Mawla
Mawlā (
Before the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the term originally applied to any form of tribal association.[2]
In the Quran and hadiths it is used in a number of senses, including 'Lord', 'guardian', and 'trustee'.[1]
After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the
Etymology
The word mawla, which was used by the Islamic prophet Muhammad about Ali in the Ghadir Khumm speech,[3] is derived from the root و ل ي w-l-y, meaning "to be close to" or "to have power over". Mawla can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" Originally, mawāli were clients of an Arab people, but with the advent of Islam, the term came to refer to non-Arab Muslims and other allies.
Under the
This institution continued in the Abbasid period on a much smaller scale when the 8th Abbasid Caliph, al-Mu'tasim, formed private corps entirely composed of non-Arabs in the service of the Caliph. These men were the mawali of the Caliph and were thus considered to be more loyal to the Caliph. This practice persisted throughout Islamic history through to the Ottoman period.
Ghadir Khumm
The word "Mawla" is regarded as a considerable word in the
See also
Notes
- ^ a b A.J. Wensinck, Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Mawlā", vol. 6, p. 874.
- ^ Goldziher, Ignác (1889). Muhammedanische Studien. Halle. p. 105.
- ^ a b Vaglieri, Laura Veccia (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ The meaning of Mawla pasokhgoo.ir Retrieved 1 Dec 2018
- ^ Mawla meaning makarem.ir Retrieved 8 Dec 2018
- ^ Meaning and Implication al-islam.org
- ^ "wali"and "Mawla" al-islam.org Retrieved 8 Dec 2018
References
- Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab People. Chapter 1.
- Mas'udi. The Meadows of Gold. Trans. and eds. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone.
- Pipes, Daniel (1981). Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System (hardcover). ISBN 9780300024470. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
Further reading
- Conversion and Poll-Tax in Early Islam, D.C. Dennett, Cambridge 1950.
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition.
- Slaves on Horses, P. Crone, Cambridge 1980.
- Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate, P. Crone, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam, M. Bernards, J. Nawas, Brill, 2005.
- Mawlas: Freed slaves and converts in early Islam, Daniel Pipes, in: Slavery & Abolition, 1980, 1:2, 132–177