Mass media in Somalia
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Mass media in
Radio
The first radio communications were started by the Italians in Mogadishu
Actually there are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia.[7] Radio is the most important and effective communication channel in the country and the most popular type of mass media.[8] In total, about one short-wave and over ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations airing from the central and southern regions and from Puntland.[7] Most radio stations in Somalia are members of Network 2013, an association of local radio stations and a forum for national media leaders.[9]
Other radio stations headquartered in Mogadishu include Ugbaad Media
Radio stations of south central Somalia include Radio Dhusamareb, Radio Codka Nabada/Radio Abud-Waq, Codka Mudug,[20] Radio Hobyo,[21] Radio Galguduud, and Codka Gobollada Dhexe (Voice of Central Somalia).[8]
The northeastern
Additionally, the
As of 2007, transmissions for two internationally based broadcasters were available.[7]
Station | Language | Establishment | Hub | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horseed Media | Somali, English | 2008 | Bosaso | [[astaanAstaansan.com san]] | Somali | established 2021 | Mogadishu |
Puntland TV and Radio | Somali | 2013 | Garowe
| ||||
Radio Gaalkacyo | Somali, English | 1993 | Galkayo | ||||
Radio Garowe | Somali | 2004 | Garowe
| ||||
Mustaqbal Radio |
Somali | March 15, 2012 | Mogadishu | ||||
Radio Dalsan |
Somali English | April 01, 2012 | Mogadishu | ||||
Risaala Radio | Somali | April 24, 2011 | Mogadishu | ||||
Goobjoog FM | Somali, English | 2012 | Mogadishu | ||||
Radio Shabelle | Somali, English | 2002 | Mogadishu | ||||
SBC Radio | Arabic, English |
2001 | Bosaso | ||||
Som Production | Somali | 2019 | Mogadishu | ||||
Star FM Radio | Somali | 2005 | Mogadishu | ||||
Radio Hiddo | Somali | 2015 | Mogadishu |
Television
Somalia has one official government-run television station in addition to a number of private networks.
The private stations Eastern Television Network (ETN TV) and Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC TV) broadcast from Bosaso, Puntland's commercial hub.[23] Horn Cable Television (HCTV),[31] as well as Somaliland Space Channel air from Hargeisa.[32]
Two private channel re-broadcasts of Al-Jazeera and CNN are also available.[7]
There are likewise several Somali-owned private television stations headquartered abroad, which broadcast to Somalia. Among these are Somali TV of
Channel | Language | Establishment | Hub |
---|---|---|---|
Somali Cable TV | Somali | 2015 | Muqdisho
|
Eastern Television Network | Somali | 2005 | Bosaso |
Horn Cable Television | Somali | 2003 | Hargeisa |
Puntland TV and Radio | Somali | 2013 | Garowe
|
SBC TV | Arabic, English |
2001 | Bosaso |
Shabelle TV | Somali | 2002 | Mogadishu |
Somali National Television | Arabic, English |
1983 | Mogadishu |
Goobjoog TV | Somali, English | 2012 | Mogadishu |
Print and online
Historically the first newspapers in Somalia were printed in
During the Barre regime from 1969 to 1991 there were up to five newspapers in the country. The press was at the time strictly regulated and there was very little press freedom. The newspapers were Xiddigta Oktoobar (Somali language, government owned), Najmatu Oktober (Arabic language, government owned), Heegan (English language, government owned), Ogaal (Somali language, owned by ruling party), Aldaleeca (Arabic language, privately owned)[41]
At the start of the civil war all of the established newspapers collapsed together with TV and Radio channels. In the vacuum many new newspapers appeared, but many of them were connected to the fighting factions and warlords and have been seen as biased and sometimes low quality.[42]
In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xurriyadda and Xiddigta Maanta.
In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital.
However, according to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.[43]
Online news outlets covering Somalia's regions includes WardheerNews,[44] Dulqaadka News Jamhuria,[45] Keydmedia Online,[46] Puntlandi,[47] Hiiraan Online,[48] Jowhar Online,[49] Bar-Kulan,[50] Saxafi Media News,[51] Waheen Media Group,[52] Dillapress,[53] JubbaLand News,[54] Somali Channel,[55] Somali Inside News,[56] SomaliPost,[57] Goobjoog,[58] and Raxanreeb Online.[59]
Newspaper | Language | Establishment | Hub |
---|---|---|---|
AllSBC | Somali | – | Bosaso |
Dalmar Press | Somali | 2006– | Mogadishu |
Dillapress | Arabic, English |
2009 | Dilla |
Geeska Afrika |
Somali, English | 2003 | Hargeisa |
Dawan Tribune | Arabic, English |
2000 | Hargeisa |
Garowe Online | Somali, English | 2004 | Garowe
|
Horseed Media | Somali, English | 2002 | Bosaso |
Mareeg Media | Somali, English | 2002 (2019) | Mogadishu |
Ogaal Newspaper | Somali, English | 2005 | Hargeisa |
Puntland Post | Somali, English | 2001 | Garowe
|
Somali Posts | English | 2020 | Mogadishu |
Radio Mogadishu | Arabic, English |
2011 | Mogadishu |
Shabelle Media Network | Somali, English | 2002 | Mogadishu |
Somali Inside News | Somali, English | 2010 | Mogadishu |
Som Production | Somali, English | 2019 | Mogadishu |
Press freedom
After the collapse of the central government and the start of the
Regulation
On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the
On August 1, 2012, a new Provisional Constitution was adopted, which includes several statutes related to the media profession. Article 16 of the supreme law assures freedom of association, with the related Articles 20, 21 and 23 guaranteeing freedom of assembly, demonstration, protest and petition, freedom of movement and residence, and freedom of trade, occupation and profession, respectively. Article 24 governs labour relations, including the right to form, join and participate in labour unions, to engage in collective bargaining, to receive protection from discrimination, harassment and segregation in the workplace, and the right to strike. Article 18 specifically pertains to freedom of expression and opinions for media workers, among others:[63]
(1) Every person has the right to have and express their opinions and to receive and impart their opinion, information and ideas in any way.
(2) Freedom of expression includes freedom of speech, and freedom of the media, including all forms of electronic and web-based media.
(3) Every person has the right to freely express their artistic creativity, knowledge, and information gathered through research.
In February 2013, Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights in order to firm up on the protection of individual rights. The 13-member committee of volunteers was formed after extensive consultations with civil society groups and the Speaker of Parliament, Mohamed Osman Jawari. Chaired by prominent human rights attorney Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, one of four women on the panel, the Task Force includes a media representative, an educator, peace activist, leaders of Somali women's organizations, senior police officers, a humanitarian campaigner, and a religious leader. It is tasked with investigating allegations of journalist intimidation and violence. At the end of its three-month mandate, the committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action. The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission, which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period.[64]
In February 2013, the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication announced that the government was opening the 2007 Somali media law for consultation. The bill had been passed by the former
On 1 September 2014, in a meeting chaired by Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, the Federal Cabinet approved the new Draft Media Bill.[67] The legislation was welcomed by the National Union of Somali Journalists and other local media groups, who urged public institutions to adhere to the bill once implemented. Among other clauses, the new law proposes the establishment of an Independent Media Council.[68] According to Minister of Information Mustaf Ali Duhulow, after having consulted with Somali journalists and directors, the media bill was put before the Federal Parliament for deliberation during its fifth legislative session.[67]
See also
- List of journalists killed during the Somali civil war
- Communications in Somalia
- Cinema of Somalia
References
- ^ Italian Mogadiscio
- ^ Marconi works (in Italian)
- ^ Radio Mogadiscio
- ^ World radio TV handbook, (Billboard Publications., 1955), p.77.
- ^ Thomas Lucien Vincent Blair, Africa: a market profile, (Praeger: 1965), p.126.
- ^ SOMALIA: TNG launches "Radio Mogadishu"
- ^ a b c d e Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ a b c d Media and Telecom Landscape Guide: Somalia (PDF), Infoasaid, 27 July 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-14, retrieved 20 April 2013
- ^ "Members". Network 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-12-31. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ Mustaqbal Radio
- ^ "Bar-Kulan". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
- ^ Radio Kulmiye
- ^ Radio Dannan
- ^ Radio Dalsan
- ^ Radio Banadir
- ^ Radio Maanta
- ^ "Gool FM". Archived from the original on 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
- ^ "Radio Xurmo". Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ^ "Radio Xamar". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ^ "Codka Mudug". Archived from the original on 2013-04-30. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
- ^ Radio Hobyo
- ^ Radio Daljir
- ^ a b Planning and Statistics Department, Puntland Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (2006). The Statistical Abstract of Bosaso Municipality. Bosaso Municipal Council. p. 58.
- ^ Codka Nabada
- ^ Somali Public Radio
- ^ Media and Telecom Landscape Guide: Somalia (PDF), Infoasaid, 27 July 2012, p. 64, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-14, retrieved 20 April 2013
- ^ "After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station". AHN. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Somalia launches national TV". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
- ^ Somaliland National TV
- ^ "Somali Media Mapping Report" (PDF). Somali Media Mapping. Retrieved 31 August 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Horn Cable TV
- ^ "Somaliland Space Channel". Archived from the original on 2013-10-27. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
- ^ "Somali TV of Minnesota". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
- ^ Dalmar TV
- ^ "Universal TV". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
- ^ "Royal TV". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
- ^ "Somali Channel TV". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
- ^ "Il Littorale" on the 1938 Auto Circuit on page 5 (in Italian)
- ^ Corriere della Somalia" of February 1948
- ^ "Corriere della Somalia: Stadio CONI; Somalia Championship in 1956 (page 3)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
- ^ Gaas, mohamed Husein. "mapping the somali media: an overview" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ Gaas, mohamed Husein. "mapping the somali media: an overview" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ Ahmed, Majid (11 December 2012). "Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia". Sabahi. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ "WardheerNews". Archived from the original on 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ Jamhuria
- ^ Keydmedia Online
- ^ "Puntlandi". Archived from the original on 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ Hiiraan Online
- ^ Jowhar Online
- ^ Bar-Kulan
- ^ "Saxafi Media News". Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
- ^ Waaheen Media Group
- ^ Dillapress
- ^ "JubbaLand News". Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
- ^ "Somali Channel". Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
- ^ "Somali Inside News". web.archive.org. 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
- ^ Somali Posts
- ^ [Goobjoog.com Goobjoog]
- ^ Raxanareeb Online – About
- ^ Mohamed, Hamza (6 February 2013). "Fear spreads after Somali journalist jailing". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ "About NUSOJ". National Union of Somalia Journalists. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19.
- ^ "Somali government to establish communications regulatory commission". Sabahi. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- ^ "Somali PM launches Human Rights Task Force". Xikmo. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Somali media law open for consultation". Daily Industry News. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Consultative Workshop on the Draft Somali Media Law held in Mogadishu". Raxanreeb. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Somalia: Cabinet pass new draft media law". Goobjoog. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ "SOMALIA: Cabinet passes new Draft Media Bill after two weeks of discussion". Raxanreeb. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Bibliography
External links
- Somalia Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication
- Somali Media Mapping
- Karen Fung, African Studies Association (ed.). "News (by country): Somalia". Africa South of the Sahara. United States – via Stanford University.
Annotated directory
- "Newspapers Held in Microform: Somalia" (PDF). Cooperative Africana Materials Project. United States: Center for Research Libraries. 2012.