Medical emergency
This article needs more primary sources. (March 2022) |
A medical emergency is an
Any response to an emergency medical situation will depend strongly on the situation, the patient involved, and availability of resources to help them. It will also vary depending on whether the emergency occurs whilst in hospital under medical care, or outside medical care (for instance, in the street or alone at home).
Response
Summoning emergency services
For emergencies starting outside medical care, a key component of providing proper care is to summon the
First aid and assisting emergency services
Those who are trained to perform first aid can act within the bounds of the knowledge they have, whilst awaiting the next level of definitive care.
Those who are not able to perform first aid can also assist by remaining calm and staying with the injured or ill person. A common complaint of emergency service personnel is the propensity of people to crowd around the scene of a victim, as it is generally unhelpful, making the patient more stressed, and obstructing the smooth working of the emergency services. If possible, first responders should designate a specific person to ensure that the emergency services are called. Another bystander should be sent to wait for their arrival and direct them to the proper location. Additional bystanders can be helpful in ensuring that crowds are moved away from the ill or injured patient, allowing the responder adequate space to work.
Legal protections for responders
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2019) |
To prevent the delay of life-saving aid from bystanders, many states of the USA have "Good Samaritan laws" which protect civilian responders who choose to assist in an emergency. In many situations, the general public may delay giving care due to fear of liability should they accidentally cause harm. Good Samaritan laws often protect responders who act within the scope of their knowledge and training, as a "reasonable person" in the same situation would act.
The concept of implied consent can protect first responders in emergency situations. A first responder may not legally touch a patient without the patient's consent. However, consent may be either
- If a patient is able to make decisions, they must give expressed, informed consent before aid is given.
- However, if a patient is too injured or ill to make decisions – for example, if they are unconscious, have an altered mental status, or cannot communicate - implied consent applies. Implied consent means that treatment can be given, because it is assumed that the patient would want that care.
Usually, once care has begun, a first responder or first aid provider may not leave the patient or terminate care until a responder of equal or higher training (such as an emergency medical technician) assumes care. This can constitute abandonment of the patient and may subject the responder to legal liability. Care must be continued until the patient is transferred to a higher level of care; the situation becomes too unsafe to continue; or the responder is physically unable to continue due to exhaustion or hazards.
Unless the situation is particularly hazardous and is likely to further endanger the patient,
The chain of survival
The principles of the chain of survival apply to medical emergencies where the patient is not breathing and has no pulse. This involves four stages:
- Early access
- Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- Early defibrillation
- Early advanced life support (ALS)
Clinical response
Within hospital settings, an adequate staff is generally present to deal with the average emergency situation.
Both
Non-trauma emergencies
While the
See also
- List of medical emergencies
- Rescue squad
- Surgical emergency
References
- ^ AAOS 10th Edition Orange Book
- ^ "911 and 112 are the world's standard emergency numbers, ITU decides". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ Caroline, Nancy (2013). Emergency Care in the Streets (Seventh ed.). Jones and Bartlett Learning. pp. 96–97.