Mehmed I
| Mehmed I | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Miniature of Mehmed I from 16th century manuscript | |||||
| Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah) | |||||
| Reign | 5 July 1413 – 26 May 1421 | ||||
| Predecessor | Interregnum (1402–1413) Bayezid I | ||||
| Successor | Murad II | ||||
| Co-rulers (claimants) | See list
| ||||
| Sultan of Ottoman Sultanate | |||||
| Died | 26 May 1421 (aged 34–35) Bursa, Ottoman Sultanate | ||||
| Burial | Green Tomb, Bursa, Turkey | ||||
| Consorts | Emine Hatun Şahzade Hatun Kumru Hatun | ||||
| Issue Among others | Murad II Selçuk Hatun Mustafa Çelebi | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Ottoman | ||||
| Father | Bayezid I | ||||
| Mother | Devlet Hatun | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam[1][2] | ||||
| Tughra |  | ||||
Mehmed I (c. 1386 – 26 May 1421), also known as Mehmed Çelebi (
Early life
Mehmed was born in 1386 or 1387 as the fourth son of Sultan
On 20 July 1402, his father Bayezid was defeated in the
The early Ottoman Empire had no regulated succession, and according to Turkish tradition, every son could succeed his father.[6] Of Mehmed's brothers, the eldest, Ertuğrul, had died in 1400, while the next in line, Mustafa, was a prisoner of Timur. Leaving aside the underage siblings, this left four princes—Mehmed, Süleyman, İsa, and Musa, to contend over control of the remaining Ottoman territories in the civil war known as the "Ottoman Interregnum".[6] In modern historiography, these princes are usually called by the title Çelebi,[6] but in contemporary sources, the title is reserved for Mehmed and Musa. The Byzantine sources translated the title as Kyritzes (Κυριτζής), which was in turn adopted into Turkish as kirişçi, sometimes misinterpreted as güreşçi, "the wrestler".[7]
During the early interregnum, Mehmed Çelebi behaved as Timur's vassal. Beside the other princes, Mehmed minted coin which Timur's name appeared as "Demur han Gürgân" (تيمور خان كركان), alongside his own as "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" (محمد بن بايزيد خان).[8][9] This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad. After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.[8]
Reign
After winning the
Soon after Mehmed began his reign, his brother Mustafa Çelebi, who had originally been captured along with their father Bayezid I during the Battle of Ankara and held captive in Samarkand, hiding in Anatolia during the Interregnum, reemerged and asked Mehmed to partition the empire with him. Mehmed refused and met Mustafa's forces in battle, easily defeating them. Mustafa escaped to the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki, but after an agreement with Mehmed, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos exiled Mustafa to the island of Lemnos.
However, Mehmed still faced some problems, first being the problem of his nephew Orhan, who Mehmed perceived as a threat to his rule, much like his late brothers had been. There was allegedly a plot involving him by Manuel II Palaiologos, who tried to use Orhan against Sultan Mehmed; however, the sultan found out about the plot and had Orhan blinded for betrayal, according to a common Byzantine practice.
Furthermore, as a result of the
In 1416, Sheikh Bedreddin started his rebellion against the throne. After a four-year struggle, he was finally captured by Mehmed's
Death
The reign of Mehmed I as sultan of the re-united empire lasted only eight years before his death, but he had also been the most powerful brother contending for the throne and de facto ruler of most of the empire for nearly the whole preceding period of 11 years of the Ottoman Interregnum that passed between his father's captivity at Ankara and his own final victory over his brother Musa Çelebi at the Battle of Çamurlu.[11]
Before his death, to secure passing the throne safely to his son Murad II, Mehmed blinded his nephew Orhan Çelebi (son of Süleyman), and decided to send his two sons Yusuf and Mahmud to be held as a hostage by Emperor Manuel II, hoping to ensure the continuing custody of his brother Mustafa.[12]
He was buried in Bursa, in a mausoleum erected by himself near the celebrated mosque which he built there, and which, because of its decorations of green glazed tiles, is called the
Family
Consorts
Mehmed I had three known consorts:[13]
- Emine Hatun. Daughter of Nasireddin Mehmed Bey, fifth ruler of Dulkadirids. She married Mehmed in 1403 and according to tradition she was the mother of Murad II. Her niece Sittişah Hatun would later marry Mehmed II.
- Şahzade Hatun. Daughter of Dividdar Ahmed Pasha, third ruler of Kutluşah of Canik. According to some historians, she was the real mother of Murad II.
- Kumru Hatun. Slave concubine.
Sons
Mehmed I had at least five sons:[13][14]
- Murad II (1404 - 1451) - with Emine Hatun. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- Mustafa Çelebi, known as Küçük Mustafa (1408 - 1423). He disputed the throne with Murad II, by whom he was defeated and executed.
- Mahmud Çelebi (1413 - August 1429. Buried in the mausoleum's Mehmed I, Bursa)
- Yusuf Çelebi (1414 - August 1429. Buried in the mausoleum's Mehmed I, Bursa)
- Ahmed Çelebi. Died in infancy.
Daughters
Mehmed I had at least eight daughters:[13]
- İsfendiyar Bey. They had three sons and three daughters, all died in infancy except a daughter, Hatice Hanzade Hatun. After widowed, she married Anadolu Beylerbeyi Karaca. They had a daughter, died young.
- Ilaldi Sultan Hatun (? - 1444). In 1425 she married Mehmed II Bey (son of Nefise Hatun, a Murad I's daughter), and had six sons, among them Ishak Bey, Piri Ahmed Bey and Kaya Bey, who married his cousin Hafsa Hatun, daughter of Murad II.
- Hatice Hatun (1408 - 1442). She married to Karaca Paşah (died 10 November 1444).
- Hafsa Hatun (? - 1445, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa). She married Mahmud Bey (died January 1444), son of Çandarlı Halil Pasha. By him she had six sons and a daughter.
- Incu Hatun. In 1427 she married to Isa Bey (died 1437), son of Mehmed II Bey.
- Ayşe Sultan Hatun (1412 - 1469, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa). In 1427 she married to Alaeddin Ali Bey, ruler of Karamanids, son of Mehmed II Bey.
- Şahzade Sitti Hatun (1413 - ?, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa). In 1427 she married Sinan Paşah (d. 1442).
- Fatma Sultan Hatun. She married Kıvameddin Kazim Bey, son of Isfendyar Bey and brother of Selçuk's husband Ibrahim II Bey.
References
- ^ The Essential World History, Volume II: Since 1500. By William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel
- ^ The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power. By Soner Cagaptay
- ^ a b İnalcık 1991, p. 973.
- ^ , R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The encyclopedia of military history (1977) pp 437–439.
- ^ İnalcık 1991, pp. 973–974.
- ^ a b c İnalcık 1991, p. 974.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 2 (note 7).
- ^ a b Dimitris J. Kastritsis (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-1413. Brill. p. 49.
- ^ Nuri Pere (1968). Osmanlılarda madenî paralar: Yapı ve Kredi Bankasının Osmanlı madenî paraları kolleksiyonu. Yapı ve Kredi Bankası. p. 64.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-14705-5
- ^ Halil İnalcık, "Meḥemmed I" (1991). .
- TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
- ^ a b c Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. pp. 27–30, 27 n. 4.
- ISBN 978-1-137-01406-1.
Sources
- ISBN 90-04-08112-7.
- Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
Further reading
- Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
- ISBN 978-0-3336-1386-3.
External links
Media related to Mehmed I at Wikimedia Commons
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