McDonnell Douglas DC-9

DC-9
A Northwest Airlines DC-9 in 2007.
Role	Narrow-body jet airliner Type of aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Douglas Aircraft Company McDonnell Douglas (from Aug. 1967)
First flight	February 25, 1965
Introduction	December 8, 1965, with Delta Air Lines
Status	In limited service for cargo transport and private use
Primary users	USA Jet Airlines (historical) Aeronaves TSM Everts Air Cargo Northwest Airlines (historical)
Produced	1965–1982
Number built	976
Variants	McDonnell Douglas C-9
Developed into	McDonnell Douglas MD-80 McDonnell Douglas MD-90 Boeing 717

The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 is an American five-abreast, single-aisle aircraft designed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was initially produced as the Douglas DC-9 prior to August 1967, after which point the company had merged with McDonnell Aircraft to become McDonnell Douglas. Following the introduction of its first jetliner, the high-capacity

The DC-9 is powered by two rear-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass turbofan engines under a T-tail for a cleaner wing aerodynamic. It has a two-person flight deck and built-in airstairs to better suit smaller airports. The Series 10 aircraft are 104 ft (32 m) long for typically 90 coach seats. The Series 30, stretched by 15 ft (4.5 m) to seat 115 in economy, has a larger wing and more powerful engines for a higher maximum takeoff weight (MTOW); it first flew in August 1966 and entered service in February 1967. The Series 20 has the Series 10 fuselage, more powerful engines, and the Series 30's improved wings; it first flew in September 1968 and entered service in January 1969. The Series 40 was further lengthened by 6 ft (2 m) for 125 passengers, and the final DC-9-50 series first flew in 1974, stretched again by 8 ft (2.5 m) for 135 passengers. When deliveries ended in October 1982, 976 had been built. Smaller variants competed with the

In 1962, design studies were underway into what would become the DC-9. The first envisioned version seated 63 passengers and had a gross weight of 69,000 lb (31,300 kg). This design was changed into what would be the initial DC-9 variant.[2] During February 1963, detailed design work commenced.^[4] On April 8, 1963, Douglas announced that it would proceed with the DC-9.^[2] Shortly thereafter, Delta Air Lines placed the initial order for the DC-9, ordering 15 aircraft along with options for another 15. By January 1965, Douglas had garnered orders for 58 DC-9 as well as options for a further 44.^[4]

Unlike the competing but larger Boeing 727 trijet, which used as many 707 components as possible, the DC-9 was developed as an all-new design. Throughout its development, Douglas had placed considerable emphasis on making the airliner as economic as possible, as well as to facilitate its future growth.^[4] The adoption of the Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass turbofan engine, which had already been developed for the Boeing 727, enabled Douglas to benefit from the preexisting investment.^[5] Pratt & Whitney had long collaborated with Douglas on various projects, thus their engine was a natural choice for the company.^[6] In order to reduce the considerable financial burden of its development, Douglas implemented one of the first shared-risk production arrangements for the DC-9, arranging for de Havilland Canada to produce the wing at its own financial cost in return for promises on prospective future production orders.^[4]

Entry into service

The pace of development on the program was rapid.^[7] The first DC-9, a production model, flew on February 25, 1965.^[8][9] The second DC-9 flew a few weeks later,^[10] with a test fleet of five aircraft flying by July. Several key refinements to the aircraft were made during flight testing, such as the replacement of the original leading-edge slat design to achieve lower drag.^[11] The flight test program proceeded at a rapid pace; the initial Series 10 received airworthiness certification from the Federal Aviation Administration on November 23, 1965, permitting it to enter service with Delta Air Lines on December 8.^[8]

Through the DC-9, Douglas had beaten rival company Boeing and their 737 to enter the short-haul jet market, a key factor that contributed to the DC-9 becoming the best selling airliner in the world for a time.^[12] By May 1976, the company had delivered 726 aircraft of the DC-9 family, which was more than double the number of its nearest competitor.^[4] However, following decades of intense competition between the two airliners, the DC-9 would eventually be overtaken as the world's best selling airliner by Boeing's 737.^[13][14]

From the onset of its development, the DC-9 had been intended to be available in multiple versions to suit varying customer requirements;^[15] the first stretched version, the Series 30, with a longer fuselage and extended wing tips, flew on August 1, 1966, entering service with Eastern Air Lines in 1967.^[8] The initial Series 10 was followed by the improved -20, -30, and -40 variants. The final DC-9 series was the -50, which first flew in 1974.^[10]

Production

The DC-9 series, the first generation of the DC-9 family, would become a long term commercial success for the manufacturer. However, early production of the type had come at a higher unit cost than had been anticipated, leading to DC-9s being sold at a loss.^[16] The unfavorable early economics of the type negatively impacted Douglas, pushing it into fiscal hardship. However, the high customer demand for the DC-9 made the company attractive for either an acquisition or a merger;^[17] Douglas would merge with the American aerospace company McDonnell Aircraft to form McDonnell Douglas in 1967.^[12][18]

The DC-9 family is one of the longest-lasting aircraft in production and operation. It was produced on the final assembly line in

Two further developments of the original or first generation DC-9 series used the new designation with McDonnell Douglas initials (MD- prefix) followed by the year of development. The first derivative or second generation was the MD-80 series and the second derivative or third generation was the MD-90 series. Together, they formed the DC-9 family of 12 aircraft members (variants), and if the DC-9- designation were retained, the family members would be: First generation (Series 10, Series 20, Series 30, Series 40, and Series 50), second generation (Series 81, Series 82, Series 83, Series 87, and Series 88), and third generation (Series 90 and Series 95). The Series 10 (DC-9-10) was the smallest family member and the Series 90 (MD-90) was the largest.

Second generation (MD-80 series)

The original DC-9 series was followed in 1980 by the introduction of the second generation of the DC-9 family, the MD-80 series. This was originally called the DC-9-80 (short Series 80 and later stylized Super 80).^[25][26] It was a lengthened DC-9-50 with a higher maximum takeoff weight (MTOW), a larger wing, new main landing gear, and higher fuel capacity.^[27] The MD-80 series features a number of variants of the JT8D turbofan engine that had higher thrust ratings than those available on the original DC-9 series.^[28] The MD-80 series includes the MD-81, MD-82, MD-83, MD-88, and shortest variant, the MD-87.

Third generation (MD-90 series)

MD-90

The MD-80 series was further developed into the third generation, the MD-90 series, in the early 1990s. It has yet another fuselage stretch, an

The shorter and final variant, the MD-95, was renamed the Boeing 717 after McDonnell Douglas's merger with Boeing in 1997 and before aircraft deliveries began.[29] The fuselage length and wing are very similar to those of the DC-9-30, but much use was made of lighter, modern materials. Power is supplied by two BMW/Rolls-Royce BR715 high-bypass turbofan engines.

Comac ARJ21

China's Comac ARJ21 is derived from the DC-9 family. The ARJ21 is built with manufacturing tooling from the MD-90 Trunkliner program. As a consequence, it has the same fuselage cross-section, nose profile, and tail.^[30]

Design

The DC-9 was designed for short to medium-haul routes, often to smaller airports with shorter runways and less ground infrastructure than the major airports being served by larger airliners like the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, where accessibility and short-field characteristics were needed. The DC-9's takeoff weight was limited to 80,000 lb (36,300 kg) for a two-person flight crew by the then-Federal Aviation Agency regulations at the time.^[2] The commercial passenger aircraft have five abreast layout for economy seating that can accommodate 80 to 135 passengers, depending on version and seating arrangement. Turnarounds were simplified by built-in airstairs, including one in the tail, which shortened boarding and deplaning times. The DC-9 was originally designed to perform a maximum of 40,000 landings.^[31]

The DC-9 has two rear-mounted JT8D turbofan engines, relatively small, efficient wings, and a

The original DC-9 (later designated the Series 10) was the smallest DC-9 variant. The -10 was 104.4 ft (31.8 m) long and had a maximum weight of 82,000 lb (37,000 kg). The Series 10 was similar in size and configuration to the BAC One-Eleven and featured a T-tail and rear-mounted engines. Power was provided by a pair of 12,500 lbf (56 kN) JT8D-5 or 14,000 lbf (62 kN) JT8D-7 engines. A total of 137 were built. Delta Air Lines was the initial operator.

The Series 10 was produced in two main subvariants, the Series 14 and 15, although, of the first four aircraft, three were built as Series 11s and one as Series 12. These were later converted to Series 14 standard. No Series 13 was produced. A passenger/cargo version of the aircraft, with a 136-by-81-inch (3.5 by 2.1 m) side cargo door forward of the wing and a reinforced cabin floor, was certificated on March 1, 1967. Cargo versions included the Series 15MC (minimum change) with folding seats that can be carried in the rear of the aircraft, and the Series 15RC (rapid change) with seats removable on pallets. These differences disappeared over the years as new interiors were installed.^[36][37]

The Series 10 was unique in the DC-9 family in not having leading-edge slats. The Series 10 was designed to have short takeoff and landing distances without the use of leading-edge high-lift devices. Therefore, the wing design of the Series 10 featured airfoils with extremely high maximum-lift capability to obtain the low stalling speeds necessary for short-field performance.^[38]

Series 10 features

The Series 10 has an overall length of 104.4 feet (31.82 m), a fuselage length of 92.1 feet (28.07 m), a passenger-cabin length of 60 feet (18.29 m), and a wingspan of 89.4 feet (27.25 m).

The Series 10 was offered with the 14,000 lbf (62 kN)-thrust JT8D-1 and JT8D-7.^[36][37] All versions of the DC-9 are equipped with an AlliedSignal (Garrett) GTCP85 APU, located in the aft fuselage.^[36][37] The Series 10, as with all later versions of the DC-9, is equipped with a two-crew analog flightdeck.^[36][37]

The Series 14 was originally certificated with an MTOW of 85,700 lb (38,900 kg), but subsequent options offered increases to 86,300 and 90,700 lb (41,100 kg). The aircraft's MLW in all cases is 81,700 lb (37,100 kg). The Series 14 has a fuel capacity of 3,693 US gallons (with the 907 US gal centre section fuel). The Series 15, certificated on January 21, 1966, is physically identical to the Series 14 but has an increased MTOW of 90,700 lb (41,100 kg). Typical range with 50 passengers and baggage is 950 nautical miles [nmi] (1,760 km; 1,090 mi), increasing to 1,278 nmi (2,367 km; 1,471 mi) at long-range cruise. Range with maximum payload is 600 nmi (1,100 km; 690 mi), increasing to 1,450 nmi (2,690 km; 1,670 mi) with full fuel.^[36][37]

The aircraft is fitted with a passenger door in the port forward fuselage, and a service door/emergency exit is installed opposite. An airstair installed below the front passenger door was available as an option as was an airstair in the tailcone. This also doubled as an emergency exit. Available with either two or four overwing exits, the DC-9-10 can seat up to a maximum certified exit limit of 109 passengers. Typical all-economy layout is 90 passengers, and 72 passengers in a more typical mixed-class layout with 12 first and 60 economy-class passengers.^[36][37]

All versions of the DC-9 are equipped with a tricycle undercarriage, featuring a twin nose unit and twin main units.^[36][37]

Series 20

Subvariant Series 21

The Series 20 was designed to satisfy a

In 1969, a DC-9 Series 20 at Long Beach was fitted with an Elliott Flight Automation Head-up display by McDonnell Douglas and used for successful three-month-long trials with pilots from various airlines, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the US Air Force.^[40]

Series 20 features

The Series 20 has an overall length of 104.4 feet (31.82 m), a fuselage length of 92.1 feet (28.07 m), a passenger-cabin length of 60 feet (18.29 m), and a wingspan of 93.3 feet (28.44 m).^[36][37] The DC-9 Series 20 is powered by the 15,000 lbf (67 kN) thrust JT8D-11 engine.^[36][37]

The Series 20 was originally certificated at an MTOW of 94,500 lb (42,900 kg) but this was increased to 98,000 lb (44,000 kg), eight percent more than on the higher weight Series 14s and 15s. The aircraft's MLW is 95,300 lb (43,200 kg) and MZFW is 84,000 lb (38,000 kg). Typical range with maximum payload is 1,000 nmi (1,900 km; 1,200 mi), increasing to 1,450 nmi (2,690 km; 1,670 mi) with maximum fuel. The Series 20, using the same wing as the Series 30, 40 and 50, has a slightly lower basic fuel capacity than the Series 10 (3,679 US gallons).^[36][37]

Series 20 milestones

• First flight: September 18, 1968.
• FAA certification: November 25, 1968.
• First delivery: December 11, 1968, to
  Scandinavian Airlines System
  (SAS)
• Entry into service: January 27, 1969, with SAS.
• Last delivery: May 1, 1969, to SAS.

Series 30

Subvariant Series 31, Series 32, Series 33, Series 34

The Series 30 was produced to counter Boeing's 737 twinjet; 662 were built, about 60% of the total. The -30 entered service with

Unlike the Series 10, the Series 30 had leading-edge devices to reduce the landing speeds at higher landing weights; full-span slats reduced approach speeds by six knots despite 5,000 lb greater weight. The slats were lighter than slotted

The Series 30 was built in four main sub-variants.[36]^[37]

• DC-9-31: Produced in passenger version only. The first DC-9 Series 30 flew on August 1, 1966, and the first delivery was to
  Eastern Airlines
  on February 27, 1967, after certification on December 19, 1966. Basic MTOW of 98,000 lb (44,000 kg) and subsequently certificated at weights up to 108,000 lb (49,000 kg).
• DC-9-32: Introduced in the first year (1967). Certificated March 1, 1967. Basic MTOW of 108,000 lb (49,000 kg) later increased to 110,000 lb (50,000 kg). A number of cargo versions of the Series 32 were also produced:
  • 32LWF (Light Weight Freight) with modified cabin but no cargo door or reinforced floor, intended for package freighter use.
  • 32CF (Convertible Freighter), with a reinforced floor but retaining passenger facilities
  • 32AF (All Freight), a windowless all-cargo aircraft.
• DC-9-33: Following the Series 31 and 32 came the Series 33 for passenger/cargo or all-cargo use. Certificated on April 15, 1968, the aircraft's MTOW was 114,000 lb (52,000 kg), MLW to 102,000 lb (46,000 kg) and MZFW to 95,500 lb (43,300 kg). JT8D-9 or -11 (15,000 lbf (67 kN) thrust) engines were used. Wing incidence was increased 1.25 degrees to reduce cruise drag.^[42] Only 22 were built, as All Freight (AF), Convertible Freight (CF) and Rapid Change (RC) aircraft.
• DC-9-34: The last variant was the Series 34, intended for longer range with an MTOW of 121,000 lb (55,000 kg), an MLW of 110,000 lb (50,000 kg) and an MZFW of 98,000 lb (44,000 kg). The DC-9-34CF (Convertible Freighter) was certificated April 20, 1976, while the passenger followed on November 3, 1976. The aircraft has the more powerful JT8D-9s with the -15 and -17 engines as an option. It had the wing incidence change introduced on the DC-9-33. Twelve were built, five as convertible freighters.

Series 30 features

The DC-9-30 was offered with a selection of variants of JT8D including the -1, -7, -9, -11, -15. and -17. The most common on the Series 31 is the JT8D-7 (14,000 lbf (62 kN) thrust), although it was also available with the -9 and -17 engines. On the Series 32 the JT8D-9 (14,500 lbf (64 kN) thrust) was standard, with the -11 also offered. The Series 33 was offered with the JT8D-9 or -11 (15,000 lbf (67 kN) thrust) engines and the heavyweight -34 with the JT8D-9, -15 (15,000 lbf (67 kN) thrust) or -17 (16,000 lbf (71 kN) thrust) engines.^[36][37]

Series 40

Subvariant Series 41

The DC-9-40 is a further lengthened version. With a 6 ft 6 in (2 m) longer fuselage, accommodation was up to 125 passengers. The Series 40 was fitted with Pratt & Whitney engines with thrust of 14,500 to 16,000 lbf (64 to 71 kN). A total of 71 were produced. The variant first entered service with

Series 50

Subvariant Series 51

The Series 50 was the largest version of the DC-9 to enter airline service. It features an 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) fuselage stretch and seats up to 139 passengers. It entered revenue service in August 1975 with

Operators

As of April 2024, a total of 29 DC-9 series aircraft remain in service, of which 20 are operated by Aeronaves TSM.^[46][47][48]

With the existing DC-9 fleet shrinking, modifications do not appear to be likely to occur, especially since the wing design makes retrofitting difficult.

During the mid 1990s, Northwest Airlines was the largest operator of the type in the world, flying 180 DC-9s.^[51] After its acquisition of Northwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines operated a sizable fleet of DC-9s, most of which were over 30 years old at the time. With severe increases in fuel prices in the summer of 2008, Northwest Airlines began retiring its DC-9s, switching to Airbus A319s that are 27% more fuel efficient.^[52][53] As the Northwest/Delta merger progressed, Delta returned several stored DC-9s to service. Delta Air Lines made its last DC-9 commercial flight from Minneapolis/St. Paul to Atlanta on January 6, 2014, with the flight number DL2014.^[54][55]

Deliveries

Accidents and incidents

As of June 2022^[update], the DC-9 family aircraft has been involved in 276 major

• On October 1, 1966, West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashed with eighteen fatalities and no survivors. This accident marked the first loss of a DC-9.^[59]
• On March 9, 1967, TWA Flight 553 crashed in a field in Concord Township, near Urbana, Ohio, following a mid-air collision with a Beechcraft Baron, an accident that triggered substantial changes in air traffic control procedures.^[60] All 25 people on board the DC-9 were killed.
• On March 27, 1968,
  Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cessna crashed, killing the two pilots aboard, while the DC-9 landed safely with no injuries to the 49 passengers and crew.^[61]
• On March 16, 1969,
  Maracaibo, Venezuela, during a failed take-off. All 84 people on board the aircraft, as well as 71 people on the ground, were killed. With 155 dead in all, this was the deadliest crash involving a member of the original DC-9 family, as well as the worst crash in civil aviation history at the time it took place.^[62]
• On September 9, 1969, Allegheny Airlines Flight 853, a DC-9-30, collided in mid-air with a Piper PA-28 Cherokee near Fairland, Indiana. The DC-9 carried 78 passengers and four crew members, the Piper, one pilot. Both aircraft were destroyed, and all occupants were killed.^[63][64]
• On February 15, 1970, a
  crashed after taking off from Santo Domingo. The crash, possibly caused by contaminated fuel, killed all 102 passengers and crew, including champion boxer Teo Cruz.^[65][66]
• On May 2, 1970, an
  Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands but ran out of fuel 30 mi (48 km) short of the island. After about ten minutes, the aircraft sank in 5,000 ft (1,524 m) of water and was never recovered. 40 people survived the ditching; 23 perished.^[67]
• On November 14, 1970, Southern Airways Flight 932, a DC-9, crashed into a hill near Tri-State Airport in Huntington, West Virginia. All 75 on board were killed (including 37 members of the Marshall University Thundering Herd football team, eight members of the coaching staff, 25 boosters, and others).
• On June 6, 1971, Hughes Airwest Flight 706 was involved in a midair collision with a U.S. Marine Corps F-4 Phantom fighter. All 49 people on board the DC-9 died; one of two aboard the USMC aircraft ejected and survived.^{[citation needed]}
• On January 21, 1972, a Turkish Airlines DC-9-32 TC-JAC diverted to Adana, Turkey after pressurization problems. The aircraft hit the ground during downwind on the 2nd approach and caught fire. There was one fatality.^[68]
• On January 26, 1972, JAT Flight 367 from Stockholm to Belgrade, DC-9-32 registration YU-AHT, was destroyed in flight by a bomb placed on board. The sole survivor was a flight attendant, Vesna Vulović, who holds the record for the world's longest fall without a parachute when she fell some 33,000 ft (10,000 m) inside a section of the airplane and survived.
• On December 20, 1972,
  Chicago, Illinois. The DC-9 was destroyed, killing 10 and injuring 15 of the 45 people on board; two people among the 93 aboard the Convair 880 suffered minor injuries.^[69]
• On 5 March 1973, an Iberia Flight 504 DC-9 flying from Palma de Mallorca to London collided in mid-air with a Spantax Flight 400 Convair 990 flying from Madrid to London. All 68 people on board the DC-9 were killed. The CV-990 made a successful emergency landing at Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base.^[70]
• On July 31, 1973,
  Boston, Massachusetts
  , killing all 83 passengers and 6 crew members on board. One of the passengers initially survived the accident but later died in a hospital.
• On September 11, 1974, Eastern Air Lines Flight 212, a DC-9-30 crashed just short of the runway at Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 71 out of the 82 occupants.
• On October 30, 1975, Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 450, a DC-9-32, hit high ground during an approach in fog near Prague-Suchdol, Czechoslovakia. 75 of the 120 people were killed.^[71]
• On September 10, 1976, an Inex-Adria Aviopromet DC-9-31 collided with a British Airways Trident over the Croatian town of Vrbovec, killing all 176 people aboard both aircraft and another person on the ground.
• On April 4, 1977, Southern Airways Flight 242, a DC-9-31, lost engine power while flying through a severe thunderstorm before crash landing onto a highway in New Hope, Georgia, striking roadside buildings. The crash and fire resulted in the death of both flight crew and 61 passengers. Nine people on the ground also died. Both flight attendants and 20 passengers survived.^[72][73]
• On June 26, 1978, Air Canada Flight 189, a DC-9 overran the runway in Toronto after a blown tire aborted the takeoff. Two of the 107 passengers and crew were killed.^[74]
• On September 14, 1979,
  Cagliari-Elmas Airport. All 27 passengers and 4 crew members died in the crash and ensuing fire.^[75]

• On June 27, 1980,
  French Air Force shot down the DC-9 while trying to down a different aircraft carrying Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but no conclusive evidence of this has been presented.^[76][77]
• On July 27, 1981,
  Aeroméxico Flight 230, a DC-9 ran off the runway in Chihuahua
  . Thirty passengers and two crew of the 66 on board were killed. Bad weather and pilot error were the causes of the accident.
• On June 2, 1983, Air Canada Flight 797, a DC-9 experienced an electrical fire in the aft lavatory during flight, resulting in an emergency landing at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. During evacuation, the sudden influx of oxygen caused a flash fire throughout the cabin, resulting in the deaths of 23 of the 41 passengers, including Canadian folk singer Stan Rogers. All five crew members survived.
• On December 7, 1983, the Madrid runway disaster took place where a departing Iberia Boeing 727 struck an Aviaco Douglas DC-9 causing the death of 93 passengers and crew. All 42 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 were killed.
• On December 20, 1983, Ozark Air Lines Flight 650, DC-9-31 N994Z, struck a snowplow on landing at Sioux Falls Regional Airport in low visibility. The right wing was torn from the jet; the snowplow driver was killed and two flight attendants were injured. The accident was attributed to inadequate air traffic control (ATC) supervision of snow-clearing operations.^[78]
• On September 6, 1985,
  General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  . The crash was caused by improper control inputs by the flight crew after the number 2 engine failed, and all 31 aboard were killed.
• On August 31, 1986, Aeroméxico Flight 498
  Piper Cherokee over the city of Cerritos, California
  , then crashed into the city, killing all 64 aboard the aircraft, 15 people on the ground, and all three in the small plane.
• On April 4, 1987,
  Polonia International Airport in bad weather with 24 fatalities.^[79]
• On November 15, 1987, Continental Airlines Flight 1713, a DC-9-14, crashed on takeoff from Stapleton International Airport in bad weather with 28 fatalities. This accident was attributed to a combination of confusion at the ATC, exceeding allowed time-limit for takeoff after de-icing the wings, and inexperienced crew.
• On November 14, 1990, Alitalia Flight 404, a DC-9-32, crashed into a hillside on approach to Zurich Airport, killing all 46 persons on board. The crash was caused by a short circuit, which led to a failure of the aircraft's NAV receiver and GPWS system.
• On December 3, 1990, Northwest Airlines Flight 1482, a DC-9-14, taxied onto the wrong taxiway in dense fog at Detroit-Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Michigan. It entered the active runway instead of the taxiway instructed by air traffic controllers. It was then struck by a departing Boeing 727. Nine people were killed.^[80][81]
• On March 5, 1991, Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 108, a DC-9-32, crashed into a mountainside in Trujillo State, Venezuela, killing all 40 passengers and five crew aboard.^[82]
• On July 2, 1994, USAir Flight 1016, DC-9-31 N954VJ crashed in Charlotte, North Carolina, while performing a go-around because of heavy storms and wind shear at the approach of runway 18R. There were 37 fatalities and 15 injured among the passengers and crew. Although the airplane came to rest in a residential area with the tail section striking a house, there were no fatalities or injuries on the ground.
• On May 11, 1996,
  Florida Everglades
  due to a fire caused by the activation of chemical oxygen generators illegally stored in the hold. The fire damaged the plane's electrical system and eventually overcame the crew, resulting in the deaths of all 110 people on board.
• On October 10, 1997, Austral Flight 2553, a DC-9-32 registration LV-WEG, en route from Posadas to Buenos Aires, crashed near Fray Bentos, Uruguay, killing all 69 passengers and five crew on board.^[83]
• On February 2, 1998, Cebu Pacific Flight 387, a DC-9-32 RP-C1507 crashed on the slopes of Mount Sumagaya in Misamis Oriental, Philippines, killing all 104 passengers and crew on board. Aviation investigators deemed the incident to be caused by pilot error when the plane made a non-regular stopover to Tacloban.
• On November 9, 1999, TAESA Flight 725 crashed a few minutes after leaving Uruapan International Airport en route to Mexico City. 18 people were killed in the accident.^[84]
• On October 6, 2000, Aeroméxico Flight 250, DC-9-31 N936ML, overran the runway at General Lucio Blanco International Airport in Reynosa, crashed into houses and fell into a small canal. Four people on the ground were killed but all 83 passengers and 5 crew survived. The accident was attributed to a late and excessively fast touchdown on a runway that was waterlogged due to heavy rainfall from Hurricane Keith.^[85]
• On 10 December 2005, Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 from Abuja crash-landed at Port Harcourt International Airport, Nigeria. There were 108 fatalities and two survivors.^[86]
• On April 15, 2008, Hewa Bora Airways Flight 122 crashed into a residential neighborhood, in the Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo,^[87] resulting in the deaths of at least 44 people.^[88]
• On July 6, 2008, USA Jet Airlines Flight 199, a DC-9-15F, crashed on approach to Saltillo, Mexico, after a flight from Shreveport, Louisiana. The captain died and the first officer was seriously injured.^[89]

Hull losses

• On November 27, 1973,
  Akron-Canton Airport in light rain and fog, overran the runway, and went over an embankment. All 21 passengers and 5 crew survived with various injuries.^[90]
• On February 21, 1986,
  visibility minimums, although tailwind landings were prohibited in snow. The aircraft touched down late at an excessive speed, and braking on the snowy runway was poor. The NTSB attributed the crash to the pilot's poor decision-making and failure to perform a go-around.^[91][92]
• On April 18, 1993,
  windshear and landed hard. There were 19 injuries in the crash and ensuing fire, but all 77 aboard survived.^[93]

Canada

CF-TLL (cn 47021) – DC-9-32 on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.^[94] It was previously operated by Air Canada.^[95]

Czechia

N1332U (cn 47404) – DC-9-31 nose section preserved at industrial area in Liberec, Czechia and rebuilt into flight simulator. The DC-9 was previously operated by Northwest.^{[citation needed]}

Indonesia

PK-GNC (cn 47481) – DC-9-32 painted in Garuda Indonesia's 1960s livery and put on display inside GMF hangar in Soekarno-Hatta Airport.^[96][97]

PK-GNT (cn 47790) – DC-9-32 on static display at the Transportation Museum in

Jakarta, Indonesia.^[98] It was relegated to display status after suffering heavy damage in a landing accident in 1993.^[99] It was previously operated by Garuda Indonesia.^[100]

Italy

MM62012 (cn 47595) – DC-9-32 on static display at Volandia adjacent to Milan Malpensa Airport. This aircraft was operated by the Italian Air Force as a VIP transport, carrying the president of Italy among other duties.^{[101][102][103]}

Netherlands

N929L (cn 47174) – DC-9-32 nose section displayed inside Schiphol International Airport. Painted in KLM livery although the plane never served with the airline. It was previously used by TWA and Delta Airlines.^[104][105]

Mexico

XA-JEB – Ex Aeromexico DC-9-32 on display at a park in Cadereyta de Montes, Querétaro, Mexico. Formerly Hugh Hefner's private jet, the 'Big Bunny', XA-JEB was sold in 1975 to Venezuela Airlines, who later sold it to Aeromexico, where it was operated until 2004. It was sold and placed on display in 2008 for use as an educational tool.^[106]

"N942ML" – with painted registration "XA-SFE" is found on the second floor of the Luxury shopping mall "Centro Comercial Santa Fe" in the business district of Mexico City. It is on display with an Interjet livery for the Kidzania brand.^[107]

"N606NW" – with painted registration "XA-MEX" can be found in Cuicuilo Plaza at the south of the city. Similar to "XA-SFE", it wears an Interjet Livery for the Kidzania brand.^[108]

Spain

EC-BQZ (cn 47456) – DC-9-32 on static display at

Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport in Madrid.^[109]

EC-DGB – DC-9-34 front section only preserved at Elder Museum of Science and Technology, Gran Canaria.^[110]

United States

N675MC (cn 47651) – DC-9-51 on static display at the Delta Flight Museum at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia.^[111] It arrived at the museum on 27 April 2014.^[112] It was previously operated by Delta Air Lines.^[113]

N779NC (cn 48101) – DC-9-51 was on static display at the

Carolinas Aviation Museum at Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, until it was scrapped in January 2017.^[114][115] Its ferry flight to Charlotte was the last scheduled passenger DC-9 flight in the United States.^[116] It was previously operated by Delta Air Lines.^[117]

See also

• 2006 Mexico DC-9 drug bust
• Airstair

Related development

• Boeing 717
• Comac ARJ21
• McDonnell Douglas C-9
• McDonnell Douglas MD-80
• McDonnell Douglas MD-90

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• BAC One-Eleven
• Boeing 737
• Fokker F28 Fellowship
• Dassault Mercure
• Sud Aviation Caravelle
• Tupolev Tu-134

Related lists

• List of civil aircraft
• List of jet airliners

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Anderton, David A. (1976). Progress in Aircraft Design Since 1903.
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  , Langley Research Center.
• Becher, Thomas (2002). Douglas Twinjets, DC-9, MD-80, MD-90 and Boeing 717. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press.
  ISBN 978-1-8612-6446-6
  .
• Eden, Paul E. (2016). The World's Most Powerful Civilian Aircraft. Rosen Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-4994-6589-1
  .
• Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (1999). Douglas Jetliners. Zenith Imprint.
  ISBN 978-1-61060-716-2
  .
• Roberson, Patricia Q. (1997). Aerospace Science: Frontiers of Aviation History. Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps.
• "Super 80 For the Eighties".
  ISSN 0306-5634
  .
• Sadraey, Mohammad H. (2012). Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach. Wiley.
  ISBN 978-1-119-95340-1
  .
• Taylor, John W. R. (1966). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67. London, UK: Sampson Low, Marston & Company.
• Taylor, John W. R. (1976). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77. London, UK: Jane's Yearbooks.
  ISBN 0-354-00538-3
  .
• Vasigh, Bijan; Taleghani, Reza; Jenkins, Darryl (2012). Aircraft Finance: Strategies for Managing Capital Costs in a Turbulent Industry. J. Ross Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-60427-071-6
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (category)

• Boeing: Historical Snapshot: DC-9/C-9 Transport
• "DC-9 history page on Boeing.com". Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
• McDonnell Douglas commercial history page for DC-9 series
• DC-9-10/20/30 on Airliners.net and DC-9-40/50 on Airliners.net
• DC-9 History on AviationHistoryOnline.com