Media portrayals of transgender people
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (April 2022) |
Portrayals of transgender people in mass media reflect societal attitudes about transgender identity, and have varied and evolved with public perception and understanding. Media representation, culture industry, and social marginalization all hint at popular culture standards and the applicability and significance to mass culture, even though media depictions represent only a minuscule spectrum of the transgender group,[1] which essentially conveys that those that are shown are the only interpretations and ideas society has of them. However, in 2014, the United States reached a "transgender tipping point", according to Time.[2][3] At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.[4] Research has found that viewing multiple transgender TV characters and stories improves viewers' attitudes toward transgender people and related policies.[5]
Historically
Transgender identity was discussed in the mass media as long ago as the 1930s.
Literature
In February 2016, John Hansen of The Guardian noted that for the past few years, "YA and middle grade books with trans main characters remain sorely lacking," and as such Hansen pointed to ten transgender authors who have trans characters in their novels.[8] Even so, Dahlia Adler of Barnes & Noble noted that literature with transgender protagonists is quickly evolving with more "trans authors in the spotlight."[9] Christina Orlando Book Riot wrote that one of the biggest caps in the publishing industry is "transgender fiction about the trans experience," further stating that "trans stories always seem to be a second thought," pushed aside so that other "palatable narratives" can take its place.[10] Additionally, Hannah Weiss of Insider wrote, in 2020, that readers can find a "find a vast variety of fantasy and sci-fi stories" which star non-binary and trans characters, most of which are written by trans people.[11]
Reviewers for The Guardian, Barnes & Noble, Insider, and Book Riot highlight some of the same books with transgender characters. These include Everett Maroon's The Unintentional Time Traveler (2014), Pat Schmatz's Lizard Radio (2015), Meredith Russo's If I Was Your Girl (2016), April Daniels' Dreadnought (2017), Anna-Marie McLemore's When the Moon Was Ours (2016), C. B. Lee's Not Your Villain (2017).[8][9][10][11] Barnes & Noble further points to Matthew J. Metzger's Spy Stuff (2016)[9] while Insider highlights Akwaeke Emezi's Pet (2019), Rich Larson's Annex (2018), Amy Rose Capetta's The Brilliant Death (2018), and a collection of stories titled All Out: The No-Longer-Secret Stories of Queer Teens throughout the Ages (2018) which are edited by Saundra Mitchell.[11] Book Riot and The Guardian listed 12 other books with transgender characters and themes.[a]
Painting
The portrayal of transgender people in painting is difficult to identify because painting is a visual art in which the viewer is only able know what the eye can see, especially in earlier times due to the lack of openness and terminology in society. It is hard to determine a transgender individual in a painting because the genitals, the fundamental feature that doctors use to assign biological sex, are oftentimes not depicted.[12] Before the 20th century, visual representations of cross-dressing were extremely rare and scarce information is known about individuals who broke gender norms in earlier eras;[13] the LGBT movement had not happened and LGBTQ+ individuals were not as widely accepted in Western culture. Portrayals of non-conforming in visual art forms have been around forever, and these art forms are increasingly becoming more accepted and visible in society.
According to David Getsy, an art history professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, "The historical record has so little in it around evidence of transgender lives - or what we would now call transgender lives - and the evidence we do have is couched in oppression and negativity." He also considers the one story narrative of history that erases evidence of oppressed identities and how the limited evidence that we do have of such works is just a piece of a greater archival records that have been lost.[14]
The oil on canvas "Alonso Díaz de Guzmán" c. 1626, attributed to
Displayed in the Portland Art Museum and seen as one of the earliest paintings of gender fluidity painted sometime between 1740-1760, Giuseppe Bonito's "II Femminiello" is a medium oil on canvas measuring 77.1 by 63.2 centimeters.[18] "Femminielli" was directly translated to "little female-men" to refer to cross-dressers in 18th century Italian society. The term was associated with the "third sex" and was accepted by society, even used with endearment toward these cross-dressers, mostly coming from poverty stricken neighborhoods that were seen to bring good luck, combining the strength of both males and females.[19] The term "femminiello" is not to be directly compared to the term transgender but as a separate somewhat parallel term used in Italian culture. Known to work in the genre "pittora ridicula" (ridiculous paintings), Bonito's intentions of his depiction of the "femminiello" is unclear. According to Sotheby, "in these pictures, artists chose subjects from the lower classes and depicted them in mildly amusing ways or situation, and often with moralizing overtones."[14]
Early portrayals of non-conforming in paintings not only appeared in Western paintings but also from all other places.
"Chevalier d'Eon" originally painted by French artist Jean-Laurent Mosnier (1743-1808) and presented at the Royal Academy in 1791,[23] was recreated by Thomas Stuart. The painting portrayed Chevalier d'Eon, born as Charles Geneviève Louis Auguste André Timothée d'Éon de Beaumont. Despite conservative gender norms in the 18th century, she was accepted as a woman into society, serving the King and playing a key role in negotiating peace that ended the Seven Years War.[24] Not only was she accepted into society, a rare celebration for the LGBTQ+ community at the time, she was also praised and celebrated, featured in other paintings such as "The Fencing Match between Chevalier de Saint-George and the Chevalier d'Eon" by Alexandre-Auguste Robineaue c. 1787-1789.
Comics/Manga
According to a study by Erik Melander in 2005, at least 25% of webcomic creators were female. This percentage was significantly larger than the number of successful women creating print comics at the time, and the number may have been even higher, as a certain percentage of contributors were unknown.
DC Comics introduced Alysia Yeoh as the first major transgender character written in a contemporary context in a mainstream comic book.[35] She is a fictional character created by writer Gail Simone for the Batgirl ongoing series, and is Barbara Gordon's best friend, and a transgender woman. They went on to premiere the first ever transgender wedding in Batgirl #45.[36] Marvel Comics has followed suit, with writer Al Ewing adapting popular character Loki to have a fluid gender identity.[37]
Transgender themes are also found in manga. One notable example is Wandering Son, which deals with issues such as being transgender, gender identity, and the beginning of puberty. Gary Groth of Fantagraphics Books said in an interview he licensed Wandering Son because "it's not a typical choice for a manga title published in the U.S. and it's not typical subject matter for comics in general,"[38] saying that the subject is "perfectly legitimate ... for literature—or comics."[38] Web comics have also included trans characters, with award-winning[39] series Questionable Content adding trans woman Claire Augustus in comic 2203.[40]
Film
In the 1980s, writer, filmmaker, and actor Jake Graf said that he couldn't "find himself in any of the TV or film characters he saw" and called the worst manifestation of this was in the 1999 film, Boys Don't Cry.[41] He called the film the "most horrific representation" which put him off transitioning "for another ten years." He said, when interviewed in 2017, that representation of transgender people is improving from being portrayed negatively or as the "butt of the joke."
Films depicting transgender issues include:
Southern Comfort is a documentary film, directed by Kate Davis,[42] that goes over the life of a transgender man, Robert Eads. As a transgender man, Robert was denied health care for his ovarian cancer because doctors were afraid their reputation would be negatively affected.[42] The film being a documentary accentuates the factuality of the discrimination transgender people go through.
The film took the audience through the life of Robert Eads– it showed his family, "chosen" family and his battle with ovarian cancer. His chosen family were his friends that he considered to be family. Due to the denial of attention to his ovarian cancer, Robert Eads passed away.[43]
By walking through Robert's life the audience is introduced to the various struggles that transgender people may face. This documentary film mainly focused on the struggles transgender people face in the health care system. The recognition of these issues advocated for change by displaying the prejudice and discrimination faced by transgender people in the health care system.[43] The documentation of his life steps away from the narration of transgender people being the joke and gives the audience a chance to understand transgender people on a more personal level.
In February 2006,
Also in 2006,
Additionally, in 2017 Jake Graf, a trans filmmaker released a short film called "Dusk[46]" which tells the story of a trans man from his childhood through adulthood. The film highlights the struggles trans men go through with transitioning and the lack of resources and acceptance in society available to them. Chris in the film meets a dream woman named Julie but struggles with self-identity and how life could be different. One of the struggles depicted is how gender roles are critiqued and expected in a closed society. Ultimately, the film ends with Chris being old with Julie and still in their romantic relationship, which helps Chris understand that some questions in life have no answers or right ones which make us who we are.
In 2013, GLAAD noted a number of films which they felt had positive transgender representation. The organization specifically listed The World According to Garp (1982), Second Serve (1986), The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994), Ma Vie en Rose (My Life in Pink) (1997), Southern Comfort (2001), Normal (2003), and Transamerica (2005).[47] Bustle also argued that TransAmerica had positive depiction of transgender people.[48]
In 2017, Nikki Reitz of
In 2012, PhD student Jeremy Russell Miller argued in his dissertation, Crossdressing cinema: an analysis of transgender representation in film,[50] that there should also be an emphasis on the recurring issue of the use of Transgender characters in comedic films. There has been a constant theme or trend of utilizing male characters dressed as women for comedic effect. In award-winning films such as Victor/Victoria, Some Like It Hot, and Big Momma's House, there is an implication of having male-identifying actors become and act as female characters to bring a focus of laughter.[50] Each film grossed over $20 million dollars and won an Oscar over ten other nominated films.[50] Miller's argument highlights the fact that profit is made from the humiliation of the display of transgender people.[50] They are often used as the bud of the joke and made into objects to ridicule. While comedies should be taken lightly and not seriously, they should still be called out for how damaging it can be to associate transgender people as subjects of laughter. Further, films such as Mrs. Doubtfire and 100 Girls invalidate the process of transitioning that display heteronormative privileges that cisgender men have over transgender people. As these movies cut from a character being one gender to another, it allows for each character to keep their heteronormative identities. This helps preserve their privilege of being heteronormative.[50] Even then, if the process is seen, it is treated as torture which furthers heteronormative privilege.
During the four-year period of 2017–2020, GLAAD's annual Studio Responsibility Index found that major studios had produced no films with transgender or nonbinary characters.[51] However, in March 2021, Patti Harrison became the "first known trans actor to voice a character in a Disney animated movie," specifically Raya and the Last Dragon.[52]
In March 2022, Professor Cáel M. Keegan argued against the idea that more favorable media portrayals of transgender people could greatly change how they were treated within society.[53] In his article for Film Quarterly, he discussed how popular portrayals end up overshadowing more nuanced or unconventional depictions, thus becoming more "assimilative" than revolutionary.[53] In light of this issue, Keegan suggested that portrayals commonly considered to be aversive (or "'bad' trans object[s]") might actually be better equipped to produce thought-provoking depictions because they "cannot fit within the aesthetic system" at all.[53] While examining the films Tootsie (1982), It's Pat (1994), and The Assignment (2016), Keegan also attempted to vindicate their controversial portrayals of transgender people by claiming that their uncomfortable natures "point to...broader vision[s] for trans politics" overall.[53]
Live-action television
In 2012, GLAAD reviewed 102 episodes and storylines of scripted television containing transgender characters, finding that "54% of those were categorized as containing negative representations at the time of their airing" while another 35% ranged from "problematic" to good," with only 12% considered "groundbreaking, fair and accurate" to such an extent that they could win a GLAAD Media Award.[54] The organization specifically criticized CSI (2000-2015), Nip/Tuck (2003-2010), Californication (2007-2014), House of Lies (2012-2016), while praising episodes in shows such as Grey's Anatomy (2005–Present), Cold Case (2003-2010), Two and a Half Men (2003-2015), The Education of Max Bickford (2001-2002), Degrassi (2001-2015), The Riches (2007-2008), and Ugly Betty (2006-2010). The following year, GLAAD stated that while depiction of gay, lesbian, and bisexual characters increased since 2003, depictions of "transgender characters remain comparatively infrequent" and are often problematic.[47] Degrassi continued be praised by GLAAD, and by Bustle for its positive depiction of transgender characters.[47][48]
In 2019, Michael Rothman of
GLAAD and Good Morning America noted transgender characters and themes in Supergirl (2015–Present), The OA (2016-2019), RuPaul's Drag Race (2009-Present), Tales of the City (1993), TransGeneration (2005), Ugly Betty (2006-2010), Dirty Sexy Money (2007-2010), America's Next Top Model (2008), The Real World (2009), Dancing with the Stars (2011), and Glee (2012-2013).[55][47] Bustle added this, noting the same was the case for the series Transparent (2014-2019), Inside Amy Schumer (2013-2016), and Bad Education (2012-2014).[48]
In December 2022, Professor Michelle H. S. Ho from the National University of Singapore wrote an article published in Television & New Media discussing the changing ways in which "'transgender'...tarento [or]...television personalities" are represented in "Japanese Media Culture[.][58] Ho detailed how the "historical context...of trans women in Japan" is connected to the personas of the "onē (queen) and nyūhāfu (new-half)[,]" which are of "come[d]ic...[or] sexual" natures.[58] Ho then spotlighted Nishihara Satsuki an "internet celebrity-turned-tarento...who identifies as toransujendā (transgender) and" is considered to be a more modern representation "...of trans tarento as entertainers" overall.[58] Though Ho acknowledged that Satsuki "...subscribes to 'transnormativity,'" which relies "'upon a binary medical model[,]'" she ultimately emphasized how "...Satsuki demand[ed] mainstream media...take trans representation more seriously" as a whole.[58]
Animated series
In January 2011,
In November 2019, the
In 2020, The Guardian highlighted five cartoons with the best transgender characters.[62] This included She-Ra and the Princesses of Power with Double Trouble, a trans man named Jewelstar (voiced by Alex Blue Davis), and fan theories which assert that Bow is transgender, themes in Steven Universe with Steven trying to get his chosen family to "use the right name and generally to respect him for who he is," and Nico Colaleo's Too Loud with a boy named Jeffrey coming out as Desiree. Other shows mentioned included Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling where Rachel comes out as transgender and Danger & Eggs, which is described as wonderfully "showing transgender characters, as well as LGBTQ characters in general," including a trans girl named Zadie voiced by Jazz Jennings and a non-binary character named Milo.
In late 2020, the publication, Samantha Allen wrote in them. they had wanted transgender characters who are "neither punching bags nor possibility models" and that they found such a character in Natalie, voiced by Josie Totah, in the show, Big Mouth.[63] Totah called this exciting because it could reach an audience that wouldn't be able to "this representation if it was on a different show" and called it "super cool."[64]
In January 2021,
In May 2021, The online YouTube series Helluva Boss, created by Vivienne Medrano, introduced the family of one of the main characters, Millie. One of her siblings is a confirmed transgender imp named Sallie May. She is also voiced by transgender actress Morgana Ignis.
Theatre
When it comes to theater, it is a mixed bag for trans people. Trans performers have been struggling to break into the musical theater genre despite the fact that theater has "been such a crucial place for the exploration of gender fluidity,"[66] and continuing questions over whether cisgender people should play trans characters or not.[67] Hedwig in Hedwig and the Angry Inch is a trans woman, played by both men and women on the stage.[68] La Cienega in Bring It On: The Musical is a transgender teen character.[69] Individual productions alter the identity of characters, such as Angel in Rent who is a drag queen in some productions and a trans woman in others. Adam is a play based on the true story of trans man Adam Kashmiry and his journey from Egypt to Scotland.[70]
In 2017, the
[71] Mac said that transgender actors are getting "access to regional theaters across America they never had access to" in the past and said that the play "uses a transgender person as a metaphor for America."
In 2018, K. Woodzick, a
Other theatre artists creating transgender representation include performance artist Kate Bornstein, director Will Davis, and playwright Ty Defoe, all profiled in 50 Key Figures in Queer US Theatre (2022).[73] Transgender characters also appear in plays by MJ Kaufman, Mashuq Mushtaq Deen, j. chavez, Raphael Amahl Khouri, Sharifa Yasmin, Leanna Keyes, and Azure D. Osborne-Lee, all published in The Methuen Drama Book of Trans Plays (2021).[74]
Video games
Charlize Veritas wrote that for transgender the ability to express yourself "in a new and wonderful world is such a gift," which includes playing as your preferred gender in video games.
Some reviewers pointed to other 1990s and 2000s games with transgender characters. This included
In November 2014, an
In September 2015, Destiny: The Taken King, a major expansion for Bungie's first-person shooter Destiny was released. The titular character in this game, Oryx, is a trans man. Polygon asked why gaming publications had not discussed this, noting that on paper this is "a huge moment for advancing transgender representation within our medium" but that this is not acknowledged within the game, only hidden away on the show's website.[89] As such, they argued that while this is a positive, it can't be praised because the fact Oryx is transgender is hidden away.
In September 2017,
In September 2019, a free
In September 2019,
In June 2020, action-adventure game titled The Last of Us Part II was released. Paste argued that while the game tries to tell a story "inclusive of trans identities" with characters like Lev, a trans man, he "is continuously placed into varying degrees of violence" during the game as he tries to stand up during the game, and concluded that his story isn't made for trans people but to "give cisgender players a space to connect with their guilt and pity for trans people."[100] Even so, the magazine praised Ian Alexander, a trans actor, for voicing the character, and praised the character generally, even as they called the game a "reproduction of violence on the trans individual."
Between August and September 2020, the video game Tell Me Why was released in three episodes for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One. It would be praised for having a major playable transgender character, Tyler, which is voiced by a trans man named August Black, with the game developed with input from GLAAD.[101][102][103] Many reviewers would say that the game "made history,"[104][105] "stands out,"[106] is a milestone for LGBT representation,[107] for featuring Tyler as a transgender character. Black told Axios that he is honored to voice the character, saying the character has taught him a lot, adding that "in a way I feel like I also showed him a thing or two" and that backlash from the game doesn't scare him, arguing that "people should get used to trans representation.[108] However, some gamers, like Mia Moore, criticized the narrative's "positive depictions of police officers," calling it "cop propaganda," and were frustrated that one indigenous character is a cop.[109]
In December 2020,
Music
There are various transgender musicians, who have made their mark on the music industry. This includes Shea Diamond, KC Ortiz, Ah Mer Ah Su, Anohni, and She King (who takes the stage name of Shawnee Talbot).[113][114][115][116][117][118] Furthermore, Skylar Kergil, The Cliks (especially a trans male singer named Lucas Silveira), Ryan Cassata, Kim Petras, Rae Spoon, and Katastrophe have also been recognized as accomplished musicians.[113][117][115][118][119] The same was said to be the case for Black Cracker, Audrey Zee Whitesides, and Mina Caputo.[115][114]
In 2016, the singer and guitarist of
In 2020,
In January 2021, pioneering trans performer,
In February 2021, the BBC Archive Twitter account shared a clip of Wendy Carlos, in 1970, showing how to use the Moog synthesizer, who had disguised herself as a cisgender man as she was fearful, at the time, "of being publicly seen as a woman."[127] Carlos came out publicly as trans in 1979. Carlos was a "classical composer and instrumentalist" who came to fame with her 1968 album, Switched-On Bach while also composing music for A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and other films.[118]
See also
- Redefining Realness
- She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders
- Whipping Girl
- LGBT stereotypes
- Media portrayals of bisexuality
- Media portrayal of lesbianism
- Media portrayal of asexuality
- Media portrayal of pansexuality
- Media portrayal of LGBT people
Notes
- ^ They were Jennifer Finny Boylan's Long Black Veil, Casey Plett's Little Fish, Imogen Binnie's Nevada, Austin Chant's Peter Darling, Jia Qing Wilson-Yang's Small Beauty, Ivan Coyote's One in Every Crowd, I merey's A + E 4ever, Rae Spoon's First Spring Grass Fire, Kate Bornstein's Hello, Cruel World, Micheal Grant's "Monster" series, Sassafras Lowrey's Roving Pack, Elliott DeLine's I Know Very Well How I Got My Name, and Alex Gino's George.
- ^ Dale, who had been critical of the representation originally, responded to Thorson's post, calling it a "real interesting read" which "answers a lot of questions I had at the time about the way her trans status was lightly hinted" and called trans representation "tricky."
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Further reading
- Hughto, Jaclyn M.W.; Pletta, David; Gordon, Lily; Cahill, Sean; Mimiaga, Matthew J.; Reisner, Sari L. (January 12, 2021). "Negative Transgender-Related Media Messages Are Associated with Adverse Mental Health Outcomes in a Multistate Study of Transgender Adults". LGBT Health. 8 (1): 32–41. PMID 33170060.
- Jennie Kermode (April 2010). "How Transgender People Experience the Media" (PDF). Trans Media Watch. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- Jobe, Jessica N. (December 4, 2013). Transgender Representation in the Media (Honors). Eastern Kentucky University. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- Rosenthal, Erica L.; Gillig, Traci K. (August 8, 2017). "Can transgender TV characters help bridge an ideological divide?". The Conversation. Retrieved February 16, 2021.