Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
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Maximilian II Emanuel | |
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Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
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In office 1691 – 7 March 1714 | |
Monarchs | Charles II Philip V |
Preceded by | Francisco Antonio de Agurto |
Succeeded by | Prince Eugene of Savoy as governor of the Austrian Netherlands |
Born | Theatine Church | 11 July 1662
Spouses | |
Issue Detail | |
Roman Catholicism | |
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Maximilian II (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), also known as Max Emanuel or Maximilian Emanuel,
He was born in
War against the Ottoman Empire
Maximilian inherited the elector's mantle while still a minor in 1679 and remained under his uncle
Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
In the
His Netherlands adventure catalyzed Maximilian Emanuel's dynastic ambitions. One year after his appointment as governor, Maria Antonia died in Vienna, having given birth to a son, Joseph Ferdinand, who was appointed heir to the Spanish monarchy but died in 1699 before acceding the throne. An alternative avenue for Maximilian Emanuel's ambition was offered by his marriage on 12 January 1694 to Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska, the death of whose father, the elected King of Poland John III Sobieski, two years later, offered a potential avenue of influence in Polish affairs.[6] Maximilian II was a candidate in the 1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, however, in view of the lack of strong support from other powers, the limited royal authority by the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and his greater interest in assuming the Spanish throne, he did not make a serious effort for the Polish crown.[7]
However, he concentrated his interests in Western Europe, making his sons by Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska, Charles Albert and Clemens August, the principal beneficiaries of his ambitions.
The unsuccessful siege and bombardment of Brussels in 1695 during the Nine Years' War by French troops and the resulting fire during Max Emanuel's rule were together the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels.[4][2]
War of the Spanish Succession
Maximilian Emanuel, who had married Archduchess Maria Antonia, the sole child of Emperor Leopold's Spanish marriage, was one of the more serious claimants to the Spanish inheritance of
In 1704–05, following the evacuation of the Bavarian court to the Spanish Netherlands after the defeat at the Battle of Blenheim, Max Emanuel's consort apparently was in charge of the government in the Stewardship of Munich of the Electorate of Bavaria as Regent Princess. However, when Theresa Kunegunda had found love letters of the Countess of Arco, a mistress of Max Emanuel, she left Munich to see her mother in Venice. The army would not allow her to return. In the ensuing evacuation of his court to the Netherlands, Maximilian Emanuel's family became separated and his sons were held prisoners for several years in Austria, Clemens August being brought up by
Maximilian Emanuel was again forced to flee the Netherlands after the Battle of Ramillies on 23 May 1706 and found refuge at the French court in Versailles where his late sister Maria Anna (1660–1690) had been the Dauphine of France. In 1712, Luxemburg and Namur were ceded to Maximilian Emanuel by his French allies, a cession that was not definitive since France was only the occupant of what was still the Spanish Netherlands. The war between France and Austria finally ended in 1714 in the Treaty of Rastatt in which Louis XIV compelled Austria to implement the full restoration of his faithful ally Maximilian Emanuel, including the return of the Upper Palatinate. Maximilian Emanuel was to remain in possession of Luxemburg, Namur and Charleroi until he was restored.[11][4][12][2]
Final years in Bavaria
Back in Bavaria, Maximilian Emanuel focused on architecture projects to balance the failure of his political ambitions. It was bitter for him to witness the royal elevation of the German princes
Maximilian Emanuel then supported the Habsburgs in a new war against the Turks, contributing troops to the Army of the Holy Roman Empire in (1717).
In 1724, he created a union of all lines of the Wittelsbach dynasty to increase the influence of his house. The Wittelsbach prince-electors Max Emanuel, his son Clemens August of
In 1726, Max Emanuel died of a stroke. He is buried in the crypt of the
Cultural legacy
During his entire reign Maximilian II Emanuel patronized the arts. As governor of the Spanish Netherlands he acquired numerous
The first half of Max Emanuel's reign was still dominated by his parents' Italian court artists, like Enrico Zuccalli and Giovanni Antonio Viscardi. Between 1684 and 1688, Zuccalli built the Italian style Lustheim Palace for Max Emanuel and his first wife Maria Antonia, located on a central island. With the appointment of Joseph Effner serving as chief architect of the court and the young François de Cuvilliés as his assistant, the French influence significantly increased and Max Emanuel's return in 1715 marked the origin of the era of Bavarian Rococo.[13][14]
The Nymphenburg Palace was enlarged, the Dachau Palace redesigned, and the new Schleissheim Palace was finally completed (1726) during Max Emanuel's reign. These palaces were connected with a network of canals as Max Emanuel had become acquainted with in the Netherlands. Between 1715 and 1717, he had the Baroque style Fürstenried Palace built by Effner as a hunting lodge which was the extension and modification of an already existing noble mansion.[15][16]
Marriages and issue
First marriage with Maria Antonia of Austria, daughter of Emperor Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor:
- Leopold Ferdinand (b. and d. 1689)
- Anton (b. and d. 1690)
- Joseph Ferdinand (1692–1699)
Second marriage with Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska of Poland, daughter of King John III Sobieski:
- Stillborn child (1695)
- Maria Anna Karoline (1696–1750), since 1720 a nun
- Charles Albert (1697–1745), elector of Bavaria, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, ∞ 1722 Maria Amalia Josepha Anna of Austria (1701–1756)
- Philipp Moritz Maria (1698–1719), elected bishop of Paderborn and Münster
- Ferdinand Maria (1699–1738), imperial general
- Clemens August (1700–1761), Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Prince Archbishop of Cologne, Bishop of Regensburg, Paderborn, Osnabrück, Hildesheim and Münster
- Wilhelm (1701–1704)
- Alois Johann Adolf (1702–1705)
- Maximilian Emanuel Thomas (1704–1709)
He had an illegitimate child with his French mistress Agnes Françoise Louchier;
- Emmanuel François Joseph, Count of Bavaria (1695–1747) had two children with Maria Josepha Karolina von Hohenfels; also had an affair with Madame de Montespan.
Ancestry
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References
- ^ Spencer 2005.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-7357-8187-1.
- ISBN 978-1-135-37053-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-87284-9.
- ^ Storrs 1999, p. 8.
- ISBN 978-3-7917-7281-3.
- Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk: 233–234.
- ^ Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, volume II, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 108–109.
- ^ Joachim Whaley, p. 115.
- ^ Joachim Whaley, p. 115
- ^ Joachim Whaley, p. 117–118.
- ISBN 978-3-8053-1621-7.
- ^ "François de Cuvilliés". Getty. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-6451-2.
- ^ "Schloss und Schlossgarten Nymphenburg – Die Gartengebäude von Kurfürst Max II. Emanuel – Die Pagodenburg" (PDF). Süddeutscher Barock ch. October 7, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ Eric Garberson (March 1, 1992). "Review: Die Exotismen des Kurfürsten Max Emanuel in Nymphenburg: Eine kunst- und kulturhistorische Studie zum Phänomen von Chinoiserie und Orientalismus in Bayern und Europa by Ulrika Kiby (english text)". UC Press – Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
Sources
- ISBN 0-304-36704-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Storrs, Christopher (1999). War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy 1690-1720. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521551463.
- Ludwig Hüttl: Max Emanuel. Der Blaue Kurfürst 1679–1726. Eine politische Biographie. Munich: Süddeutscher Verlag, 1976. ISBN 3-7991-5863-4(in German)
- ISBN 3-7991-5970-3(in German)
- ISBN 3-89675-731-8(in German)