Medium-capacity rail system
A medium-capacity system (MCS), also known as light rapid transit or light metro, is a rail transport system with a capacity greater than light rail, but less than typical heavy-rail rapid transit.[1] MCS's trains are usually 1–4 cars. Most medium-capacity rail systems are automated or use light rail type vehicles.
Since
In contrast with most light rail systems, an MCS usually runs on a fully
Definition
The definition of a medium-capacity system varies due to its non-
Generally speaking, medium capacity designation is created from relative lower capacity and/or train configuration comparisons to other heavy rail systems in the same area. For example, the train in an MCS may have a shorter configuration than the standard metro system, usually three (though, in some cases, just two) to six traincars, allowing for shorter platforms to be built and used. Rather than using steel wheels, rubber-tyred metro technology, such as the VAL system used on the Taipei Metro, is sometimes recommended, due to its low running noise, as well as the ability to climb steeper grades and turn tighter curves, thus allowing more flexible alignments.
Fully heavy rail or metro systems generally have train headways of 10 minutes or better during peak hours.[8] Some systems that qualify as heavy rail/metro in every other way (e.g. are fully grade separated), but which have network inadequacies (e.g. a section of single track rail) can only achieve lesser headways (e.g. every 15 minutes) which result in lower passenger volume capacities, and thus would be more accurately defined as "light metro" or "medium-capacity" systems as a result. An example is the LA Metro B/D line during the COVID-19 pandemic, as headways were reduced to every 12-20 minutes on each line.
Terminology
In addition to MCS, light metro is a common alternative word in European countries, India,[9][10] and South Korea.[11]
In some countries, however, light metro systems are conflated with
Advantages and disadvantages
The main reason to build a light metro instead of a regular metro is to reduce costs, mainly because this system employs shorter vehicles and shorter stations.
Light metros may operate faster than heavy-rail rapid transit systems due to shorter
Medium-capacity systems have restricted growth capacities as
List of medium-capacity rail systems
The following is the list of currently-operating MCSs which are categorised as light metros by the Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) as of March 2018[update],[23] unless otherwise indicated.
The list does not include, for example, monorails and urban maglev, despite most of them also being "medium-capacity rail system".
Country | Location | System | Lines | Year opened | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | Yerevan | Yerevan Metro | 1 | 1981 | Rolling stock uses only 2 car trains |
Austria | Vienna | Vienna U-Bahn – Line 6 | 1 | 1989 | Low-floor trains T and T1 built by Bombardier Transportation, 27,3 and 26,8 m long respectively, are operated in 2 or 4 car configurations. |
Bulgaria | Sofia | Sofia Metro – Line 3 | 1 | 2020 | Driverless vehicle system – 60-metre-long (200 ft) trains; Siemens chosen as technology supplier[24] |
Canada | Ottawa | O-Train – Confederation Line | 1 | 2019 | While using equipment typically employed in light rail systems, the Confederation Line approaches the capacity of a full "light metro" system since it operates with a 6-car Alstom Citadis Spirit trains. |
Montreal | Réseau express métropolitain | 1 | 2023 | Driverless vehicle system.[25] Categorised by itself[26] as a light metro. Trains are 38 metres long. | |
Vancouver | SkyTrain | 3 | 1985 | While using equipment typically employed in medium-capacity systems, the Bombardier Innovia Metro trains. However, the Canada Line operates with 2-car Rotem trains.
| |
China | Beijing | Beijing Subway – Yanfang line, Capital Airport Express | 2 | 2008 | Capital Airport Express uses 4-car L-type trains, 60m long. Yanfang line uses 4-car B-type trains, 76m long, with trains from both lines being driverless. |
Changchun | Changchun Rail Transit – Line 3, Line 4, Line 8 | 3 | 2002 | All three lines use light rail vehicles, with line 3 also having level crossings. | |
Dalian | Dalian Metro – Line 3, Line 12, Line 13 | 3 | 2002 | Uses 4-car B-type trains, with some trains on line 3 having 2 cars. | |
Guangzhou | Guangfo line, and Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System
|
4 | 2005 | Lines 4 and 6 use 4-car L-type trains, 67m long. Guangfo line uses 4-car B-type trains, 76m long. Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover uses 14 | |
Nanjing | Nanjing Metro – Line S6, Line S7, Line S8, Line S9 | 4 | 2014 | Lines S6, S7, and S8 use 4-car B-type trains, 76m long, while line S9 uses 3-car B-type trains, 57 m long. | |
Shanghai | Shanghai Metro – Line 5 (branch), Line 6, and Pujiang Line | 3 | 2003 | Line 5 branch and line 6 use 4 car, 76m long, C-type trains. Pujiang line uses 11 APM 300 cars.[28]
| |
Tianjin | Line 9
|
1 | 2004 | Line 9 uses 4-car B-type trains, 76m long. | |
Wuhan | Wuhan Metro – Line 1 | 1 | 2004 | Line 1 uses 4-car B-type trains, 76m long. | |
Hong Kong | Disneyland Resort Line (Penny's Bay Rail Link) |
1 | 2005 | Trains: 4 compartments without drivers. Some[clarification needed] of the M-Train cars used in the Disneyland Resort line were originally ordered from 1994–1998 as subtype H-Stock train (Phase 3 EMU, A/C 270–291, B/C 486–496). Units A/C274 A/C281 A/C284 A/C289 A/C291 and B/C490 are now used on the Disneyland Resort line. | |
South Island line | 1 | 2016 | Trains: 3-car S-Trains. Categorised as a "medium-capacity rail transport system".[29] | ||
Macau | Macau Light Rapid Transit | 1 | 2019 | Uses | |
Denmark | Copenhagen | Copenhagen Metro | 4 | 2002 | Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 3-car config., 39 metres (128 ft) length. |
France | Lille | Lille Metro | 2 | 1983 | VAL people mover system. Trains: 2-car config., 26 metres (85 ft) in length, with a passenger capacity of 208–240 per train (depending on VAL 206 or VAL 208 train). UrbanRail.net describes it as a "new generation of metro systems".[32] |
Lyon | Lyon Metro | 4 | 1978 | Trains: Driverless, 2 or 3-car config, 36 metres (118 ft) to 54 metres (177 ft) long. Can carry 252 to 325 people in a train. | |
Marseille | Marseille Metro | 2 | 1977 | Trains: 4-car config, 65 metres (213 ft) long. | |
Paris | Orlyval | 1 | 1991 | VAL people mover system, using VAL 206 vehicles. | |
Rennes | Rennes Metro | 2 | 2002 | VAL people mover system – while trains have 80 second headways, they can only carry 158 people per train. Described as a "mini-metro line".[33] | |
Toulouse | Toulouse Metro | 2 | 1993 | Although a VAL system, LRTA defines the system as "Metro". On the other hand, UrbanRail.net describes it as a "light metro VAL system".[34] | |
Hungary | Budapest | Budapest Metro Line 1 | 1 | 1896 | Trains: The line uses 3-car, 30 metres (98 ft) long trains that can hold up to 190 people. |
India | Gurgaon | Rapid Metro Gurgaon | 1 | 2013 | Driverless vehicle system. The line is designed to carry up to 30,000 passengers per hour.[35][36][37] Several articles define the system as "light metro".[35][36][37] |
Indonesia | Jakarta | Jakarta LRT[38] | 1 | 2019[39] | Jakarta LRT is the first line in Jakarta to use a third rail system. It uses standard gauge (1435 mm). One trainset can carry 270-278 passengers[40] |
Jabodebek LRT | 2 | 2023 | The elevated standard-gauge line is electrified at 750V dc third rail. It has moving block signalling designed for headways of 2–3 minutes.[41] | ||
Palembang | Palembang LRT | 1 | 2018 | Trains uses 3 car configuration | |
Italy | Brescia | Brescia Metro | 1 | 2013 | Trains: 3-car config, 39 metres (128 ft) length. |
Catania | Catania Metro | 1 | 1999 | Single-tracked at-grade section limits headways to 15 minutes. Currently 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) of double track extension are under construction.[42] | |
Genoa | Genoa Metro | 1 | 1990 | Generally considered to be a "light metro" considering its low frequency, limited hours of operation and reduced transport capacity. It is actually categorised as "light rail" by LRTA. | |
Milan | Milan Metro: Line 4 and Line 5 | 2 | 2013, 2022 | Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 4-car configuration, 50.5 metres (166 ft) length, capacity for 536 passengers. | |
Naples | Naples Metro | 1 | 1993 | Line 6 is categorised as "light metro", with only 16 minute headways. Line 1 has a single-tracked tunnel section. | |
Perugia | MiniMetro | 1 | 2008 | LRTA defines the system as a "light metro", while they regarded the same system in Laon, which ceased in 2016, as a "cable monorail". | |
Turin | Turin Metro | 1 | 2006 | VAL people mover system. | |
Japan | Hiroshima | Astram Line | 1 | 1994 | Driverless vehicle system. A small part of the underground section was built as Metro system. |
Kobe | Kobe New Transit | 2 | 1981, 1990 | Trains: Port Island Line and Rokkō Island Line. Both consist of 4-car config (300 people per train), but the platforms are made for fitting to 6-car config. | |
Osaka
|
Nankō Port Town Line | 1 | 1981 | Trains: 4-car config, but the platforms are designed to apply to 6-car. | |
Saitama
|
New Shuttle | 1 | 1983 | Trains: 6-car config, rubber-tyred and operated manually. | |
Sakura | Yamaman Yūkarigaoka Line | 1 | 1982 | Trains: 3-car config (205 people per train). An AGT with center-guideway system. Because of the form, LRTA defines the system as a monorail. | |
Tokorozawa
|
Seibu Yamaguchi Line | 1 | 1985 | Trains: 4-car config (302 people per train), rubber-tyred and operated manually. Not mentioned LRTA nor UrbanRail.net. | |
Tokyo | Nippori-Toneri Liner | 1 | 2008 | Trains: 5-car config, driverless vehicle system. | |
Yurikamome | 1 | 1995 | Trains: 6-car config, driverless vehicle system. | ||
Yokohama | Kanazawa Seaside Line | 1 | 1989 | Driverless vehicle system. | |
Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 4 | 1998, 1996 | KELANA JAYA LINE: Bombardier INNOVIA ART 200 Trains: Mixed 2-car,[43] 4-car config. fleet
Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 Trains: 4 car config AMPANG AND SRI PETALING LINES: CRRC Zhuzhou LRV Trains: 6 car config SHAH ALAM LINE: 3 car CRRC Light Rail vehicles | |
Philippines | Manila | LRT Line 1 | 1 | 1984 | Trains: Line began with 2-car configuration, reconfigured to 3-car in 1999,[44] and procured new 4-car trains in 1999,[44] 2006, and 2022.[45] Line was originally designed for 18,000 p/h/d capacity,[44] increased to 40,000 p/h/d in 2006.[46] Categorised as "light rail" by LRTA.[47] |
MRT Line 3 | 1 | 1999 | Trains: 3-car config., with a max. capacity of 1,182 passengers, and running with 3.5–4 minute headways. 4-car trains with a max. capacity of 1,576 passengers were introduced in 2022.[48] However, line is designed for 23,000 p/h/d capacity, expandable to 48,000 p/h/d.[49] | ||
Russia | Moscow | Butovskaya Line
|
1 | 2003 | Can carry 6,700 p/h/d.[citation needed] Trains: 3-car config, ~85 metres (279 ft) length |
Singapore | Singapore | Singapore MRT: Circle line, Downtown line and Jurong Region line (future) | 3 | 2009, 2013, 2027 | The Circle line rolling stock consists of Alstom C830 and C830C trains in 3-car formations with a capacity of 931 passengers. The Downtown line rolling stock consists of Bombardier C951 & C951A trains also in 3-car formations with a capacity of 931 passengers. The Jurong Region line rolling stock will consist of Hyundai Rotem J151 trains in 3-car formations with a capacity of 600 passengers. |
South Korea | Busan | Busan Metro Line 4 | 1 | 2009 | Unmentioned by LRTA, though UrbanRail.net categorises the line as a "light metro".[50] |
Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit | 1 | 2011 | Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 2-car config. Unmentioned by LRTA, but the operator calls the system "light rail".[17] | ||
Gimpo | Gimpo Goldline | 1 | 2019 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. | |
Incheon | Incheon Subway Line 2 | 1 | 2016 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. | |
Seoul | Ui LRT | 1 | 2017 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. | |
Sillim Line | 1 | 2022 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. | ||
Uijeongbu | U Line | 1 | 2012 | VAL driverless system. Trains: 2-car config. Categorised as a "light metro" by LRTA and elsewhere,[11] though there are also articles categorizing it as "Light Rail".[16] | |
Yongin | Yongin Everline
|
1 | 2013 | Driverless vehicle system applied. | |
Spain | Barcelona | Barcelona Metro: Line 8 and Line 11 | 2 | 2003 | Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 2-car config. LRTA also categorises Line 8 as "light metro". |
Málaga | Málaga Metro | 1 | 2014 | System contains | |
Palma, Majorca
|
Palma Metro: Line M1 | 1 | 2007 | Mostly underground line operates with just 15-minute headways and two-car trains (306 passengers max.); one reference[53] even categorises line as "light rail". | |
Seville | Seville Metro | 1 | 2000 | Trains: 31.3 metres (103 ft) length with a max. capacity of 280 passengers. Described as a "light metro" by rolling stock manufacturer, CAF.[54] | |
Switzerland | Lausanne | Lausanne Métro | 2 | 1991 | Line M1 uses light rail vehicles, 30 metres (98 ft) long. Line M2 has driverless, rubber-tyred trains; 30 metres (98 ft) long.[citation needed] |
Taiwan | Taipei | Circular/Yellow Line
|
2 | 1996, 2020 | Brown Line (Line 1) – Trains: Rubber-tire system; 4-car config; categorised as a part of the "metro" by LRTA. Yellow Line – 4-car AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro vehicles, categorised as a "light metro" by LRTA.
|
Taichung | Green Line
|
1 | 2021 | 2-car EMU.[55] | |
Thailand | Bangkok | MRT Purple Line
|
1 | 2016 | 3-car configuration |
Turkey | Ankara | Ankaray Light Metro (A1 Line) | 1 | 1996 | Trains: 3-car config, approx. 90 metres (300 ft) length. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA, though Current capacity: 27,000 p/h/d.[56] |
Bursa | Bursaray | 2 | 2002 | Uses light rail cars, similar to Frankfurt U-Bahn | |
Istanbul | Istanbul Metro: M1 Line (Istanbul Hafif Metro) |
1 | 1989 | Trains: 4-car config. "Hafif Metro" literally translates as "Light Metro". Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA. | |
İzmir | İzmir Metro: M1 Line (İzmir Hafif Rayli Metro Sistemi) |
1 | 2000 | Trains: 5-car config, upgraded from former 3- and 4- car configurations | |
United Kingdom | Glasgow | Glasgow Subway | 1 | 1896 | Gauge: 4 ft (1,219 mm). Trains: 3-car config. |
London | Docklands Light Railway | 7 | 1987 | Driverless vehicle system. Trains: generally 2–3-car config. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA. | |
Tyne and Wear | Tyne and Wear Metro | 2 | 1980 | Trains: 2 MU config. With seven level crossings[57] it is technically a semi-metro[58] system. | |
United States | Chicago | Yellow Line | 1 | 1964 | Light rail-like due to presence of multiple (but gated) grade crossings.[59][60] 2 car operation. |
Detroit | Detroit People Mover | 1 | 1987 | Considered to be a "people mover". | |
Honolulu | Skyline | 1 | 2023 | Trains: 4-car Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro trains, 78m (256ft) long. | |
Miami | Metromover | 3 | 1986 | Considered to be a "people mover". | |
New York City | Franklin Ave Shuttle | 1 | 1963 | Under the Shuttle branding. Single person operation. Two car trains used. Single track.[61] | |
Philadelphia | Norristown High Speed Line (part of the SEPTA rail system) |
1 | 1907 | Operates on a private primarily surface-level "right-of-way" with flag stops and fares must be paid to the operator upon boarding except at the termini. This makes it difficult to categorise, as it has the infrastructure and rolling stock of a light metro but is operated in many ways like a trolley or bus service.
| |
Venezuela | Maracaibo | Maracaibo Metro | 1 | 2006 | Trains: 3-car trainset config, ~58 metres (190 ft) length (originally designed for Prague Metro). Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA. |
Valencia
|
Valencia Metro | 1 | 2007 | Trains: 2-car Siemens SD-460 config, ~55 metres (180 ft) length. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA.
|
Former examples
The following is the list of former-MCSs that either developed into a full rapid transit system, or which are no longer in operation:
- Guangzhou, China
- Line 3– began with 3-car configuration, changed to 6-car in 2010.
- Komaki, Japan
- Peachliner – abandoned on 30 September 2006.
- Sha Tin and Ma On Shan, Hong Kong
- Ma On Shan Rail – converted from four- to eight-car configuration and became part of Tuen Ma line.
- Toronto, Ontario
- Line 3 Scarborough – Categorised by APTA as being "intermediate rail" (i.e. between "heavy rail" and "light rail"),[63] and categorised as a "light metro" by LRTA.[23] Scheduled to cease operations in November 2023, service was suspended following a derailment in July of the same year and was not resumed, instead being replaced by an express bus service.[64]
See also
Notes
- ^ The French term Métro léger, a literal translation of "light metro", means light rail.
References
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在轨道交通选型上,采用中运量 (MCS)、胶轮转向轨制式、噪音相对小、启停加减速快捷等特点的APM全自动无人驾驶系统
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