Mediatrix
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Mediatrix is a
A general role of intercession is attributed to Mary in
The use of the title Mediatrix and the doctrine of Mary having a higher level of
History
Early history
Mediatrix is an ancient title.[1] A prayer attributed to Ephrem the Syrian in the 4th century calls her "after the mediator, you (Mary) are the mediatrix of the whole world."[4] The title was also used in the 5th century by Basil of Seleucia. By the 8th century, the title Mediatrix found common use and Andrew of Crete and saint John of Damascus used it.[1]
These early notions place Mary's mediation on a higher level than that of other forms of the intercession of saints. Her position as the mother of Jesus Christ the redeemer and source of grace makes her preeminent among others who might be called mediators.[4]
Later Middle Ages
The use of the Mediatrix title continued to grow in the Middle Ages, and Bernard of Clairvaux (12th century), Bonaventure, and Bernardino of Siena (15th century) frequently used it.[1]
In the 13th century,
The same notion was stated in the 16th century by the Council of Trent, which declared "that the saints, who reign together with Christ, offer up their own prayers to God for men; that it is good and useful suppliantly to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prayers, aid, (and) help for obtaining benefits from God, through His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who is our alone Redeemer and Saviour; but that they think impiously, who deny that the saints, who enjoy eternal happiness in heaven, are to be invocated; or who assert either that they do not pray for men; or, that the invocation of them to pray for each of us even in particular, is idolatry; or, that it is repugnant to the word of God; and is opposed to the honour of the one mediator of God and men, Christ Jesus; or, that it is foolish to supplicate, vocally, or mentally, those who reign in heaven".[6]
17th–18th centuries
Reliance on the intercession of Mary grew and reached its height in the writings of saints Louis de Montfort and Alphonsus Liguori in the 18th century.[1]
Louis de Montfort's approach (which later influenced Pope
In his book Treatise on Prayer, Alphonsus Liguori reviewed the writings of Thomas Aquinas and Bernard of Clairvaux on the intercession of saints and Mary's role as Mediatrix and strongly supported the title.[9][10]
19th–21st centuries
Several popes have used the title Mediatrix.
Pope John Paul II used the title Mediatrix a number of times and in his encyclical Redemptoris Mater wrote:
"The maternal role of Mary towards people in no way obscures or diminishes the unique mediation of Christ, but rather shows its power": it is mediation in Christ. …Mary's mediation is intimately linked with her motherhood… through this fullness of grace and supernatural life she was especially predisposed to cooperation with Christ, the one Mediator of human salvation. And such cooperation is precisely this mediation subordinated to the mediation of Christ.[11]
In September 2012, during the Feast of the
Theological issues
Among Catholic theologians, it is undisputed that Jesus Christ is the only mediator between God and the human race, especially in the salvific role of redemption as exhibited by the
With special reference to Mary, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, quoting the Second Vatican Council, which in its document Lumen gentium referred to Mary as "'Advocate, Auxiliatrix, Adjutrix and Mediatrix," says:
Taken up to heaven she did not lay aside this saving office but by her manifold intercession continues to bring us the gifts of eternal salvation. ...Therefore the Blessed Virgin is invoked in the Church under the titles of Advocate, Helper, Benefactress, and Mediatrix [Lumen gentium, 62]. Mary's function as mother of men in no way obscures or diminishes this unique mediation of Christ, but rather shows its power. But the Blessed Virgin's salutary influence on men ... flows forth from the superabundance of the merits of Christ, rests on his mediation, depends entirely on it, and draws all its power from it [Lumen gentium, 60]. No creature could ever be counted along with the Incarnate Word and Redeemer; but just as the priesthood of Christ is shared in various ways both by his ministers and the faithful, and as the one goodness of God is radiated in different ways among his creatures, so also the unique mediation of the Redeemer does not exclude but rather gives rise to a manifold cooperation which is but a sharing in this one source [Lumen gentium, 62].[15]
At a Mariological Congress held at Czestochowa in August 1996, a commission was established in response to a request, by the Holy See, which had asked to know the opinion of the scholars present at the Congress on the possibility of defining a new dogma of faith regarding Mary as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate. (In recent years, the Pope and various dicasteries of the Holy See had received petitions requesting such a definition.) The response of the commission, deliberately brief, was unanimous and precise: It found that the titles, as proposed, were ambiguous, as they can be understood in very different ways.[16] It also held that it was not opportune to abandon the path marked out by the Second Vatican Council and proceed to the definition of a new dogma.[17]
Mediatrix of all graces
Going further than expressing belief in Mary as Mediatrix, proposals have been made to declare that Mary is the Mediatrix of all graces. Pope
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 1-58051077-9pp. 179–80
- ISBN 1-40518539-2p. 597
- ^ Second Vatican Council, Lumen gentium, §62, November 21, 1964.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-882972-06-7, p. 104
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa, III, 26,1, New advent.
- ^ Council of Trent, Session XXV, U. Hanover.
- ISBN 978-1-882972-06-7, p. 156
- ISBN 978-1-882972-06-7p. 175
- ISBN 0-98199010-Xp. 26
- ISBN 0-85244650-0p. 260
- ^ Pope John Paul II's encyclical Redemptoris Mater, Part III, "Maternal Mediation" On the Blessed Virgin Mary in the life of the Pilgrim Church
- ^ Castro, June Keithley. "Messages from Mama Mary", Inquirer.
- ^ 1 Timothy 2:5
- ^ The Intercession of Saints
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 969–970
- ^ "Declaration of the Theological Commission of the Pontifical International Marian Academy", L'Osservatore Romano
- ^ L'Osservatore Romano, Weekly ed in English, 25 June 1997, p.10
- ISBN 1-57918-355-7page 448
- ^ See, for instance, the 1957 printing and a late-1920s printing. Archived 2020-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Calendrier liturgique francophone 2010-2011