Mausoleum
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A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum.
Overview
The word mausoleum (from the
Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the
Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the early modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land.
In the
Notable mausoleums
Africa
- Mausoleum of Mohammed V, monumental grave of the Moroccan king Mohammed V and his two sons, late King Hassan II and Prince Abdallah, in Rabat, Morocco.
- Bourguiba mausoleum, monumental grave of Habib Bourguiba, first president of Tunisia, in Monastir, Tunisia.
- El Alia Cemetery in Oued Smar, Algeria.
- John Garang De Mabior's mausoleum in Juba, South Sudan.
- Mastabas dating from ancient Egypt.
- Agostinho Neto's mausoleum in Luanda, Angola.
- Mathieu Kerekou's mausoleum in Natitingou, Benin.
- Mausolée du Guide Suprême du Patriotisme in Gitega, Burundi.
- Omar Bongo's mausoleum, a replica of the mausoleum of Mohammed V, in Franceville, Gabon.
- Léon M'ba's mausoleum in Libreville, Gabon.
- Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum in Accra, Ghana.
- Atta Mills's mausoleum at Asomdwee Park in Accra, Ghana.
- Burma Camp military cemetery in Accra, Ghana.
- Mausoleum of .
- Domoni, burial place and location of Ahmed Abdallah's mausoleum, first president of Comoros.
- Republic of Congo.
- Mausoleum of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, first president of Ivory Coast, in Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast.
- Democratic Republic of Congo.
- Mausoleum of Joseph Kasa-Vubu in Singini, Tshela, Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of Congo.
- Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque is a shrine and mausoleum in Cairo, Egypt, and the burial place of Gamal Abdel Nasser, second president of Egypt.
- The Unknown Soldier Memorial is a pyramid-shaped monument in Nasr City, Egypt.
- Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania, monumental grave of the Numidian Berber king Juba II and the Queen Cleopatra Selene II located on the road between Cherchell and Algiers, in Tipaza Province, Algeria.
- Al-Hussein Mosque is a shrine and mausoleum in Cairo, Egypt, and the purported burial place of Muhammad's grandson, Husayn ibn Ali.
- Qalawun complex, contains the mausoleum of Qalawun in Cairo, Egypt.
- Jedars, thirteen ancient monumental Berber mausoleums located south of Tiaret.
- Palm Grove Cemetery in Monrovia, Liberia.
- Montserrado, Liberia.
- .
- .
- Bingu wa Mutharika, third president of Malawi, built a mausoleum in which his late first wife and Bingu himself are buried.
- Meles Zenawi's grave in the Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- .
- Julius Nyerere's mausoleum in Mwalimu Nyerere Museum Centre, Butiama, Tanzania.
- The Heroes Square in Maputo, Mozambique.
- Amilcar Cabral's mausoleum in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
- Mausoleum of .
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga's mausoleum in Bondo, Kenya.
- Camayanne Mausoleum, monumental grave of Alfa Yaya in the Grand Mosque of Conakry.
- Nnamdi Azikiwe's mausoleum in Onitsha, Nigeria.
- Tafawa Balewa's tomb in Bauchi, Nigeria.
- Mausoleum of Obafemi Awolowo in Ogun State, Nigeria.
- Sani Abacha's mausoleum in Kano, Nigeria.
- National Heroes Acre in Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Heroes' Acre in Windhoek, Namibia.
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Amilcar Cabral's mausoleum in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
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Mausoleum of late President Frederick Chiluba at Embassy Park Presidential Burial in Lusaka, Zambia.
Asia, Eastern, Southern, Central, and Southeast
Afghanistan
- Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani in Kandahar, Afghanistan
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Mausoleum ofMohammad Zaher Shah (Hill of Teppe Maranjan) in Kabul
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Abdur Rahman Khan's Mausoleum in Kabul
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Bagh-e Babur, mausoleum of the founder of the Mughal Empire
Bangladesh
- Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam
- Mausoleum of Lalon Shah
- Mausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
- Mausoleum of Three Leaders
- Mausoleum of Ziaur Rahman
China
- List of mausoleums of Chinese monarchs
- Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor biggest underground mausoleum
- The pyramids of ancient China are also types of mausolea.
- Qianling Mausoleum in China, houses the remains of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and the ruling Empress Wu Zetian, along with 17 others in auxiliary tombs.
- .
- Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
- Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing.
- Mausoleum of Beiguan, Anyang.
- Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, Beijing.
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Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Xi'an, China
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Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing, China
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Mausoleum ofBeiguan, Anyang, China
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Mausoleum of Mao Zedong in Beijing, China
India
- Akbar's tomb at Agra, India
- Taj Mahal at Agra, India
- Qutb Shahi Tombs at Hyderabad, India
- Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, India
- Humayun's Tomb at Delhi, India
- Tomb of Sher Shah Suri at Sasaram Bihar, India
- Safdarjung's Tomb at Delhi, India
- Bibi Ka Maqbara at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Indonesia
- Grave of Sukarno at Blitar, East Java, Indonesia
- Astana Giribangun at Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia
- Pakubuwono of Surakarta
- Grave of Bung Hatta at Jakarta, Indonesia
- Mausoleum O. G. Khouw at Jakarta, Indonesia
- Grave of Kyai Langgeng at Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia
Japan
- Mausoleums of Emperors of Japan
- Mozu Tombs in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
- Fukakusa no kita no Misasagi (深草北陵) in Kyoto, Japan
- Sennyū-ji, Kyoto, Japan
- Tsuki no wa no misasagi (月輪陵)
- Fushimi Momoyama no Misasagi (伏見桃山陵) in Kyoto, Japan
- Musashi Imperial Graveyard, is a mausoleum complex at Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan
- Kampaku Toyotomi Hideyoshi, which was later destroyed by the Tokugawa clan.
- Nikkō Tōshō-gū at Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. It is part of the "Shrines and Temples of Nikkō", Mausoleum of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Tokugawa shōguns.
- Futarasan Shrine.
- daimyō of the Sendai Domain
- Tamaudun, at Shuri, Okinawa, Japan
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Taiyū-in Reibyō at Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan
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The entrance toHigashi Otani Mausoleum in Kyoto, Japan
Malaysia
- Makam Pahlawan at National Mosque of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Makam Diraja Mahmoodiah at Bukit Mahmoodiah in Jalan Mahmoodiah, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- Melaka, Malaysia.
- Kedah Royal Mausoleum at Langgar, Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia.
- Kelantan Royal Mausoleum
- Kuala Kangsar, Malaysia.
- Melaka, Malaysia.
- Shah Alam Royal Mausoleum
- Melaka, Malaysia.
- Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum
- Sultan Abdul Samad Mausoleum in Jugra, Banting, Selangor, Malaysia.
Pakistan
- Tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara, near Lahore, Pakistan.
- Mazar-e-Quaid at Karachi, Pakistan
- Tomb of Allama Iqbal at Lahore, Pakistan
- Data Durbar at Lahore, Pakistan
- Samadhi of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan
- Bhutto family mausoleum, Garhi Khuda Bakhsh, Sindh, Pakistan
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah Mausoleum in Karachi, Pakistan
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Shrine ofIslamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo MaharSharif.
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Tomb of Allama Iqbal at Lahore, Pakistan
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The exterior view of the Mausoleum of Emperor Jahangir, located in Punjab, Pakistan
Philippines
- Dr. Jose Rizal, national hero of the Philippines.
- Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines.
- Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution, enshrining participants in the 1896 revolution against the Spanish Empire.
- Quezon Memorial, in Quezon City, Philippines, houses the remains of President Manuel L. Quezon and his wife, Aurora.
- Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, housing the remains of President Ferdinand Marcos.
Taiwan
- .
- National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chen Tsyr-shiou Memorial Park, Former Mausoleum and Memorial of late Vice President Chen Cheng, Taishan District, New Taipei, Taiwan.
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Taoyuan, Taiwan
Others
- .
- Kandawmin Garden Mausolea, Myanmar.
- Martyrs' Mausoleum, Myanmar.
- Royal Cemetery at Wat Ratchabophit, Thailand
- Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea
- Republic of Korea(South Korea)
- Horagolla Bandaranaike Samadhi, Sri Lanka
- Kurjey Lhakhang, Bumthang Valley, Bumthang District, Bhutan
- Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea(North Korea)
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King Sejong's mausoleum in Yeoju, South Korea
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Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam
Asia, western
- Al-Khazneh at Petra, Jordan
- Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus
- Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae, Iran.
- Achaemenidkings (522-486 BCE).
- Tomb of Ferdowsi in Mashhad, Iran.
- Tomb of Hafez (Hāfezieh) in Shiraz, Iran
- The Acre, Israel, respectively.
- Shī‘ah belief,[4] the head and body of Husayn ibn Ali, along with all others who fell at the Battle of Karbalaare buried here.
- Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Iran
- The Mausoleum of Khomeini in Tehran, Iran
- Republic of Turkey at Ankara, Turkey
- Celal Bayar Mausoleum in Bursa, Turkey
- Adnan Menderes's Mausoleum, in Istanbul, Turkey
- Turgut Özal's Mausoleum, in Istanbul, Turkey
- Süleyman Demirel Mausoleum in Atabey, Turkey
- Mausoleum of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah, West Bank
- Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mausoleum of Khomeini in Tehran, Iran
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Tomb of Hafez (Hāfezieh) in Shiraz, Iran
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Mausoleum of theAssad family in Qardaha, Syria
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TheAretas IV's mausoleum.
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TheProphet's Mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia
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The mausoleum of Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq
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Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae, Iran
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Ar-Rashid bi-llāh
Europe
- Imperial Crypt in Austria
- Church of Our Lady of Laeken in Belgium
- Batenberg Mausoleum in Sofia, Bulgaria
- Cathedral of Saint Domnius in Split, Croatia
- Royal Mausoleum and the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum at Frogmore, England
- Trentham Mausoleum near Stoke-on-Trent, England
- Juselius Mausoleumin Finland
- Les Invalides in France
- Panthéon, Parisin France
- Bismarck Mausoleum outside Friedrichsruh in northern Germany
- Lajos Batthyány's Mausoleum in Budapest, Hungary
- Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome, Italy.
- Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome, Italy
- Pantheon, Rome in Italy
- Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna, Italy
- Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy
- Mausoleum of Njegoš in Lovćen, Montenegro
- Wilhelm II Mausoleum in Doorn, Netherlands
- National Pantheon / Church of Santa Engrácia in Lisbon, Portugal
- Marasesti, Romania
- St. Petersburg, Russia
- Cathedral of the Archangel in Moscow, Russia
- Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow, Russia
- Hamilton Mausoleum at Hamilton in Scotland
- Damat Ali-Pasha Mausoleum, Belgrade, Serbia
- House of Flowers in Belgrade, Serbia
- House of Karađorđević Mausoleum, St. George's Church, Oplenac in Topola, Serbia
- San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain
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Les Invalides in Paris, France
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The Panthéon in Paris, France
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Jusélius Mausoleum at the Käppärä Cemetery in Pori, Finland
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Mausoleum of Njegoš in Lovćen, Montenegro
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Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow, Russia
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House of Flowers in Belgrade, Serbia
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San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain
South America
Argentina
- La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires
- Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, mausoleum of José de San Martín
- Mausoleum of Néstor Kirchner, Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz
- Cathedral of La Plata, mausoleum of Dardo Rocha
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General San Martín in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Bolivia
- Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, La Paz, mausoleum of Andrés de Santa Cruz
- General Cemetery of Santa Cruz
- Cementerio General de René Barrientos Ortuño
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Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, La Paz, mausoleum of Andrés de Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Brazil
- Obelisk of São Paulo, mausoleum to the heroes of Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo, São Paulo
- Chico Xavier mausoleum in Uberaba, Minas Gerais
- São João Batista Cemetery, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
- Monument to the Independence of Brazil in São Paulo
- JK Memorial in Brasília, Federal District
- Convent of Santo Antônio, Rio de Janeiro
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The Monument to the Independence of Brazil in São Paulo houses the sarcophagi of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives
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The Imperial Mausoleum in the Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara in Petrópolis, Brazil. It is the final resting place of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and other members of the Brazilian imperial family
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A mausoleum containing the remains of severalFranciscanfriars, in the Convent of Santo Antônio, Rio de Janeiro
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The modernist JK Memorial is the burial place of Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek in Brasília, a city founded by Kubitschek himself
Chile
- Altar de la Patria of Chile
- Cementerio General de Santiago, Chile
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Altar de la Patria of Chile
Colombia
- Central Cemetery of Bogotá, Colombia
Ecuador
- San Diego Cemetery, Quito
- Cathedral of Quito
- Mausoleo en el Centro Cívico Ciudad Alfaro, Montecristi, Ecuador
Paraguay
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Asuncion, Paraguay
Peru
- Panteón de los Próceres
- Presbitero Maestro mausoleum and museum in Lima
- Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Apostle and Evangelist, Lima
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Presbitero Maestro mausoleum and museum in Lima, Peru
Uruguay
- Artigas Mausoleum, mausoleum of José Gervasio Artigas
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Artigas Mausoleum in Montevideo, Uruguay
Venezuela
- National Pantheon of Venezuela, mausoleum of Simón Bolívar
North America
Canada
- Eaton family mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
- Hart Massey's mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
- Sir Henry Pellatt's mausoleum at Forest Lawn in Toronto, Ontario
Cuba
Dominican Republic
- Altar de la Patria, mausoleum to the Founding Fathers of the Dominican Republic
- National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic
El Salvador
- Los Ilustres Cemetery
- San Salvador Cathedral
Guatemala
Haiti
- Haiti's National Cemetery in Port-au-Prince, where François Duvalier, who ruled from 1957 to 1971, is buried
Honduras
- Cementerio General, Trujillo
Mexico
- El Ángel Victory column and mausoleum to the heroes of the Mexican Independence in Mexico City
- Monumento a la Revolución monument commemorating and mausoleum to the heroes of the Mexican Revolution in Mexico City
- Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City
- Panteon San Fernando, Mexico City
- Jardines Del Humaya, a cemetery with opulent multi-story and air-conditioned mausoleums of Mexican drug cartel members
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El Ángel Victory column and mausoleum to the heroes of the Mexican Independence in Mexico City, Mexico
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Monumento a la Revolución monument commemorating and mausoleum to the heroes of the Mexican Revolution in Mexico City, Mexico
Nicaragua
- Cementerio General Occidental, Managua
- Central Park, Managua
Panama
- Omar Torrijos Mausoleum, Amador, Panama City
United States
- St. Augustine, Florida
- Presidents' graves of the United States
- New York, New York
- Cleveland, Ohio
- Abraham Lincoln's tomb in Springfield, Illinois
- MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia
- Miles Mausoleum in Arlington National Cemetery
- Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum in Hartsdale, New York
- Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California
- Queen of Heaven Mausoleum in Queen of Heaven Cemetery, Hillside, Illinois
- Rose Hills Memorial Park, Whittier, California
- Rose Chapel Mausoleum in Roseland Park Cemetery, Berkley, Michigan
- Shrine of the Good Shepherd Chapel Mausoleum in Green Bay, Wisconsin
- Wilhelm's Portland Memorial Funeral Home in Portland, Oregon
- Tacoma Mausoleum in Tacoma, Washington
- Tombs of the Uga mascots inside Sanford Stadium in Athens, Georgia
- Brigadier General Egbert Ludovicus Viele's Egyptian-style pyramid mausoleum in West Point, New York
- Rapper XXXTentacion's mausoleum at The Gardens of Boca Raton in Boca Raton, Florida
- Rapper Juice Wrld's mausoleum at Beverly Cemetery in Blue Island, Illinois
- Mausoleo a los Heroes de El Polvorín, at Cementerio Civil de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Mausolea in Cemetery of the Holy Rood on Long Island, New York
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The interior of the Spring Valley Mausoleum in Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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Percival Lowell – Mausoleum 2013 at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona
Oceania
- Massey Memorial in Wellington, New Zealand where New Zealand Prime Minister William Massey and his wife are interred.
- Savage Memorial at Bastion Point in Auckland, New Zealand where New Zealand Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage is interred.
See also
- List of types of funerary monument
- Morgue or mortuary
- National Cemetery
- Ohel (grave)
- Sepulchre
- Guard mounting
Notes
- ^ The plurals mausoleums and mausolea are both used in English, although mausoleums is more common.
Footnotes
- ^ ISSN 0004-1823.
- ^ "Anıtkabir'de yabancı ziyaretçi rekoru kırıldı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416.
- ^ al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. trans. Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 63.
External links
- Mausolea and Monuments Trust, gazetteer of mausolea in England
- Marvelous Mausoleums Around The World – slideshow at The Huffington Post
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