McCutcheon v. FEC
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission | |
---|---|
Holding | |
Limitations on aggregate contributions to campaign finances violate the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. | |
Court membership | |
| |
Case opinions | |
Plurality | Roberts, joined by Scalia, Kennedy, Alito |
Concurrence | Thomas (in judgment) |
Dissent | Breyer, joined by Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan |
Laws applied | |
U.S. Const. amend. I |
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 572 U.S. 185 (2014), was a
The case was argued before the Supreme Court on October 8, 2013,[2] being brought on appeal after the United States District Court for the District of Columbia dismissed the challenge. It was decided on April 2, 2014, by a 5–4 vote,[3] reversing the decision below and remanding. Justices Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, and Alito invalidated "aggregate contribution limits" (amounts one can contribute over the two-year period) as violating the First Amendment. Justice Thomas provided the necessary fifth vote but concurred separately in the judgment, while arguing that all contribution limits are unconstitutional.
Background
The
In 2002, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) was passed. The BCRA revised the aggregate limits, adjusted them to future (but not past) inflation, and changed the individual limitations from annual to biennial;[9] The aggregate contribution ceiling on individuals during the 2011-2012 election cycle stood at $46,200 for federal candidates and $70,800 for national parties, or a $117,000 aggregate limit.[10]
Plaintiff Shaun McCutcheon is a businessman and electrical engineer from suburban Birmingham, Alabama, who is a campaign contributor and self-described activist of the Republican Party.[11][12] The founder and CEO of Coalmont Electrical Development Corporation, McCutcheon began donating to Republican candidates in the late 1990s, and would ultimately join the Jefferson County Republican Party Executive Committee.[13] At a 2011 Young Conservatives Coalition event, McCutcheon met attorney and campaign finance expert Dan Backer, who would play a major role in encouraging McCutcheon to file suit against the FEC.[13] In September 2012, McCutcheon had given $33,088 to sixteen federal candidates during the 2011-2012 cycle.[6] He also had the desire to contribute $25,000 to each of the three Republican national party committees during that same cycle but was restricted by the aggregate limit on contributions to political committees. McCutcheon intended to continue making similar contributions in the future, aiming to donate at least $60,000 to various candidates and $75,000 to non-candidate political committees during the 2013-2014 election cycle, bringing his contribution total over the federal aggregate limit on federal candidates.[14] McCutcheon filed suit against the Federal Election Commission (FEC), where he was joined in his lawsuit by the Republican National Committee.[15]
U.S. District Court
On June 22, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a Verified Complaint before the
On September 28, 2012, the U.S. District Court granted the FEC's motion to dismiss; upholding the aggregate limits.[18] The court held that:
The government may justify the aggregate limits as a means of preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption, or as a means of preventing circumvention of contribution limits imposed to further its anticorruption interest.[19]
On October 9, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an appeal to the Supreme Court; the Court noted probable jurisdiction on February 19, 2013.[18][20]
Decision
The court heard oral arguments on October 8, 2013.
On April 2, 2014, the court ruled, 5–4, for the appellants. While the ruling overturned limits on aggregate federal campaign contributions, it did not affect limits on how much individuals can give to an individual politician's campaign, which remain at $2,700 per election.
Concurrence and dissent
Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment but wished to go further and abolish all campaign contribution limits: "limiting the amount of money a person may give to a candidate does impose a direct restraint on his political communication." He rejected the rationale of Buckley v. Valeo that "[a] contribution serves as a general expression of support for the candidate and his views, but does not communicate the underlying basis for the support" since "this Court has never required a speaker to explain the reasons for his position in order to obtain full First Amendment protection."
Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor and Kagan dissented, arguing that the decision "creates a loophole that will allow a single individual to contribute millions of dollars to a political party or to a candidate's campaign. Taken together with
Reactions
In response to the decision, a coalition of environmental, voting rights, labor, and government reform groups rallied outside of the Supreme Court.[28] Environmentalists from Greenpeace and the Sierra Club protested what Phil Radford of Greenpeace called a "legalized system of corruption through money in politics" that had resulted in few major environmental laws passing in the U.S. since 1980.[29]
Writing for The Nation, Ari Berman wrote, "The Court's conservative majority believes that the First Amendment gives wealthy donors and powerful corporations the carte blanche right to buy an election but that the Fifteenth Amendment does not give Americans the right to vote free of racial discrimination."[30]
Countering Berman's quote, Robert J. Samuelson pointed out that "the rich" is not one single block but that it has many different factions. He added that money does not "guarantee victory. After a certain point, more money hits the law of diminishing returns. It can be and is misspent."[31] Samuelson also said that there are poor politicians who cannot communicate and so need money "to hire campaign staff, build a website, buy political spots and the like" to "affect how people behave."[31]
The
In The New Yorker, Jeffrey Toobin wrote that "the language of Chief Justice John Roberts's opinion suggests that the Court remains committed to the project announced most prominently in the Citizens United case, four years ago: the deregulation of American political campaigns."[33]
Only 30 hours after the McCutcheon case came down, Professors Ronald K. L. Collins and David Skover published an 80,000-word narrative account of the history of the case, which included an analysis of the Court's opinion. The e-book is titled When Money Speaks: The McCutcheon Decision, Campaign Finance Laws & the First Amendment (Top Five Books, 2014).
Following the decision, SCOTUSblog published a symposium on the case with a foreword by Collins and Skover as well as commentaries by Floyd Abrams, Jan Baran, Rick Hasen, Burt Neuborne, Ilya Shapiro, Paul M. Smith, and Fred Wertheimer (April 3–4, 2014).
See also
- James Bopp
- US corporate law
- Corporate personhood
- Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
- Buckley v. Valeo
References
- ^ "McCutcheon, et al. v. FEC Case Summary". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ^ "SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES OCTOBER TERM 2013" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. July 23, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- ^ McCutcheon v. FEC, 572 U.S. 185 (2014).
- ^ "The Federal Election Campaign Laws:A Short History". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on July 30, 2005.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-027468-9.
- ^ a b United States District Court for the District of Columbia (September 28, 2012). "SHAUN MCCUTCHEON, et al., Plaintiffs, FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-2471-7.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
- ^ Joseph E. Cantor, L. Paige Whitaker (January 9, 2004). "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002: Summary and Comparison with Previous Law" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ Noah Feldman (2013). "Treat Millionaires Like They're Billionaires". Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ Ben Jacobs (October 8, 2013). "Meet Shaun McCutcheon, the Republican Activist Trying to Make History at the Supreme Court". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ Shaun McCutcheon (October 6, 2013). "Donation caps hurt democracy". Politico. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ a b Frizell, Same (April 2, 2014). "The Alabama Engineer Who Made History At the Supreme Court". Time. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
- ^ United States District Court for the District of Columbia (June 22, 2012). "MCCUTCHEON et al v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Verified Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). justia.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ "Supreme Court of the United States Shaun McCutcheon and Republican National Committee, Plaintiffs-Appellants v. Federal Election Commission" (PDF). James Madison Center for Free Speech. August 16, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ United States District Court for the District of Columbia (June 22, 2012). "Verified Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ "DESIGNATION OF JUDGES TO SERVE ON THREE-JUDGE DISTRICT COURT" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 3, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ a b "McCutcheon v. FEC". Brennan Center for Justice. July 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ McCutcheon v. FEC, 893 F. Supp. 2d 133 (D.D.C. 2012).
- New York Times. Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
- Washington Post. Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ Philadelphia Inquirer. Archivedfrom the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ FEC (February 3, 2015). "Price Index Adjustments for Contribution and Expenditure Limitations and Lobbyist Bundling Disclosure Threshold" (PDF). Federal Register. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
- ^ Michael Beckel (April 22, 2014). "The 'McCutcheon' decision explained — more money to pour into political process". The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
- ^ Roberts, John (April 2, 2014). "Opinion of ROBERTS , C. J." (PDF). Federal Elections Commission – via Supreme Court of the United States.
- Washington Post. Archivedfrom the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
- ^ "ruling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- ^ Blair Bowie. "The People Strike Back". Public Interest Research Group. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
- Grist.org. Archivedfrom the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
- ^ Ari Berman (April 2, 2014). "The Supreme Court's Ideology: More Money, Less Voting". The Nation. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
- ^ a b Samuelson, Robert (April 6, 2014). "In politics, money is speech". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
- Center for Competitive Politics. Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ Jeffrey Toobin (April 2, 2014). "The John Roberts Project". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
External links
- Text of McCutcheon v. FEC, 572 U.S. 185 (2014) is available from: CourtListener Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)