berkeley
University of St Andrews
ThesisPhosphorescence decay laws and electronic processes in solids (1940)
Doctoral advisorJohn Randall

Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

X-ray diffraction. He is known for his work at King's College London on the structure of DNA
.

Wilkins' work on DNA falls into two distinct phases. The first was in 1948–1950, when his initial studies produced the first clear X-ray images of DNA, which he presented at a conference in Naples in 1951 attended by James Watson. During the second phase, 1951–52, Wilkins produced clear "B form" X-shaped images from squid sperm, images he sent to James Watson and Francis Crick, causing Watson to write "Wilkins... has obtained extremely excellent X-ray diffraction photographs" [of DNA].[4][5]

In 1953, Wilkins' group coordinator Sir John Randall instructed Raymond Gosling to hand over to Wilkins a high-quality image of "B" form DNA (Photo 51), which Gosling had made in 1952,[6][7] after which his supervisor Rosalind Franklin "put it aside"[8] as she was leaving King's College London. Wilkins showed it to Watson.[9] This image, along with the knowledge that Linus Pauling had proposed an incorrect structure of DNA, "mobilised"[10] Watson and Crick to restart model building. With additional information from research reports of Wilkins and Franklin, obtained via Max Perutz, Watson and Crick correctly described the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953.

Wilkins continued to test, verify, and make significant corrections to the Watson–Crick DNA model and to study the structure of RNA.

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".[12]

Early life and education

Monument to Maurice Wilkins, Main Street, Pongaroa, New Zealand

Wilkins was born in Pongaroa, New Zealand, where his father, Edgar Henry Wilkins, was a medical doctor.[13] His older sister was the translator and poet Eithne Wilkins. His family had come from Dublin, where his paternal and maternal grandfathers were, respectively, Headmaster of Dublin High School and a Chief of Police. The Wilkinses moved to Birmingham, England when Maurice was 6. Later, he attended Wylde Green College and then went to King Edward's School, Birmingham from 1929 to 1934.[citation needed]

Wilkins went to

PhD for this work in 1940.[19][20]

Career and research

Post war years: 1945–1950

During World War II Wilkins developed improved radar screens at Birmingham, then worked on isotope separation at the Manhattan Project at the University of California, Berkeley during the years 1944–45.[21]

Meanwhile, Randall had been appointed to the Chair of Physics at the

Lord Cherwell on 27 June. Wilkins' article for Nature described both departments, consistent with his leadership role and prestige within the college at large.[23]

DNA – Phase One

At King's College, Wilkins pursued, among other things,

James Watson's interest in DNA[26] causing him to write "suddenly I was excited about chemistry.....I began to wonder whether it would be possible for me to join Wilkins in working on DNA".[27] At that time Wilkins also introduced Francis Crick to the importance of DNA. Crick advised him to work on proteins telling Wilkins "what you ought to do is find yourself a good protein".[28] Wilkins knew that proper experiments on the threads of purified DNA would require better X-ray equipment. Wilkins ordered a new X-ray tube and a new microcamera. He also suggested to Randall that the soon-to-be-appointed Rosalind Franklin should be reassigned from work on protein solutions to join the DNA effort.[29]

By the summer of 1950 Randall had arranged for a three-year research fellowship that would fund Rosalind Franklin in his laboratory. Franklin was delayed in finishing her work in Paris. Late in 1950, Randall wrote to Franklin to inform her that rather than work on protein, she should take advantage of Wilkins's preliminary work[30] and that she should do X-ray studies of DNA fibers made from Signer's samples of DNA.[31]

DNA Phase two 1951–52

Early in 1951 Franklin finally arrived. Wilkins was away on holiday and missed an initial meeting at which Raymond Gosling stood in for him along with

Alex Stokes, who, like Crick, would solve the basic mathematics that make possible a general theory of how helical structures diffract X-rays. No work had been done on DNA in the laboratory for several months; the new X-ray tube sat unused, waiting for Franklin. Franklin ended up with the DNA from Signer, Gosling became her PhD student, and she had the expectation that DNA X-ray diffraction work was her project. Wilkins returned to the laboratory expecting, on the other hand, that Franklin would be his collaborator and that they would work together on the DNA project that he had started.[31] The confusion over Franklin's and Wilkins' roles in relation to the DNA effort (which later developed into considerable tension between them) is clearly attributable to Randall. In his letter of appointment he told Franklin "as far as the experimental X-ray effort [on DNA] is concerned, there will be at the moment only yourself and Gosling".[32] However, Randall never informed Wilkins of his decision to give Franklin sole responsibility for the DNA effort and Wilkins only learned of the letter years after Franklin's death. He later wrote "My opinion is very clear: that Randall was very wrong to have written to Rosalind telling her that Stokes and I wished to stop our work on DNA, without consulting us. After Raymond [Gosling] and I got a clear crystalline X-ray pattern I was very eager to continue that work ... Trying to understand 'what really happened' when a very admirable scientist [Randall] models himself on Napoleon is not easy ... [but the letter] was very damaging to her and to me".[33]

By November 1951, Wilkins had evidence that DNA in cells as well as purified DNA had a helical structure.[34] Alex Stokes had solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and thought that Wilkins's X-ray diffraction data indicated a helical structure in DNA. Wilkins met with Watson and Crick and told them about his results. This information from Wilkins, along with additional information gained by Watson when he heard Franklin talk about her research during a King's College research meeting, stimulated Watson and Crick to create their first molecular model of DNA, a model with the phosphate backbones at the center. Upon viewing the model of the proposed structure, Franklin told Watson and Crick that it was wrong. Franklin based this on two observations. First, experiments by J.M. Gulland showed that the CO- and NH2 groups of the bases could not be titrated, and so were probably inaccessible. Secondly, crystallographic evidence showed that the structural units of DNA were progressively separated by the addition of water, leading to the formation of a gel and then a solution. Franklin believed that the simplest explanation of this was for the hydrophilic part of the molecule to be on the outside. Crick tried to get Wilkins to continue with additional molecular modeling efforts, but Wilkins did not take this approach.[citation needed]

Early in 1952, Wilkins began a series of experiments on sepia sperm which were very encouraging. "I...got much clearer patterns than the previous year.....when I met

[Sir William Lawrence] Bragg by chance I showed him the pattern [which] very clearly offered strong evidence for a helical structure for DNA....the sharp sperm patterns were very inspiring, and had the special interest that sperm were real live objects and not just purified DNA extracted by chemists from living material". Wilkins was particularly interested in whether living samples would yield meaningful X-ray diffraction patterns – his results showed they could.[35]

During 1952, Franklin also refused to participate in molecular modeling efforts and continued to work on step-by-step detailed analysis of her X-ray diffraction data (

Birkbeck College, also in London. Franklin remained at King's College until the middle of March 1953.[36]

Linus Pauling had published a proposed but incorrect structure of DNA, making the same basic error that Watson and Crick had made a year earlier. Some of those working on DNA in the United Kingdom feared that Pauling would quickly solve the DNA structure once he recognized his error and put the backbones of the nucleotide chains on the outside of a model of DNA. After March 1952 Franklin concentrated on the X-ray data for the A-form of less hydrated DNA while Wilkins tried to work on the hydrated B-form. Wilkins was handicapped because Franklin had all of the good DNA. Wilkins got new DNA samples, but it was not as good as the original sample he had obtained in 1950 and which Franklin continued to use. Most of his new results were for biological samples like sperm cells, which also suggested a helical structure for DNA. In July 1952 Franklin reported to him and Stokes that her newest results made her doubt the helical nature of the A-form.[citation needed]

In early 1953 Watson visited King's College and Wilkins showed him a high quality image of the B-form X-ray diffraction pattern, now identified as photograph 51, that Franklin had produced in March 1952. Wilkins had shown this image produced by Franklin without notifying or receiving authorization from the principal investigator who produced the image. With the knowledge that Pauling was working on DNA and had submitted a model of DNA for publication, Watson and Crick mounted one more concentrated effort to deduce the structure of DNA. Through Max Perutz, his thesis supervisor, Crick gained access to a progress report from King's College that included useful information from Franklin about the features of DNA she had deduced from her X-ray diffraction data. Watson and Crick published their proposed DNA double helical structure in a paper in the journal Nature in April 1953. In this paper Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been "stimulated by.... the unpublished results and ideas" of Wilkins and Franklin.[37]

The first Watson-Crick paper appeared in Nature on 25 April 1953. The members of the Cambridge and King's College laboratories agreed to report their interlocking work in three papers with continuous pagination in Nature.[37][38][39]

Sir Lawrence Bragg, the director of the

proteins in Belgium on 8 April 1953 went unreported by the press.[citation needed
]

Post-1953

Following the initial 1953 series of publications on the double helix structure of DNA, Wilkins continued research as leader of a team that performed a range of meticulous experiments to establish the

helical model as valid among different biological species, as well as in living systems, to establish the universality of the double helix structure.[24] He became deputy director of the MRC Biophysics Unit at King's in 1955, and succeeded Randall as director of the unit from 1970 to 1972.[40][41]

Awards and honours

A plaque commemorating Maurice Wilkins and his discovery, beneath the monument, Pongaroa, New Zealand

Wilkins was elected a

EMBO Member in 1964.[1]

In 1960 he was presented with the

Albert Lasker Award,[42] and in 1962 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Also in 1962 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Watson and Crick for the discovery of the structure of DNA.[13]

From 1969 to 1991, Wilkins was the founding President of the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science.[43]

In 2000, King's College London opened the Franklin-Wilkins Building in honour of Dr. Franklin's and Professor Wilkins' work at the college.[44]

The wording on the DNA sculpture (donated by James Watson) outside Clare College's Thirkill Court, Cambridge, England is

a) on the base:

i) "These strands unravel during cell reproduction. Genes are encoded in the sequence of bases."
ii) "The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins."

b) on the helices:

i) "The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson while Watson lived here at Clare."
ii) "The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine – Thymine or Guanine – Cytosine."

The Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery at the University of Auckland, launched in 2002, was renamed the Maurice Wilkins Centre in 2006.[45]

Personal life

Wilkins was married twice. His first wife, Ruth, was an art student whom he met whilst he was at Berkeley. Their marriage ended in divorce, and Ruth bore her son by Wilkins after their divorce.[46] Wilkins married his second wife Patricia Ann Chidgey in 1959. They had four children, Sarah, George, Emily and William. His widow Patricia and the children from their marriage survived him.[40][41]

In the years before World War II, he was an anti-war activist, joining the Cambridge Scientists' Anti-War Group. He joined the Communist Party, until the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Army in September 1939.[47] Formerly classified UK security service papers reveal that Wilkins came under suspicion of leaking atomic secrets. The files, released in August 2010, indicate surveillance of Wilkins ended by 1953.[48] "After the war I wondered what I would do, as I was very disgusted with the dropping of two bombs on civilian centres in Japan," he told Britain's Encounter radio program in 1999.[49]

Wilkins published his autobiography, The Third Man of the Double Helix, in 2003.[50]

References

  1. ^ a b "Maurice Wilkins EMBO profile". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.
  2. ^ "Science mourns DNA pioneer Wilkins". BBC News. 6 October 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  3. ^
    PMID 18551798
    .
  4. ^ Robert Olby; The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA; p366
  5. ^ James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix p180
  6. PMID 23607133
    .
  7. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01176-9
    .
  8. ^ Maddox p178
  9. ^ James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix p182
  10. ^ "Linus Pauling and The Race for DNA". Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  11. ^ Arnott, Struther. "Crystallography News: An historical memoir in honour of Maurice Wilkins 1916–2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  12. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  13. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  14. ^ "1962: Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916–2004)". www.joh.cam.ac.uk. St John's College, University of Cambridge. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  15. S2CID 96048858
    .
  16. S2CID 96403935
    .
  17. ISSN 1364-5021
    .
  18. S2CID 96325894
    .
  19. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.722993. Archived from the original
    on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  20. ^ Wilkins, p 68
  21. ^ Chris. "DNA and Social Responsibility". Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  22. ^ Wilkins, Ch 5
  23. doi:10.1038/170261a0
    .
  24. ^ a b Wilkins, Maurice HF, 'The Molecular Configuration of Nucleic Acids'. 1962 Nobel lecture, 11 December 1962
  25. ^ James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix p25
  26. ^ Wilkins, p 138
  27. ^ James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix p25-26
  28. ^ Robert Olby; "The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA"; p354
  29. ^ Wilkins, p 128
  30. ^ Wilkins pp 144–145
  31. ^
    National Library of Medicine
    . 12 March 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  32. ^ Wilkins, p 145
  33. ^ Wilkins, p 143-150
  34. ISBN 0-87969-478-5
    .
  35. ^ Wilkins, pp. 179–181
  36. ^ Wilkins, p 210
  37. ^
    S2CID 4253007
    .
  38. S2CID 4280080
    .
  39. S2CID 4268222
    .
  40. ^ a b Anthony Tucker (6 October 2004). "Maurice Wilkins". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  41. ^ a b Watson Fuller (9 October 2004). "Professor Maurice Wilkins". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  42. ^ "1960 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award: Double helical structure of DNA". The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  43. ^ New Scientist 9 August 1975, pp 329
  44. ^ Maddox, p. 323
  45. ^ "Our History". Maurice Wilkins Centre. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  46. ^ Wilkins, Chapter 3.
  47. ^ Wilkins p 59
  48. ^ Alan Travis. "Nobel-winning British scientist accused of spying by MI5, papers reveal", The Guardian, 26 August 2010
  49. ^ "A Bunch of Genes". Radio National. 4 July 1999. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  50. ISBN 9780191578144
    . Retrieved 14 December 2020.

Books featuring Maurice Wilkins

Library resources about
Maurice Wilkins
By Maurice Wilkins

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