Meccan surah
Quran |
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The Meccan surat are, according to the timing and contextual background of their revelation (
Meccan surahs are typically shorter than Medinan surahs, with relatively short verses (
The chapters are divided into "Meccan" and "Medinan" sections mostly due to stylistic and thematic factors. Classification of the chapters into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or words (e.g.,
Characteristics of Meccan surahs
Following are some characteristics of Meccan verses, No 7 and 8 are stylistic characteristics, and the last 4 are content and subject characteristics:
- Any chapter that has a verse that commands to prostrate to Allah (آيات السجدة) is Meccan, except 22.[5]
- Any chapter that contains the word kalla كلا (never) is Meccan, and are found only in the second half of the Qur'an.
- Any chapter that has the phrase ياأيها الناس Of individual, but does not have the phrase يأيها اللذين آمنوا O you who believe is Meccan except chapter 22.
- Any chapter that start with initial letters muqattaatare Meccan, except chapters 2,3 and 13.
- Any chapter that relates the story of Adam and Iblis (i.e., Satan) is Meccan, except chapter 2.[6]
- Any chapter that relates the stories of previous prophets and their people is Meccan, except chapter 2.
- Short verses, and strong rhetorical style and rhythmic sound.
- Repeated use of emphasis, exhortation, analogies and oath.
- Emphasis on the belief in Allah, the ), except Chapter 2.
- Call for adherence to good moral and universal characters like truthfulness, kindness to relatives, old and neighbour, etc.
- Argument with the polytheists and refutation of their associating partners with Allah.
- Warning the polytheists through stories of previous messengers when punishment came to their people when they rejected their message.
Chronological order of Meccan surahs
One chronological order proposed by Abu al-Qasim `Umar ibn Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Kafi and considered the "traditional order"[7] consists of 86 chapters, as follows:
- 96, 68, 73, 74, 1, 111, 81, 87, 92, 89,
- 93, 94, 103, 100, 108, 102, 107, 109, 105, 113,
- 114, 112, 53, 80, 97, 91, 85, 95, 106, 101,
- 75, 104, 77, 50, 90, 86, 54, 38, 7, 72,
- 36, 25, 35, 19, 20, 56, 26, 27, 28, 17,
- 10, 11, 12, 15, 6, 37, 31, 34, 39, 40,
- 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 88, 18, 16,
- 71, 14, 21, 23, 32, 52, 67, 69, 70, 78,
- 79, 82, 84, 30, 29, 83.
Theodor Nöldeke proposed a different chronological order, later known as the Nöldeke-Schwally chronology,[8] consisting of 90 chapters, as follows:
- from the first to the fifth year of Mohammed's mission
- 96, 74, 111, 106, 108, 104, 107, 102, 105, 92,
- 90, 94, 93, 97, 86, 91, 80, 68, 87, 95,
- 103, 85, 73, 101, 99, 82, 81, 53, 84, 100,
- 79, 77, 78, 88, 89, 75, 83, 69, 51, 52,
- 56, 70, 55, 112, 109, 113, 114, 1
- the fifth and sixth year of his mission:
- 54, 37, 71, 76, 44, 50, 20, 26, 15, 19,
- 38, 36, 43, 72, 67, 23, 21, 25, 17, 27, 18
- from the seventh year to Hijra:
- 32, 41, 45, 16, 30, 11, 14, 12, 40, 28,
- 39, 29, 31, 42, 10, 34, 35, 7, 46, 6, 13.[9]
First Meccan surahs
The First
Surah Fatiha is not only the first Surah in the current order of the Holy Quran; Rather, this is the first Surah that was revealed in its entirety, no Surah was revealed in its entirety before it; Rather, there were some verses of some surahs, the origin of placing this surah at the beginning of the Holy Qur'an is apparently that the person who wants to receive guidance from the Holy Qur'an should first acknowledge the attributes of his creator and owner and thank him. One should pay and seek guidance from him like a claimant of right; Therefore, in it, the servants have been taught the dua that a seeker of the truth should ask from Allah, that is, the dua of the straight path. What is direct? According to the Arabic rule, Rahman means the one whose mercy is extensive, that is, the benefit of this mercy reaches everyone, and Rahim means the one whose mercy is intensive, that is. The mercy of Allah Almighty reaches everyone in this world, from whom all the believers and disbelievers get sustenance and benefit from the blessings of this world, and in the Hereafter, although there will be no mercy on the disbelievers; But on whomever it will be (i.e. on the believers), it will be complete that there will be no doubt of any suffering with the blessings. To show the difference between Rahman and Rahim, Rahman has been translated as Merciful to all and Rahim has been translated as Very Merciful.[14]
Second Meccan surahs
There are 21 surahs in the second
Third Meccan surahs
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This period is marked from the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry to the
Surahs of this period show the ways in which believers should act even when they face opposition and difficulties.[19]
By the third Meccan period, sensuous imagery of full-bosomed, wide-eyed and virginal maidens have been replaced by references to spouses.[22] N78/E6o of the Third Meccan Period: 'whoever of their fathers, their spouses and offspring have acted honourably' By the Third Meccan period, Muhammad and the Muslims had gained sufficient support. In the early Meccan periods, these sensuous descriptions and temptations of voluptuous virgins were used to attract the attention of the Meccan pagans however by the Third Meccan period goals had been realigned not to attract pagans but to encourage and foster a law-abiding community centered around worshipping the Word of God.[22]
In [23] a complete reconstruction of the verses' chronology has been discussed.
See also
References
- Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, Vol. 1, Brill
- ^ http://textminingthequran.com/wiki/Makki_and_Madani_Surahs Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Reviews) Studie zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren by Angelika Neuwirth, Review author[s]: A. Rippin, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1982), pp. 149-150.
- ^ "The Quran".
- ^ "The Quran".
- ^ Al-Baqara
- ^ Edgecomb, Kevin P. "Chronological Order of Quranic Surahs" Archived 2018-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 14 July 2013.
- ^ Nöldeke Theodor, Bersträsser Gotthelf, Pretzl Otto, Geschichte des Qorans von Theodor Nöldeke ; bearbeitet von Friedrich Schwally, Hidesheim, G. Holms, 1981. 1. ISBN 3-487-00105-5. 1909-1938.
- ^ Koran - Original Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. "The Cambridge Companion to the Quran". Cambridge: 2006. 110
- ^ a b How to Read the Quran by Ernst, page 76
- ^ How to Read the Quran by Ernst, page 77
- ^ McAuliffe, 108
- ^ "Surah Naas The Best 6 Benefits". Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ^ a b Robinson, Neal. Discovering the Qurʼan: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 2003. Print.
- ^ Ernst, 105
- ^ McAuliffe
- ^ Haleem, Abdel. The Qur'an. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.
- ^ a b "Chronological Koran Part III: Late Meccan Period: A.D. 619-622." Wolf Pangloss. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.
- ^ "Koran." - Original Catholic Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.
- ^ McAuliffe, 111
- ^ a b Robinson, Neal. Discovering the Qurʼan: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 2003. 88-92.
- ISBN 978-3869244754