Mass media in the United Kingdom

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Media in the United Kingdom
)
Coat of arms of the BBC

There are several different types of

video games and book publishing
industries.

The United Kingdom has a diverse range of providers, the most prominent being the publicly owned and funded British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The BBC's largest competitors are ITV plc, which operates 13 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network, the Sky Group and the publicly owned and commercially funded Channel Four Television Corporation.

Regional media is covered by local radio, television and print newspapers.

Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport has overall responsibility over media ownership and broadcasting.[1]

The main BBC public service broadcasting channels accounted for an estimated 28.4% of all television viewing; the three main independent channels accounted for 29.5% and the increasingly important other satellite and digital channels for the remaining 42.1%.[2] Sales of newspapers have fallen since the 1970s and in 2009 42% of people reported reading a daily national newspaper.[3] In 2010, 82.5% of the United Kingdom population were Internet users, the highest proportion amongst the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year.[4]

Organisations

The

Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.[8] Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up.[9] The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament,[10] and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in over 40 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian.[11]

The BBC operates several television channels nationally and internationally. The main two in the UK are

BBC Proms concerts, live and in full, each summer in addition to performances by the BBC Orchestras and Singers. There are regular productions of both classic plays and newly commissioned drama. BBC Radio 4, focusing on current affairs, science, history, factual and other speech-based programming, including drama and comedy; and BBC Radio 5 Live
, broadcasting 24-hour news, sport and discussion programmes.

In addition to these five stations, the BBC runs a further five stations that broadcast on DAB and online only. These stations supplement and expand on the big five stations, and were launched in 2002. BBC Radio 1Xtra sisters Radio 1, and broadcasts new black music and urban tracks. BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra sisters 5 Live and offers extra sport analysis, including broadcasting sports. BBC Radio 6 Music offers alternative music genres and is notable as a platform for new artists. BBC Radio 4 Extra, provided archive drama, comedy and children's programming. The final station is the BBC Asian Network, providing music, talk and news to this section of the community.

As well as the national stations, the BBC also provides 40

Scottish Gaelic), BBC Radio Ulster, and BBC Radio Foyle
, the latter being an opt-out station from Radio Ulster for the north-west of Northern Ireland.

For a worldwide audience, the

Your Paintings website that catalogued every painting in public ownership for view.[14] Other BBC services include BBC Music, BBC Film, BBC Earth, BBC Weather, BBC Learning, BBC Schools, BBC Research, BBC Archives, BBC Sounds, and BBC Culture
.

The Channel Four Television Corporation is another publicly owned media company founded in 1982. Unlike the BBC, it receives no public funding and is instead funded entirely by its own commercial activities.[15] It consists of 12 channels including Channel 4, Film4, E4, and its own streaming service.[16]

Drama and Yesterday channels are also available on Freeview and Freesat, two free-to-air television services in the UK. Most programmes on the channels are repeat broadcasts of productions from the BBC Archives. Other players in the United Kingdom media include ITV plc, which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network.[17]

News UK is the current publisher of newspapers such as The Times and The Sunday Times.[18] Reuters is an international news organisation founded and based in England.[19] It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide and is one of the largest news agencies in the world.[20]

Media centres

London

Main article: Media in London

London dominates the media sector in the United Kingdom as national newspapers, television and radio networks are largely based there. Notable centres include Fleet Street and BBC's Broadcasting House. Specialist local paper City A.M. is a free, business-focused newspaper published in print Monday to Friday. It is typically available from around 6am at London commuter stations and is handed out at key points in the City, Canary Wharf and other central London locations.

Greater Manchester

Main article: Media in Manchester

Greater Manchester is also a significant national media hub. Notable centres include MediaCityUK a 200-acre (80ha) media production facility in Salford.

Mediacity in Greater Manchester is the largest media-production facility in Europe.

Up Series
.

The

ITV has two major divisions of its business based here ITV Studios responsible for UK and international network production and ITV Granada its regional service provider. The University of Salford also has a media campus and research center based at Media City.[21]

Other key centres

Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales respectively.[22]

Print

Freedom of the press was established in Great Britain in 1695.[23] Founded by publisher John Walter in 1785, The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, and is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface, created by Victor Lardent and commissioned by Stanley Morison in 1931.[24] Newspaper and publishing magnate Alfred Harmsworth played a major role in "shaping the modern press" – Harmsworth introduced or harnessed "broad contents, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control" – and was called "the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street."[25]

Vanity Fair featured caricatures of famous people for which it is best known today.[27]

A pioneer of children's publishing, John Newbery made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market.[28] The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes was published by Newbery in 1765.[28] Founded by Sir Allen Lane in 1935, Penguin Books revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive paperbacks, bringing high-quality paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.[29] Formed in 1940, Puffin Books is the children's imprint of Penguin Books. Barbara Euphan Todd's scarecrow story, Worzel Gummidge, was the first Puffin story book in 1941.[30]

The

trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, have sold over 125 million copies globally, and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback.[32] Copyright laws originated in Britain with the Statute of Anne (also known as the Copyright Act 1709), which outlined the individual rights of the artist. A right to benefit financially from the work is articulated, and court rulings and legislation have recognised a right to control the work, such as ensuring that the integrity of it is preserved.[33] The Statute of Anne gave the publishers rights for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired.[34]

The United Kingdom print publishing sector, including books, server, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.[35] Popular national newspapers include The Times, Financial Times, The Guardian, and The Daily Telegraph. According to a 2021 report by the Media Reform Coalition, 90% of the UK-wide print media is owned and controlled by just three companies, Reach plc (formerly Trinity Mirror), News UK and DMG Media. This figure was up from 83% in 2019.[36] The report also found that six companies operate 83% of local newspapers. The three largest local publishers—Newsquest, Reach and JPI Media—each control a fifth of local press market, more than the share of the smallest 50 local publishers combined.[36]

Newspapers

Main articles: List of newspapers in the United Kingdom and History of British newspapers

Traditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets" because of their large size) and the more "tabloid" varieties. For convenience of reading many traditional broadsheets have switched to a more compact-sized format, traditionally used by tabloids. Online-only newspapers based in the UK such as PinkNews also exist.

The Scottish Sun by four to one, while its sister paper the Sunday Mail similarly leads the Sunday newspaper market. The leading "quality" daily newspaper in Scotland is The Herald, though it is the sister paper of The Scotsman, and the Scotland on Sunday that leads in the Sunday newspaper market.[38] In November 2014, a new newspaper was launched in Scotland called The National.[39]

In March 2016, The Independent ceased printing its physical newspaper, becoming an online-only publication.[40][41][42][43] On 29 November 2019, its sister newspaper, the i newspaper and the i's website were bought by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT).[44][45][46]

Reach plc operates 240 local and regional newspapers in the United Kingdom as well as the national newspapers

TheGuardian.com, News UK and The Daily Telegraph created a joint platform for advertisers to buy online adverts across the multiple leading news websites, called The Ozone Project.[49] Later in the year Reach plc joined the platform, bringing nearly all of UK's national newspapers onto the platform.[50] As of 2020, the newspaper with the highest circulation is the free of charge newspaper Metro with 1,426,535 readers.[51] The Sun and other tabloid daily newspapers have seen a large drop in circulation.[52]

In March 2024, the Conservative government of Rishi Sunak announced a ban on acquisitions of newspapers by foreign states, following The Daily Telegraph and The Spectactor purchases by an Emirati group led by Sheikh Mansour, deputy prime-minister and vice-president of the United Arab Emirates, virtually forcing those takeovers terminated.[53]

Broadsheet and former broadsheet newspapers

Title Days of
publication 		Circulation Established Editor Owner Political
orientation 		Political party support
in the 2019 general election 		Format
The Daily Telegraph Daily N/A 1855 Chris Evans
Frederick Barclay
)		 Right-wing Conservative Party Broadsheet
The Sunday Telegraph Sundays 1961 Allister Heath
The Times Daily 1785 John Witherow
News Corporation
Centre-right
 Compact
The Sunday Times Sundays 1821 Emma Tucker Broadsheet
Financial Times Daily 104,024 1888 Roula Khalaf
Nikkei Inc.
 Centrist None
The Guardian Daily 111,953 1821 Katharine Viner Scott Trust Limited's Guardian Media Group.
Centre-left
 Labour Party Compact
The Observer Sundays 152,129 1791 Paul Webster None
i Daily 148,163 2010 Oliver Duff Daily Mail and General Trust Centrist
i Weekend Saturdays N/A 2017
The Independent N/A 1986 Chris Broughton
Sultan Muhammad Abuljadayel
Alexander Lebedev
Evgeny Lebedev
 Online only

Tabloid newspapers

Title Days of publication Format Established Editor Owner Political
orientation 		Political party support
in the 2019 general election
Daily Mail Daily Broadsheet (1896 – 1971)
Tabloid (since 1971) 		1896 Geordie Greig
Daily Mail and General Trust plc
Right-wing, conservative
 Conservative Party
The Mail on Sunday Sundays Tabloid 1982
Daily Express Daily Broadsheet (1900 – 1977)
Tabloid (since 1978) 		1900 Gary Jones
Reach
Right-wing, conservative
Sunday Express
 		Sundays Broadsheet (1918 – 1992)
Tabloid (since 1992) 		1918 Michael Booker
The Sun Daily Tabloid 1964 Tony Gallagher
News Corporation
Right-wing, conservative
The Sun on Sunday
 Sundays Tabloid 2012
Daily Mirror Daily Tabloid 1903 Lloyd Embley
Reach
Centre-left
 Labour Party
Sunday Mirror Sundays Tabloid 1915
Sunday People
 Sundays Tabloid 1881 Paul Henderson
Daily Star Daily Tabloid 1978 Jon Clark Largely non-political None
Daily Star Sunday Sundays Tabloid 2002 Stuart James
Morning Star Daily Tabloid 1930 Ben Chacko People's Press Printing Society
Left-wing, socialist
 Labour Party
Eastern Eye Weekly Tabloid 1989 Asian Media Group None

Freesheet newspapers in urban centres

Title Days of publication Format Established Editor Owner Political
orientation 		Distribution
Evening Standard Weekdays (evening) Tabloid 1827 George Osborne
Lord Rothermere
(24.9%)
Centre-right, conservative
 Greater London
Metro
 Weekdays Tabloid 1999 Ted Young
Daily Mail and General Trust plc
Non-partisan
, neutral (self-claim) 		Wide availability in the major cities
City A.M. Weekdays (morning) Tabloid 2005 Christian May City A.M. Ltd
Centre-right, conservative
 Wide availability in the major cities
The Shuttle Weekly Tabloid 1870 Peter John Newsquest Media Group Local politics Wyre Forest area of Worcestershire
Asian Express Weekly Tabloid 1999 Media Buzz Ltd
Yorkshire Reporter Monthly Tabloid 2013 Pick up Publications Ltd Widely available in Leeds and its surrounding areas
Asian Standard Weekly Tabloid 2017 RF Publishing Ltd Widely available as regional titles in Bradford, Kirklees, North East and Leeds

Magazines

See also: List of magazines in the United Kingdom

A large range of magazines are sold in the United Kingdom covering most interests and potential topics. British magazines and journals that have achieved worldwide circulation include The Economist, Prospect, Nature, New Scientist, New Statesman, The Spectator, the Radio Times, and NME.

Books

Main article:
RELX Group.[55]

The University of Oxford's

Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The British Library is also a major research library, with items in many languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings.[57] Its collections include around 14 million books,[58] along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and items dating as far back as 2000 BC. The library maintains a programme for content acquisition and adds some three million items each year occupying 9.6 kilometres (6 mi) of new shelf space.[59]

The

Pearson
remain dominant players within the industry and continue to publish titles globally.

Broadcasting

Radio

Picture of a Truetone brand radio
Main articles: Radio in the United Kingdom and Digital radio in the United Kingdom

Radio in the United Kingdom is dominated by the BBC, which operates

digital radio technology have enabled the launch of several new stations by the Corporation.[65]

Rather than operating as independent entities, many commercial local radio stations are owned by large radio groups which broadcast a similar format to many areas. The largest operator of radio stations is

Bauer Radio. There are a number of licensed community radio stations[66]
which broadcast to local audiences.

Television

Main article: Television in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has no analogue

switched to digital (from a previously analogue signal) in 2012.[67]

BBC Four

The

advertisements to provide a revenue stream. It produces a number of digital channels, branded as Channel 4, as well as More4 and Film4
.

The commercial operators rely on advertising for their revenue, and are run as commercial ventures, in contrast to the public service operators. The

Channel Islands and STV in Central and Northern Scotland. ITV also operates ITV2, ITV3, ITV4, and ITVBe via ITV Digital Channels. The broadcaster Sky owns several flagship channels, including Sky Arts, Sky Showcase, Sky Nature, Sky Cinema and Sky Atlantic.[68]

The Royal Television Society (RTS) is an educational charity for the discussion, and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It is the oldest television society in the world.[69] The Radio Academy is dedicated to "the encouragement, recognition and promotion of excellence in UK broadcasting and audio production".[70] It was formed in 1983 and is run via a board of trustees, with a Chair and a Deputy Chair, and a Managing Director.[71] Their responsibilities include designing, planning, and implementing projects and programmes.[72]

Internet

Main article: Internet in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has been involved with the Internet throughout its origins and development. The telecommunications infrastructure in the United Kingdom provides internet access to businesses and home users in various forms, including fibre, cable, DSL, wireless and mobile.

The share of households with internet access in the United Kingdom grew from 9 percent in 1998 to 93 percent in 2019. Virtually all adults aged 16 to 44 years in the UK were recent internet users (99%) in 2019, compared with 47% of adults aged 75 years and over; in aggregate, the third-highest in Europe. Online shoppers in the UK spend more per household than consumers in any other country. Internet bandwidth per Internet user was the 7th highest in the world in 2016, and average and peak internet connection speeds were top-quartile in 2017. Internet use in the United Kingdom doubled in 2020. The United Kingdom's most visited websites include google.com, youtube.co.uk, facebook.com, bbc.co.uk, google.co.uk, and ebay.co.uk.[73]

Regulation

Following the Leveson Inquiry the Press Recognition Panel (PRP) was set up under the Royal Charter on self-regulation of the press to judge whether press regulators meet the criteria recommended by the Leveson Inquiry for recognition under the Charter. By 2016 the UK had two new press regulatory bodies, the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), which regulates most national newspapers and many other media outlets, and IMPRESS, which regulates a much smaller number of outlets but is the only press regulator recognised by the PRP since October 2016.[74]

Broadcast media (TV, radio, video on demand, streaming), telecommunications, and postal services are regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom).[75] Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, streaming, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material.[76][77] Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting radio. Ofcom also oversees the use of social media and devices and analyses media use of the youth (ages 3 to 15 years old), to gather information of how the United Kingdom utilises its media.[78]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b Ofcom "Communication Market Report 2010", 19 August 2010, pp. 97, 164 and 191, retrieved 17 June 2011.
  3. ^ "Social Trends: Lifestyles and social participation", Office for National Statistics, 16 February 2010, archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
  4. ^ "Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users", Internet World Stats, archived from the original on 10 June 2011.
  5. ^ "BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
  6. ^ "BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand". Media Newsline. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  7. ^ "About the BBC – What is the BBC". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  8. ^ "BBC – Governance – Annual Report 2013/14". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  9. ^ "TV Licensing: Legislation and policy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  10. ^ "BBC Press Office: TV Licence Fee: facts & figures". Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  11. ^ "BBC World Service launches". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  12. ^ "192 Million BBC World Service Listeners". BBC World Service. 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  13. ^ "Languages". BBC. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  14. ^ Cohen, Nick. "Your Paintings: Opening up the nation's art collection". BBC Internet Blog. BBC. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  15. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | Channel 4". www.channel4.com. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  16. ^ "Privatising Channel 4: What could new ownership mean and who might buy it?". BBC News. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  17. ^ "Publications & Policies: The History of ITV", ITV.com, archived from the original on 11 April 2011.
  18. ^ "Publishing", News Corporation, archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
  19. ^ "About us". Reuters. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  20. ^ "News agency". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 August 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  21. ^ UK Campus, Media City. "Courses and Training". Research Center. University of Salford. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  22. ISBN 9987-16-021-2
    , pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.
  23. ^ "Leveson Inquiry: British press freedom is a model for the world, editor tells inquiry". The Telegraph. 20 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  24. ISBN 1-84511-028-5
    .
  25. ^ Lord Beaverbrook, Politicians and the War, 1914–1916 (1928) 1:93.
  26. ^ "The History of Magazines". Magazines.com. 16 September 2016.
  27. ^ "National Portrait Gallery – Set – Vanity Fair cartoons". npg.org.uk.
  28. ^ a b Matthew O Grenby (2013). "Little Goody Two-Shoes and Other Stories: Originally Published by John Newbery". p. vii. Palgrave Macmillan
  29. ^ Florence Waters (26 August 2010). "Penguin's pioneering publisher – who never read books". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  30. ^ Daniel Hahn (2015). "The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature". p. 479. Oxford University Press
  31. ^ "Guinness Book History 1950 – Present". spyhunter007.com.
  32. ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James now worth £37m". The Guardian. 2 April 2017.
  33. ^ "Statute of Anne". Copyrighthistory.com. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  34. ISBN 978-1-84542-282-0
    .
  35. ^ "Publishing", Department of Culture, Media and Sport, archived from the original on 5 May 2011.
  36. ^ a b Chivers, Tom (14 March 2021). "Report: Who Owns the UK Media?" (PDF). Media Reform Coalition. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  37. ^ Lyall, Sarah (24 February 2010). "British Panel Condemns Media Group in Phone Hacking Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  38. ^ Tryhorn, Chris (9 May 2008), "Scottish Sun pulls further ahead of Record", Guardian.co.uk, archived from the original on 16 March 2009.
  39. ^ Sweney, Mark (21 November 2014). "Pro-independence daily paper the National to launch in Scotland". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  40. ^ "The Independent becomes the first national newspaper to embrace a global, digital-only future". The Independent. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  41. ^ Holton, Kate; Sandle, Paul (12 February 2022). "Presses to fall silent at UK's Independent as paper goes online-only". Reuters. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  42. ^ Jackson, Jasper (22 March 2022). "Independent staff asked to take huge pay cuts in online-only move". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  43. ^ "Independent publishes final newspaper before going digital only". ITV News. 26 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  44. ^ "Daily Mail owner buys i newspaper for £50m". BBC News. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  45. ^ Sweney, Mark (29 November 2019). "Daily Mail owner buys the i newspaper for £49.6m". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  46. ^ Cockburn, Harry (29 November 2019). "Daily Mail owner buys i newspaper for £49.6m". The Independent. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  47. ^ "Trinity Mirror plc: Annual Report and Accounts 2010" (PDF), Trinity Mirror, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011.
  48. ^ Tobitt, Charlotte (20 June 2018). "Culture Secretary gives green light to Reach takeover of Express Newspapers". Press Gazette. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  49. ^ Waterson, Jim (20 June 2018). "Guardian, News UK and Telegraph launch joint advertising business". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  50. ^ Tobitt, Charlotte (11 September 2018). "Joint advertising platform becomes 'truly cross-industry initiative' as Reach unites with News UK, Guardian and Telegraph". Press Gazette. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  51. ^ Mayhew, Freddy (20 February 2020). "National newspaper ABCs: Daily Star Sunday sees biggest print drop in first 2020 circulation figures". Press Gazette.
  52. ^ Week, Marketing (6 March 2009). "The Sun sees dramatic circulation drop". Marketing Week. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  53. ^ "Telegraph takeover: UK to ban foreign state ownership of newspapers". 13 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  54. ^ "Printing in England from William Caxton to Christopher Barker: an Exhibition, November 1976 - April 1977". University of Glasgow.
  55. ^ "The World's 54 Largest Publishers, 2018", Publishers Weekly, vol. 265, no. 38, US, 14 September 2018
  56. ^ "Using the British Library". British Library. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  57. ^ "Using the British Library". British Library. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  58. ^ "The British Library; Explore the world's knowledge". British Library. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  59. ^ The British Library Annual Report and Accounts 2010/11, p. 31
  60. ^ "Agency for the Legal Deposit Libraries". Legaldeposit.org.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  61. ^ [1], The Creative Industries website, accessed 10 December 2015
  62. ^ "News and Analysis in your language". BBC. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  63. ^ a b "TV Licence Fee: facts & figures". BBC Press Office. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  64. ^ "BBC Funding Settlements: the details". OFCOMWATCH. October 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  65. ^ "BBC7 radio launches with comedy", BBC News, 16 December 2002, retrieved 10 July 2011.
  66. ^ "Map of Community radio stations broadcasting in the UK".
  67. ^ "What is digital switchover". Directgov. December 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  68. ^ "What channels are on Sky TV?". Uswitch. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  69. ^ "Royal Television Society". Royal Television Society. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  70. ^ "The Radio Academy's official website". The Radio Academy. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  71. ^ "New Chair & Deputy Appointed To The Radio Academy".
  72. ^ Best, Bill (25 January 2019). "Radio Academy Trustee Elections 2019 - Voting now open". Community Media Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  73. ^ "Top Ranking Websites in United Kingdom". SimilarWeb.
  74. ^ "Panel Gives Alternative Press Regulator Royal Charter". Press Gazette. 25 October 2016.
  75. ^ "What is Ofcom?". Ofcom. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  76. Liberty. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original
    on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  77. ^ Lunt, Peter; Livingstone, Sonia (2007). "Regulating markets in the interest of consumers?: on the changing regime of governance in the financial service and communications sectors.". Governance, consumers and citizens: agency and resistance in contemporary politics (PDF). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 139–161. Retrieved 11 January 2014. Footnote 15.
  78. ^ "BBC News". 29 January 2019.

Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1218234383"