Mayurbhanj district

Coordinates: 21°55′59″N 86°43′59″E / 21.933°N 86.733°E / 21.933; 86.733
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Mayurbhanj
Precipitation
1,648.2 mm (64.89 in)
Mayurbhanj[b]
Vidhan Sabha
9 constituency:
  • 026-
    Morada
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Mayurbhanj district is one of the 30 districts in the Odisha state of eastern India. It holds the distinction of being the largest district in Odisha by area.[3] The district's headquarters is located in Baripada, with other major towns including Rairangpur, Karanjia, and Bahalda. As of 2011, Mayurbhanj ranks as the third-most populous district in Odisha, following Ganjam and Cuttack.

Etymology

The district owes its name to two

British India records.[6]

History

Main article: Mayurbhanj State

Prehistory

Map
Archaeological sites of Mayurbhanj district

The

pebbles with minimal flaking, similar to those found in Paleolithic industries in Africa.[7][8][9]

These tools evolved over time to include handaxes, cleavers, scrapers, knives, rostrocarinates, and points, varying in complexity, shape, and size. Stratigraphy does not provide a means to categorize them into distinct groups for understanding their technical development. Typo-technological analysis suggests the presence of two specific tool types with manufacturing techniques akin to European Abbevilian, Acheulian, and Clactonian industries.[8][7][10]

Mediaeval to modern history

Khijjinga mandala of Bhanja dynasty in 958 CE (approximate territory border)

The

Mughal rule. All of these territories encompassed present-day Kendujhar, Balasore, Singhbhum, and large parts of the undivided Midnapore districts. Raja Krushna Chandra Bhanja took advantage of the disturbed conditions around the last years of Shah Jahan and enlarged his territory to the coast of the Bay of Bengal, covering the area from Jaleswar to Bhadrak. He was however defeated and executed by Khan-e-Dauran, the general of Emperor Aurangzeb
.

Thomas Jefferys's 1768 map showing the sway of Bengal over Mayurbhanj territory. (Green: Maratha domination, Pink: Mughal domination)
James Rennell's 1776 map showing the border of Mayurbhanj with Midnapore and Singhbhum.

In 1751, It came under

British India as a feudatory state. In 1936, with the partition of the province, it became a part of Orissa Province
.

Mayurbhanj State under Bihar and Orissa Province in the early 20th century.

The state was modernised during the short reign of Maharaja

British India,[16]
thus elevating them to the status of full princely states. Mayurbhanj was the largest and most populous of all princely states in Odisha and the Maharaja enjoyed a salute of 9 guns.

Merger of the state

Following

Sardar Patel, the then Home Minister, met the rulers of the state with his proposal for merger with India on 14th December 1947, the Maharaja of Mayurbhanj said that he had already granted responsible Government in his State, and hence he could not make any commitment without consulting his Ministers. In view of this and being a tribal state, Patel didn't compel the merger. The premier of state was left out of the discussions. On 17th October 1948, the Maharaja and Chief Minister went to Delhi and the Maharaja signed an Instrument of Merger with stipulations,[19] keeping in mind the mismanagement and social instability of the state. The administration of the State was taken over by the Government of India with effect from 9th November 1948, and a Chief Commissioner was appointed to administer the State. However, it was subsequently decided that since Mayurbhanj linguistically and culturally had close links with Odisha, it should merge with that Province. On 16th December, 1948, V. P. Menon came to the Baripada and announced the merger of Mayurbhanj with Odisha, which officially effected from 1st January 1949.[20][21] Through the merging with Odisha was not peaceful. The Non-Odia inhabitants, primarily the Santhals, headed by Sunaram Soren proposed that the state either remain as a Union territory of India or merge with Jharkhand, then proposed state of Bihar.[22][23][24]

Geography and climate

Mayurbhanj is land-locked with a geographical area of 10,418 km2 (4,022 sq mi) and lies in the north east corner of the state. It is bordered on the northeast by Jhargram district of West Bengal and East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, to the north by Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand on the west, Kendujhar district on the southwest and Balasore district on the southeast.[3]

Mayurbhanj's geography is defined by the Simlipal National Park located in the centre of the district. Covering more than a fourth of the district's area, these forests surround the Simlipal Hills, which form the watershed for the district dividing the district into distinct east and west regions. Elevations in the eastern region include Udala (52.73 feet), Baripada (48.76 feet), Betnoti (43.89 feet), Haripur Garh (21.64 feet), Muruda (19.50 feet), and Amarda (18.28 feet). On the western side, elevations are observed in Bidubhandar Ghati (487.98 feet), Jashipur (405.68 feet), Raruan (371.24 feet), Karanjia (370.94 feet), Khiching (362.71 feet), Rairangpur (262.43 feet), and Bangiriposi (122.83 feet). The hills attain their highest elevation at Khairiburu, reaching 3,865 feet at the center, while Meshasani stands at a height of 3,824 feet to the south. Additionally, there are numerous other peaks exceeding 2,500 feet. The northwestern parts of these foothills have been mined for iron ore for more than a century. The country to the east of Simlipal is an extension of the Odisha coastal plains and is drained by the Subarnarekha River and Budhabalanga River along with their tributaries. The land is almost level with a slight slope to the coast. The indigenous vegetation consisted of pure Sal forests which have now been replaced by paddy cultivation.

The western plains of Mayurbhanj are an extension of the Odisha Plateau. They are mostly flat with small hills and slopes but are at a higher altitude than the eastern plains, the height rising from north to south. The streams here drain into the Baitarani River in Kendujhar or flow into Jharkhand to the north. There are still isolated open forests to be seen, but paddy is the most common cultivated crop.

The Budhabalanga is the main river of Mayurbhanj. It arises in the Simlipal Hills and forms the waterfall at Barehipani in a northward course. It then turns to the south east and flows between steep banks and sandbars. Both Baripada and the ancient capital of Haripur are located along its banks. The river receives two small tributaries before entering the Bay of Bengal beyond Balasore. Other important minor rivers are Deo, Sone, Gangahar and Salandi. Floods are uncommon except during exceptional rainfall in the hills owing to the seasonal nature of the streams and their steep banks.

The climate of Mayurbhanj is sub tropical marked by high humidity and rainfall during the Monsoon. The Simlipal Hills influence the weather substantially and exhibit higher rainfall and lower maximum temperatures than the rest of the district. The average annual rainfall is around 164 cm (65 in). Summer temperatures in Baripada can occasionally cross 45-degree Celsius but thunderstorms in the evening are common which have a moderating influence. Minimum temperature in winter can go down to 8 degrees. Fog occurs occasionally during winters.

Transport

The road network of Mayurbhanj is organised in a circular manner owing to the presence of the Simlipal Hills and forest in the centre of the district, which were first constructed in the early 20th century by the rulers of the state.[25] National Highway 18 takes off from the Kolkata-Chennai highway near Simulia in Balasore. It shortly thereafter enters the district and passes the major villages of Baisinga, Betnoti and Krushnachandrapur before crossing Baripada and Jharpokharia. It finally exits the district at Jamsola to enter East Singhbhum district for a total length of 86 km (53 mi).

National Highway 49 also enters the district at Jamsola. It then crosses Bangriposi and Jashipur before entering Kendujhar district. This is the main highway connecting Kolkata with Mumbai and therefore sees heavy traffic throughout the year. National Highway 220 covers the stretch from Karanjia to Tiring passing through Jashipur and Rairangpur on the way. Odisha state highway 19 is another important state highways link the district headquarter Baripada from Jaleswar, Udala and Gopiballavpur I of West Bengal.

The

broad gauge in 2007. The Talbandh-Bangriposi stretch has been abandoned for many years now and the line terminates at the latter station. The total length within the district is 83 km (52 mi). Another electrified broad-gauge line from Jamshedpur enters the district at Bahalda before splitting at Aunlajhori. One branch goes to Badampahar while the other terminates at Gorumahisani. The total length of these lines is about 63 km (39 mi) and they are used exclusively to ferry iron ore from the mines at the above locations. Both these routes fall under the South Eastern Railway
.

Mayurbhanj has no active airports, although

RAF Amarda Road was a major base for the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Another abandoned airfield, once used by the Maharaja of Mayurbhanj, is located at Rajabasa near Baripada. However, the nearest Kalaikunda Air Force Station, located in Kharagpur
, is used for official purposes.

Administration

The District is headed by the Collector and

blocks, 382 Gram panchayats and 3945 villages.[26]
Each subdivision is headed by a Sub Collector cum Sub Divisional Magistrate who reports to the Collector. Except for the Sadar Sub Collector, who is often an IAS officer, the other Sub Collectors and ADMs belong to the Odisha Administrative Service.

The police force is headed by a Superintendent of Police belonging to the Indian Police Service who is assisted by Additional SPs at headquarters and SDPOs at subdivisional headquarters. There are a total of 32 police stations – each headed by an Inspector or Sub Inspector in-charge. While the Superintendent reports on general law and order matters to the District Magistrate, he is almost completely independent in practice as far as the police force is concerned.

Each subdivision is further divided into blocks and tahsils. The former are development units headed by a Block Development Officer. Each block is divided into numerous Gram Panchayats (GPs) for a total of 404 in the district. The GPs and Blocks report to the Project Director, District Rural Development Authority (DRDA), an ADM rank officer. The Collector is the CEO of DRDA and thus exercises direct control over its functioning. The tahsils on the other hand are revenue subdivisions with the Tahsildar also being an Executive Magistrate and reporting to the Sub Collector. He is assisted by a number of Revenue Inspectors and Amins. The district has a total of 26 blocks and tahsils, the highest in Odisha.

The Simlipal National Park, while formally a part of the four subdivisions noted above, is in practice under a Field Director belonging to the Indian Forest Service (IFS). The Deputy Director, also an IFS officer, is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Park. Three other Divisional Forest Officers are in charge of the forests outside the National Park area.

The Judiciary is headed by a District and Sessions Judge who exercises both criminal and civil jurisdiction. He also enjoys revisionary powers over certain orders of the District Magistrate and Sub Divisional Magistrates. He is assisted on the civil side by Civil Judges of senior and junior divisions and on the criminal side by Chief Judicial Magistrate and Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrates.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1941
984,741+10.7%
19511,028,825+4.5%
19611,204,043+17.0%
19711,434,200+19.1%
19811,581,873+10.3%
19911,884,580+19.1%
20012,223,456+18.0%
20112,519,738+13.3%
2021 (est.)2,741,398+8.8%
Source: Mayurbhanj district Gazetteer & Census of India[27][28][29]

According to the

640). The state also held the 3rd rank in India in terms of the number of villages, with 3,950 villages. The district has a population density of 241 inhabitants per square kilometre (620/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.06%. Mayurbhanj has a sex ratio of 1006 females for every 1000 males, much higher than the Indian average of 940 and a literacy rate of 63.17%, slightly lower than the Indian average. 7.66% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.33% and 58.72% of the population respectively.[2]
The bulk of the population is concentrated in the Sadar and Kaptipada subdivisions which border the fertile coastal Odisha plains and are part of an extensive rice growing region. Bamanghat also has a large population engaged in agriculture and industry.

Statistical Data of Mayurbhanj District – 2011 Census[32]
Administration Population Education Employment
Block Area (km2)[c] Gram panchayat Village Total pop. Density Sex ratio (♀/♂) SC ST Others Literacy rate
Gender gap in literacy
 WPR Main worker Marginal worker
Odisha 155707 6798 53845 41,974,218 270 979 17.13 22.85 60.02 72.83 17.58 41.79 61.04 38.96
Mayurbhanj 10418 382 3,950 2,519,738 242 1006 7.33 58.72 33.95 63.17 21.05 48.56 44.82 55.18
Bahalda 266.62 12 104 86081 333 986 6.23 58.05 35.72 63.79 23.81 48.12 39.24 60.76
Bangriposi 300.16 18 227 103,880 347 1002 5.37 69.66 24.97 58.58 23.12 50.16 36.63 63.37
Baripada 193.02 11 102 69,782 362 961 2.65 74.11 23.24 58.01 21.31 52.04 46.96 53.04
Badsahi 312.15 30 224 146,232 469 988 9.59 50.69 39.72 64.31 18.87 50.45 45.82 54.18
Betnoti 298.31 22 227 150,434 505 987 11.08 41.13 47.78 66.65 19.03 46.43 43.35 56.65
Bijatola 256.62 10 153 64,193 251 1026 4.16 75.75 20.09 55.85 26.11 54.29 47.61 52.39
Bisoi 330.48 10 156 74,572 226 1051 4.78 69.36 25.86 60.71 24.84 53.83 41.98 58.02
G.B. Nagar 163.96 13 132 75,345 460 1012 13.52 55.36 31.12 65.07 20.2 45.32 55.02 44.98
Jamda 206.63 8 79 59,402 288 1064 4.94 73.47 21.59 60.21 26.81 50.03 43.68 56.32
Jashipur 443.12 20 228 101,058 229 1027 7.18 69.78 23.04 56.85 20.88 52.81 43.86 56.14
Kaptipada 626.73 26 155 148,717 238 997 3.94 66.61 29.46 54.5 20.92 45.72 43.29 56.71
Karanjia 314.76 13 156 91,518 291 1020 6.94 67.87 25.2 60.37 20.33 48.56 42.45 57.55
Khunta 222.23 14 132 74,155 334 1034 4.49 79.03 16.48 60.06 21.97 55.86 48.73 51.27
Kuliana 299.77 17 235 101,151 338 994 6.48 66.28 27.24 62.34 21.77 47.81 41.22 58.78
Kusumi 312.99 12 114 93,116 298 1045 7.03 64.18 28.79 59.75 24.38 50.63 40.82 59.18
Morada 284.01 20 169 103,775 366 1012 11.82 44.03 44.15 64.62 21.63 50.25 46.4 53.6
Rairangpur 205.43 9 109 60,565 295 1038 8.05 53.5 38.45 64.02 23.32 45.57 55.19 44.81
Raruan 212.53 12 110 66,504 313 1010 7.57 53.64 38.79 62.99 21.97 49.83 36.47 63.53
Rasgovindpur 231.91 15 177 96,526 417 978 11.79 54.61 33.6 66.21 21.45 44.96 36.94 63.06
Samkhunta 192.24 14 136 79,883 416 1002 4.79 66.73 28.48 59.12 19.28 50.17 48.7 51.3
Saraskana 311.84 15 200 100,816 324 981 6.47 57.86 35.66 63.55 23.22 48.69 33.28 66.72
Sukruli 174.05 9 90 60,577 349 1031 7.02 62.97 30.01 64.12 20.28 40.02 38.76 61.24
Suliapada 278.74 15 193 102,263 367 989 6.39 40.51 53.09 66.18 20.64 56.13 37.45 62.55
Thakurmunda 427.51 16 173 104,694 245 1044 4.5 74.93 20.58 51.68 22.69 50.99 42.11 57.89
Tiring 168.86 10 80 57,076 339 1022 5.47 74.57 19.96 60.74 26.82 50.93 42.46 57.54
Udala 209.3 11 89 76,147 364 998 5.56 74.39 20.05 61.4 21.37 53.55 42.99 57.01
Baripada (M) 33.37 — — 109,743 3289 936 11.37 15.18 73.45 88.52 8.19 33.61 84.76 15.24
Karanjia (N.A.C.) 18.64 — — 22,865 1227 1017 15.17 29.13 55.7 83.35 11.34 33.98 85.97 14.03
Rairangpur (N.A.C.) 14.38 — — 25,516 1775 1022 8.85 18.64 72.51 86.54 9.84 33.39 84.09 15.91
Udala (N.A.C.) 7.89 — — 13,152 1667 963 7.49 25.11 67.4 87.79 8.8 37.86 77.81 22.19

Tribes and communities

The Odia people form the largest population segment. Their castes are the same as that of the neighbouring district of Balasore. A distinctive feature is the presence of many communities that originally hailed from West Bengal but have completely integrated with the Odia population in the last two centuries. The Odias are especially dominant in the Kaptipada subdivision and in the adjoining blocks of Sadar. Odia Scheduled Castes make up 7.32% of the population and belong to a wide variety of groups, with no one community dominating.[citation needed]

Tribals are the largest group forming 58.72% of the population. The

Kshatriya, Ujia, Bagal, Gouria, Rarhi, Oraon, Baisa, Karua, Thatari, Sahara, Kayastha, Rajuar, Munda constitute 20.35% with each community shared by 0.9% to 2.0%. The rest of 3.24% was shared by minority communities whose population below 1,000 in the district.[33]

Religion

Religions in Mayurbhanj district (2011)[34]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 83.86%
Sarna
 
 13.96%
Islam
 
 1.34%
Christianity
 
 0.60%
Other or not stated
 
 0.24%

According to the 2011 Census 83.86% people are Hindus, 1.34% are Muslims, 0.60% are Christians, 0.03% are Sikhs and Jains while Adivasi faiths comprise the rest. Hinduism in its usual form is practised by the Odia people. Baripada is an important religious centre, having one of the oldest

Avalokiteshvara under different names are common in villages. A large segment of the tribal population also follows Hinduism with a substantial amount of tribal rites and rituals. The ancestral faith of Santals, Sarna involves nature worship and reverence for sacred groves and is also widely practised.[citation needed
]

Muslims and Christians comprise a tiny minority. The former are almost all migrants from Coastal Odisha except for a sizeable population of Bihari Muslims near the border with Chaibasa. Christians are mostly converts from tribal communities. There is an old Evangelical Church at Baripada and a Roman Catholic church at Krushnachandrapur.[citation needed]

Languages

Languages of Mayurbhanj district (2011)[35]

  Odia (54.33%)
  Santali (24.81%)
  Ho (7.58%)
  Mundari (3.92%)
  Kurmali (2.77%)
  Bengali (1.34%)
  Others (5.25%)

The Kurmali dialect spoken in the district has been replaced by the Manbhumi dialect of Bengali.[d]

At the time of the

2011 Census of India, 54.33% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 24.81% Santali, 7.58% Ho, 3.92% Mundari, 2.77% Kurmali and 1.34% Bengali as their first language.[35]

A large segment of the tribal population is fluent in Odia in addition to their native language. The Mayurbhanj dialect is almost the same as that of Coastal Odisha though certain tribal words for everyday objects are used, especially in the villages. The native language of Santali is largely used in its spoken form, Odia or Hindi being preferred for writing. The Ol Chiki script is rarely seen and the Odia script is used to write other tribal languages as well. Bengali is used in the parts of Sadar subdivision that adjoin Jhargram district, although there is significant Odia admixture. Kudmali is another important language, primarily spoken by the Kudumi Mahato in the border areas of Jharkhand and West Bengal. Where they have significant population. Other tribal languages include Ho and Bhumij (sometimes regarded as a Mundari dialect).[a] Lodha is spoken by several thousand people.

Culture and heritage

Mayurbhanj District in Odisha is known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant traditions. The district celebrates two prominent festivals, Makar Parva and Karama Parva. The famous Chhau dance, a dynamic dance form, has gained worldwide recognition. Mayurbhanj District is also associated with Jhumar, a popular traditional folk song that reflects the community's celebrations, marriages, social functions, sorrows, and joys.[37]

Ratha Yatra

In Baripada, Lord Jagannath is worshipped as Shri Shri Haribaldev Mahaprabhu, alongside the revered Puri temple. The Haribaldev temple in Baripada, built in 1575 A.D., is made of laterite stone with intricate designs. It features Vimana, Jagamohan, and Nata Mandira structures and is surrounded by a boundary wall. The temple is well-preserved and hosts the annual Car festival, during which the three deities are brought to the Radhamohan Temple (Mausimaa Mandir) for a two-day event. The Baripada Car festival involves women exclusively in pulling Maa Subhadra's chariot.

Chhau dance

Mayurbhanj Chhau dance, which has gained global recognition, such as UNESCO cultural heritage for its artistry and vigor. It draws inspiration from various sources, including the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, folk traditions, and tribal elements.

Jhumar

Jhumar, a popular traditional folk song and dance form. Jhumar is performed on various occasions, such as weddings, festivals, and social functions. It features lively music, rhythmic beats, and energetic dance movements. The songs depict themes of love, romance, and everyday life experiences. Jhumar serves as a cultural expression, preserving the folk traditions and heritage of the region.

Politics

Main article:
List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha

The following are the nine Vidhan sabha constituencies[38][39] of Mayurbhanj district.

No. Constituency Reservation Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks) Member of 16th Assembly Party
26
Jashipur
 ST Jashipur, Raruan, Sukruli, Kusumi (part) Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia BJP
27
Saraskana
 ST Saraskana, Bijatala, Bisoi, Kusumi (part) Dr. Budhan Murmu BJP
28 Rairangpur ST Rairangpur (NAC), Rairangpur, Tiring, Bahalda, Jamda Naba Charan Majhi BJP
29 Bangriposi ST Bangriposi, Kuliana, Samakhunta Sudam Marndi BJD
30
Karanjia
 ST Karanjia (NAC), Karanjia, Thakurmunda, Kaptipada (part) Basanti Hembram BJD
31
Udala
 ST Udala (NAC), Udala, Gopabandhunagar, Kaptipada (part) Bhaskar Madhei BJP
32
Badasahi
 SC Betnoti, Badasahi (part) Sanatana Bijuli BJP
33
Baripada
 ST Baripada (M), Baripada, Khunta, Badasahi (part) Prakash Soren BJP
34
Morada
 None Morada, Suliapada, Rasgobindapur Rajkishore Das BJD

Notable people

Main page: Category:People from Mayurbhanj district

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b A significant number of Bhumij are recorded as speaking 'Bhumijali' in the census, which is classified as a dialect of Odia, although this could be another name for the Bhumij dialect of Mundari.
  2. Karanjia, are part of the Balasore and Kendujhar Lok Sabha constituencies
    , respectively.
  3. ^ The block-wise area in the presented table does not correspond to the district's geographical area of 10,418 square kilometers. This discrepancy is due to the exclusion of Reserved Forest areas, which account for 3,325.89 square kilometers as of the year 2020. In terms of classification, Mayurbhanj district encompasses 3,325.89 square kilometers of Reserved Forest area, 77.98 square kilometers of Demarcated Protected Area, 65.75 square kilometers of Un-demarcated Forest area, 2.2 square kilometers of Unclassified Forest area, and 814.73 square kilometers of Other Forest areas. In total, the forest cover in Mayurbhanj district spans 4,458.1 square kilometers, representing 42.79% of the district's total area.[1]
  4. ^ (G. A. Grierson 1903. Linguistic survey of India, Vol. V (II), p. 146): "In the Orissa Tributary States, the Kuṛmī nearly all talk Bengali, although living in an Oriya speaking country."
    (L. S. S. O'Malley 1913, p. 188): In Mayurbhanj it [Kurmali] is usually called Kurmi Bengali or Kurumali Bengali, as well as simply Kurmi. With regard to its character, the late Maharaja of Mayurbhanj wrote as follows :— "The mother-tongue of the Kurmis of Mayurbhanj is Bengali, with the peculiar intonation belonging to them. These Kurmis have, as a rule, come from Midnapore and settled permanently in Mayurbhanj. Their dialect shows traces of Hindi and Oriya as well but it can not be called either."[36]
    (Laeequddin 1937, p. 241): "The situation, however, is not the same with regard to the Kurmis. They had their own language, Kurmali, which they have abandoned in large numbers in favour of the peculiar form of Bengali spoken by them, which they brought with them into the [Mayurbhanj] State in the course of their migration through Manbhum and Midnapore."

Sources

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  2. ^ a b c "District Census Handbook 2011 – Mayurbhanj" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  3. ^ a b "About District | Mayurbhanj District, Government of Odisha | India". Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  4. ^ Session, Orissa History Congress (1981). Proceedings of the Annual Session. The Congress.
  5. ^ Indian Culture. Indian Research Institute. 1945.
  6. ^ Taradatt & Basa.
  7. ^ a b Taradatt & Basa, pp. 35–48
  8. ^
    ISSN 0257-9774
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  10. S2CID 258982312
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  11. ^ Senapati & Sahu 1967, pp. 1–2.
  12. ISBN 978-81-7188-072-0
    . Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  13. ^ Chatterjee, Gouripada (1986). Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle. Mittal Publications. p. 119.
  14. ^ O’malley, L. S. S. (1995). Bengal District Gazetteers - Midnapore. pp. 234, 262.
  15. ^ Senapati & Sahu 1967, pp. 2–3.
  16. ISBN 978-0-7011-1579-1
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  17. ISBN 978-81-7156-739-3
    .
  18. ^ Das, Kalpana (August 2011). "Untold Stories of 1st Responsible Govt. of Mayurbhanj" (PDF). Orissa Review.
  19. ^ White Paper On Indian States. Delhi: Government Of India Press. 1950. pp. 180–182. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  20. ^ Ahmed, M. (1967). Census of India, 1961 :Orissa (PDF). District Census Handbook : Mayurbhanj. Cuttack: Superintendent, Orissa Government.
  21. ^ Senapati & Sahu 1967, pp. 2–4.
  22. JSTOR 44147540
    .
  23. ^ Das, Kalpana. "Tribal Revolt of 1949 in Mayurbhanj" (PDF). Orissa review. pp. 47–49.
  24. ^ Menon, V. P. (1961). The Story of the Integration of the Indian States. Bombay: Orient Longmans. Alt URL
  25. ^ Senapati & Sahu 1967, p. 273.
  26. ^ "Mayurbhanj/District Court in India | Official Website of District Court of India". districts.ecourts.gov.in. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  27. ^ Senapati & Sahu 1967, pp. 92–93.
  28. ^ "A-2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901 (21 A-2 Odisha)" (PDF). www.censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2014.
  29. ^ "District level population projections in selected states of India 2021 & 2026" (PDF). United Nations Population Fund India. 5 January 2024. p. 76.
  30. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Kuwait 2,595,62
  31. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Nevada 2,700,551
  32. ^ "PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Odisha – District Mayurbhanj – 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  33. OCLC 496724918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  34. ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha". Census of India, 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  35. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha". Census of India 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  36. ^ O'Malley, L.S.S. (1913). Census of India, 1911 (PDF). Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Sikkim, Vol. V. Part-I (report). Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. pp. 388–389.
  37. ^ "Culture & Heritage | Mayurbhanj District, Government of Odisha | India". Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  38. ^ "Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent" (PDF). eci.nic.in.
  39. ^ "Seats of Odisha". eci.nic.in.

Gazetteers

External links

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