Meitei language

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Manipuri language" redirects here. For the Meitei-Bengali creole language, see Bishnupriya Manipuri.
This article is about the
languages of Manipur
.
Unless otherwise specified, Meitei in this article is written in
Meitei Mayek
.

Meitei
Manipuri
ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ • মৈতৈলোন • Meiteilon
Meitei Lon written in Meitei script
Native toManipur, Assam and Tripura
RegionNortheast India and Neighbouring areas of Bangladesh and Myanmar
EthnicityMeitei people
Total speakersL1 & L2 combined: 3 million[1]
L1 only: 1.8 million (2003–2011)[2]
Sino-Tibetan
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman
      • Old Manipuri
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byDirectorate of Language Planning and Implementation, Manipur
Development body
Language codes
ISO 639-2mni
ISO 639-3Either:
mni – Manipuri
omp – Old Manipuri
Glottologmani1292  Manipuri
meit1246  Meitei (standard dialect)
loii1241  Loi (Chakpa dialect)
pang1284  Pangal (Muslim dialect)
  Regions where Meitei is native, majority, official and educational language
  Regions where Meitei is recognised and educational language but not official
  Regions where Meitei is not recognised and not official but educational
  Regions where Meitei is recognised but not official and educational
  Regions with significant Meitei speaking minorities
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Meetei Mayek
This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display.

Meitei (ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ,

Tibeto-Burman language of northeast India. It is the official language and the lingua franca of Manipur and one of the official languages India.[5] Meitei is the most widely-spoken Tibeto-Burman language of India and third the most used language of northeast India after Assamese and Bengali.[6]
There are 1.76 million Meitei native speakers in India according to the 2011 census. Most of these, or 1.52 million, are found in the state of Manipur, where they represent majority of its population. There are smaller communities in neighbouring Indian states, such as Assam (168,000), Tripura (24,000), Nagaland (9,500), and elsewhere in the country (37,500). The language is also spoken by smaller groups in neighbouring Myanmar[7] and Bangladesh.[2]

Meitei and Gujarati, hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India, following Hindi and Kashmiri.[8]

Meitei is not

vulnerable by UNESCO. [9]

Meitei is one of the advanced literary languages, recognised by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.

Classification

Meitei belongs to the

Sino-Tibetan languages.[10][11]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, different linguists tried to assign Meitei to various sub-groups. Early classifier

Kuki-Chin-Naga branch.[14]

History

A Meitei language stone inscription in Meitei script about a royal decree of a Meitei king found in the sacred site of God Panam Ningthou in Andro, Imphal East, Manipur

The Meitei language has existed for at least 2000 years.[15]

First Millennium CE

The one of the earliest known Manipuri compositions is ritual song

Ancient Kangleipak. It may have existed before the Common Era.[16]

The first-century Numit Kappa (Meitei for 'The shooting of the Sun') is a religious epic.[17]

In the 3rd century CE, Poireiton Khunthok (ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛ), a narrative work about the legendary establishment of a colony in the Imphal Valley, under the leadership of Poireiton, was composed.[18]

The Khencho (ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣ), a work of poetry was composed by the beginning of 7th century CE.[19] Although it is obscure and unintelligible to the present-day Meiteis, it still recited as part of the Lai Haraoba festival.[20]

One of the best-preserved early Meitei language epigraphic records is a

Panthoibi Khonggul ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯀꯨꯜ, an account of the romantic adventures of the deified Meitei princess Panthoibi.[22]

Second Millennium CE

Further information:
Meitei Mahabharata

Before 1675 CE, Meitei language experienced no significant influences from any other groups of languages.[23]

Beginning in the late 17th century, Hindu influence on Meitei culture increased. The Meitei language experienced some influences from other languages, in terms of its

Pamheiba.[23]

In 1725CE, Pamheiba wrote

Hindu literature, based on the story of the eponymous king Parikshit of the Mahabharata.[24]

Geographical distribution

Further information: States of India by Meitei speakers

The majority of Meitei speakers, about 1.5 million[25] live in the Indian state of Manupur. Meitei is the official language of the Government of Manipur as well as its lingua franca.[5]

Districts of Barak Valley – Meitei speaking population settlement areas of Assam

There are nearly 170,000 Meitei-speakers in Assam,

Kuki-Chin ethnic groups.[3]

Areas with significany numbers of Meitei speakers in Bangladesh

There are around 15,000

Bishnupriya Manipuri people.[3]

Myanmar has a significant Meitei speaking population in the states of

Shan and the regions of Yangon, Sagaing, and Ayeyarwady, among others.[29]

Name

According to the Ethnologue, the alternative names of Meitei language are Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meetei, Meeteilon, Meiteilon, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna.[3]

The name Meitei or its alternate spelling Meithei is preferred by many native speakers of Meitei over Manipuri.[30] The term is derived from the Meitei word for the language Meitheirón (Meithei + -lon 'language', pronounced /mə́i.təi.lón/).[30][31] Meithei may be a compound from mí 'man' + they 'separate'.[30] This term is used by most Western linguistic scholarship.[30] Meitei scholars use the term Meit(h)ei when writing in English and the term Meitheirón when writing in Meitei.[30] Chelliah (2015: 89) notes that the Meitei spelling has replaced the earlier Meithei spelling.[32]

The language (and people) is also referred to by the loconym Manipuri.

languages of Manipur and to the people.[30]
Additionally, Manipuri, being a loconym, can refer to anything pertaining to the Manipur state.

Speakers of Meitei language are known as "Kathe" by the

Burma.[33]

Dialects

The Meitei language exhibits a degree of regional variation; however, in recent years the broadening of communication, as well as intermarriage, has caused the dialectal differences to become relatively insignificant. The only exceptions to this occurrence are the speech differences of the dialects found in Tripura, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[34] The exact number of dialects of Meitei is unknown.[35]

The three main dialects of Meitei are: Meitei proper, Loi and Pangal. Differences between these dialects are primarily characterised by the extensions of new sounds and tonal shifts. Meitei proper is considered to be the standard variety—and is viewed as more dynamic than the other two dialects.[36] The brief table below compares some words in these three dialects:[37]

Standard Meitei Loi Pangal English translation
chaaba chaapa chaaba to eat
kappa kapma kappa to weep
saabiba saapipa saabiba to make
thamba thampa thamba to put
chuppiba chuppipa chuppiba to kiss

Devi (2002)[38] compares the Imphal, Andro, Koutruk, and Kakching dialects of Meitei.

Status

Further information: Meitei classical language movement and Meitei associate official language movement

Meitei is the sole official language of the Government of Manipur, and has been an official language of India since 1992.[39][5]

Meitei language was the court language of the historic

Manipur Kingdom,[40] and before it merged into the Indian Republic.[41] The Sahitya Akademi
, India's National Academy of Letters, recognised Meitei as one of the major advanced Indian literary languages in 1972, long before it became an official language in 1992.

In 1950, the Government of India did not include Meitei in its list of 14 official languages.[42] A language movement, spearheaded by organisations including the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad and the All Manipur Students' Union demanded that Meitei be made an official language for more than 40 years, until Meitei was finally added to the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992.[43][44]

There is also a movement to make Manipuri an associate official language in Assam, in order to protect the identity, history, culture and tradition of Manipuris residing in Assam.[45][46][47]

The Meitei language is one of the 13 official languages of the India used to administer police, armed services, and civil service recruitment exams.[48][49]

The Press Information Bureau of the Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting publishes in 14 languages, including Meitei.[50]

Education

Meiti/Manupuri is a language of instruction in all in the educational institutions in Manipur. It is one of the 40 instructional languages offered by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), controlled and managed by the Ministry of Education.[51] Meitei is taught as a subject up to the post-graduate level in Indian universities, including Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi University, Gauhati University, the University of North Bengal.[52][53] Indira Gandhi National Open University teaches Meitei to undergraduates.[54]

Assam

Meitei language instruction has been offered in the lower primary schools of Assam since 1956.[55] The Board of Secondary Education, Assam offers secondary education in Manipuri.[56] The Assam Higher Secondary Education Council of Assam offers both Meitei-language schooling and instruction in Meitei as a second language.[57]

Since 2020, the

Assam Government has made an annual grant of ₹5 lakh (equivalent to ₹5.9 lakh or US$7,400 in 2023) to the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (Manipuri Language Council). It also invested ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹7.1 crore or US$880,000 in 2023) in the creation of a corpus for the development of the Meitei language.[55]

The Department of Manipuri of Assam University offers education up to the Ph.D. level in Meitei language.[58][59][60]

Tripura

Since 1998, the Government of Tripura has offered Meitei language as a "first language" subject at primary level in 24 schools throughout the state.[61]

In December 2021, Tripura University proposed to the Indian Ministry of Education and the University Grants Council (UGC), regarding the introduction of diploma courses in Meitei, along with international languages like Japanese, Korean and Nepali.[62]

Phonology

The exact classification of the Meitei language within

Kuki and Tangkhul.[63]

Tone

The Meitei language is a

tonal language. There is a controversy over whether there are two or three tones.[64]

Segments

Meitei distinguishes the following

phonemes:[65]

Consonants

Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m
n
 		ŋ
Stop
 voiceless unaspirated p
t
 		tʃ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced unaspirated b
d
 		dʒ ɡ
breathy-voiced bʱ dʱ ɡʱ
Fricative
 s h
Flap
 ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant
 w j

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e ɐ o
Low a

Note: the central vowel /ɐ/ is transcribed as <ə> in recent linguistic work on Meitei. However, phonetically it is never [ə], but more usually [ɐ]. It is assimilated to a following approximant: /ɐw/ = /ow/, /ɐj/ = [ej].

Phonological processes

A velar deletion is noted to occur on the suffix -lək when following a syllable ending with a /k/ phoneme.[64]

Meitei has a

dissimilatory process similar to Grassmann's law found in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, though occurring on the second aspirate.[66] Here, an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including /h/, /s/) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced between sonorants.[citation needed
]

/tʰin-/

pierce

+

 

/-kʰət/

upward

→

 

/tʰinɡət/

pierce upwards

/tʰin-/ + /-kʰət/ → /tʰinɡət/

pierce {} upward {} {pierce upwards}

/səŋ/

cow

+

 

/kʰom/

udder

→

 

/səŋɡom/

milk

/səŋ/ + /kʰom/ → /səŋɡom/

cow {} udder {} milk

/hi-/

trim

+

 

/-tʰok/

outward

→

 

/hidok/

trim outwards

/hi-/ + /-tʰok/ → /hidok/

trim {} outward {} {trim outwards}

Writing systems

Meitei script

Depiction of the 18th century historic burning of texts written in Meitei script.

The

Bengali script, and then revived in again massively in the 20th.[72] In 2021, the use of Meetei Mayek to write Manipuri was officially adopted by the Government of Manipur, alongside Bengali script.[73]

The Roman alphabet has been used in medium for teaching basic Meitei as a second language teaching by the Board of Secondary Education, Manipur.[74][75] More recently, the Board has issued a directive that no more Manipuri textbooks using the Latin alphabet be published.[76] Meitei language editions of the Bible in Roman script are very commonly used by the Christians in Manipur.[77]

The

constructed script, invented by Laininghan Naoriya Phulo (1888–1941). It shares many similarities with Devanagari and Bengali script.[78] It was championed by Apokpa Marup, but never widely adopted.[79]

Grammar

Sentences in the Meitei language use the format subject–object–verb word order (SOV). For example, in the sentence Ei chak chai (ꯑꯩ ꯆꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯢ), which translates to I eat rice, the gloss is "ei" (I), "chak" (rice), "chai" (eat).

Nouns

Nouns and pronouns are marked for number in Meitei. The plural is indicated by the suffixes -khoi (for personal pronouns and human proper nouns) and -sing (for all other nouns). Verbs associated with the pluralised nouns are unaffected. Examples are demonstrated below:[80]

Noun (Meitei) Noun (English) Example (Meitei) Example (English)
angaang baby angaang kappi Baby cries.
angaangsing babies angaangsing kappi Babies cry.

When adjectives are used to be more clear, Meitei utilises separate words and does not add a suffix to the noun. Examples are show in the chart below:[80]

Adjective (Meitei) Adjective (English) Example (Meitei) Example (English)
ama one mi ama laak’i A person comes.
khara some mi khara laak’i Some persons come.
mayaam many mi mayaam laak’i Many persons come.

Compound verbs

Compound verbs are created by combining root verbs each ending with aspect markers. While the variety of suffixes is high, all compound verbs utilise one of two:[81]

Suffix English translation
-thok out/ come out
-ning To wish/ want/ desire

Aspect markers appear as suffixes that clarify verb tense and appear at the end of the compound verb. Overall, the formula to construct a compound verb becomes [root verb] + [suffix] + [aspect marker]:[81]

Language Root verb Suffix Aspect marker Combined form
Meitei tum -thok -le tumthokle
English sleep out/ come out perfect aspect has started sleeping
Meitei tum -ning -le tumningle
English sleep want perfect aspect has felt sleepy

Compound verbs can also be formed utilising both compound suffixes as well, allowing utterances such as pithokningle meaning "want to give out".

Number words

Further information:
Meitei numerals
Numeral Word Etymology Meitei Script
1 a-ma ~ a-maa "1" ꯑꯃꯥ
2 a-ni Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ni ꯑꯅꯤ
3 a-húm PTB *sum ꯑꯍꯨꯝ
4 ma-ri PTB *li ꯃꯔꯤ
5 ma-ngaa PTB *ŋa ꯃꯉꯥ
6 ta-ruk PTB *luk ꯇꯔꯨꯛ
7 ta-ret PTB *let ꯇꯔꯦꯠ
8 ni-paan "2-less" ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ
9 maa-pan "1-less" ꯃꯥꯄꯟ
10 ta-raa "10" ꯇꯔꯥ
11 taraa-maa-thoi "ten + 1-more" ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯊꯣꯏ
12 taraa-ni-thoi "ten + 2-more" ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ
13 taraa-húm-doi "ten + 3-more" ꯇꯔꯥꯍꯨꯝꯗꯣꯏ
14 taraa-mari "ten +4" ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯔꯤ
15 taraa-mangaa "ten +5" ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯉꯥ
16 taraa-taruk "ten +6" ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯨꯛ
17 taraa-taret "ten +7" ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯦꯠ
18 taraa-nipaan "ten +8" ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ
19 taraa-maapan "ten +9" ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯄꯟ
20 kun ~ kul "score" ꯀꯨꯟ ~ ꯀꯨꯜ
30 *kun-taraa > kun-thraa "score ten" ꯀꯨꯟꯊ꯭ꯔꯥ
40 ni-phú "two score" ꯅꯤꯐꯨ
50 yaang-khéi "half hundred" ꯌꯥꯡꯈꯩ
60 hum-phú "three score" ꯍꯨꯝꯐꯨ
70 hum-phú-taraa "three score ten" ꯍꯨꯝꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥ
80 mari-phú "four score" ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨ
90 mari-phú-taraa "four score ten" ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥ
100 chaama "one hundred" ꯆꯥꯃ
200 cha-ni "two hundreds" ꯆꯥꯅꯤ
300 cha-hum "three hundreds" ꯆꯥꯍꯨꯝ
400 cha-mri "four hundreds" ꯆꯥꯃ꯭ꯔꯤ
500 cha-mangaa "five hundreds" ꯆꯥꯃꯉꯥ
1,000 lisíng ama "one thousand" ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ
10,000 lisīng-taraa "ten thousands" ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥ
1,00,000 licha "one hundred-thousand" ꯂꯤꯆꯥ
10,00,000 licha-taraa "ten hundred-thousands" ꯂꯤꯆꯥꯇꯔꯥ
1,00,00,000 leepun "one ten-million" ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟ
10,00,00,000 leepun-taraa "ten ten-millions" ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟꯇꯔꯥ
1,00,00,00,000 leepot "one billion" ꯂꯤꯄꯣꯠ
10,00,00,00,000 leepot-taraa "ten billions" ꯂꯤꯄꯣꯠꯇꯔꯥ
1,00,00,00,00,000 leekei "one hundred-billion" ꯂꯤꯀꯩ
10,00,00,00,00,000 leekei-taraa "ten hundred-billions" ꯂꯤꯀꯩꯇꯔꯥ
1,00,00,00,00,00,000 pu-ama "one ten-trillion" ꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ

Literature

Main articles: Ancient Meitei literature and Meitei literature
The Numit Kappa, a Classical Meitei 1st century epic based on Meitei mythology and religion.

The

epic poem based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. It is regarded as the greatest of all Meitei epic poems.[85][86][87]

The

Classical Languages of India.[88][89][90]

Annual events

Various annual events are organised to promote, protect and develop Meitei language, in the sovereign states of India and Bangladesh in particular as well as in other parts of the world in general.

Software

Further information: Meitei input methods

In 2021, Rudali Huidrom, a Manipuri researcher of the EBMT/NLP laboratory,

Bengali script. It was crawled and collected from thesangaiexpress.com – the news website of "The Sangai Express", a daily newspaper of Manipur from August 2020 to 2021. In version 1, she created the monolingual data, having 1,034,715 Meitei language sentences and 846,796 English language sentences. In version 2, she created the monolingual data, having 1,880,035 Meitei language sentences and 1,450,053 English language sentences.[99][100]

EM-ALBERT is the first ALBERT model available for Meitei language. EM-FT is also FastText word embedding available for Meitei language. These resources were created by Rudali Huidrom and are now available at free of cost at the European Language Resources Association catalogue (ELRA catalogue) under CC-BY-NC-4.0 licence.[99][100]

A screen shot of Google Translate translating a sentence from English language into Meitei language

On 11 May 2022, Google Translate added Meitei-language (under the name "Meiteilon (Manipuri)") during its addition of 24 new languages to the translation tool. The writing system used for Meitei language in this tool is Meitei script.[101][102][103]

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Modern Meitei of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):[104][a]

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯂꯧꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈꯪꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ (in Meitei script)

মিওইবা খুদিংমক পোকপা মতমদা নিংতম্মী, অমদি ইজ্জৎ অমসুং হক মান্ননা লৌজৈ । মখোই পুম্নমক ৱাখল লৌশিং শেঙই, অফ ফত্তা খঙই, অদুনা অমনা অমগা লোইনবদা মচীন মনাওগুম্না লোইনগদবনি । (in

Bengali script
)

Mioiba khudingmak pokpa matamda ningtammi amadi ijjat amasung hak mānnana leijei, makhoi pumnamak wākhal loushing shengi, apha phatta khangi, aduna amana amaga loinabada machin manāogumna loinagadabani. (

Roman transliteration
)

míːójbə kʰud̯íŋmək pókpə mət̯ə̀md̯ə níːŋt̯ə̀mmi, əməd̯i iːdʒət əməʃùng hə́k màːnənə lɐ̀jdʒɐ̀j. məkʰój púmnəmək wakʰə̀l lə̀wʃiŋ ʃèŋi, əpʱə̀ pʱə́ːt̯ə kʰə́ŋi, əd̯unə əmənə əməgə lòjnəbəd̯ə mət͡ʃìn mənáwgùmnə lójnəgəd̯əbəni' (IPA transliteration).

English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ The Meitei-language translation of the passage of the Article 1 has two foreign words present, "ꯏꯖꯖꯠ" ("iːdʒət") and "ꯍꯛ" ("hə́k"), meaning "dignity" and "rights" respectively, as given in the source website. The original Meitei-language terms for "dignity" and "rights" are "ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ" ("í.kai kʰum.nə.bə") and "ꯐꯪꯐꯝ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ" ("pʰəŋ.pʰəm tʰok.pə") respectively.

References

  1. UNT Digital Library. University of North Texas (UNT). University of North Texas Libraries
    . Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Manipuri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Old Manipuri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. ^ a b c d e "Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  4. ^ "Meithei". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  5. ^ a b c "Manipuri language". Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  6. ^ "Language – India, States and Union Territories" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  7. ^ Sunil, Oinam (14 July 2015). "Manipuris in Mandalay see ray of hope in Modi". The Times of India.
  8. ^ R, Aishwaryaa (6 June 2019). "What census data reveals about use of Indian languages". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  9. ^ Moseley, C., ed. (2010). Atlas of the world's languages in danger (3rd ed). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 44–45 and elsewhere.
  10. ^ "Meitei | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  11. ^ "Manipuri language | Manipuri language | Meitei, India, Tibeto-Burman | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
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  16. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-000-63699-4
    . ... Numit Kappa, a Meitei text from the 1st century CE, is particularly relevant and insightful in examining this peculiar relationship between power and violence. The text is recited as incantations during chupsaba, a cleansing ritual for 'violent' death...
  18. ^ Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam. "Poireiton Khunthokpa". History Of Old Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Manipur University Library, Imphal. India: Digital Library of India. pp. 121, 122.
  19. ^ Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam. "Khencho". History Of Old Manipuri Literature (in Manipuri). Manipur University Library; North Eastern States Libraries. India: Digital Library of India; Internet Archive. pp. 97, 98.
  20. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
    . ... 'Khencho' is quite obscure and entirely unintelligible to the present generation though it forms an inseparable element of the daily proceedings of the festival. ...
  21. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7
    . ... the text Panthoibi Khongul generally believed to have been written by Akoijam Tomboy during the reign of King Khongtekcha Yoiremba (763 A.D.) ...
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  28. ^ "Textile Bdesh Myanmar 3". www.e-pao.net. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
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  33. ^ Gangte, Priyadarshini M. "Evolution of Meetei state- Emergence of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba". The People's Chronicle. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  34. ^ Thoudam, P. C. (2006). Demographic and Ethnographic Information: Problems in the analysis of Manipuri language. Central Institute of Indian Language.
  35. ^ Haokip, P. (April 2011). "The Languages of Manipur: A Case Study of the Kuki-Chin Languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 34 (1): 86–118.
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  37. ^ Ningoma, M. S. (1996). Manipur Dialects. Sealang Projects.
  38. ^ Devi, L. Manimala. 2002. A comparative study of Imphal, Andro, Koutruk and Kakching dialects of Meiteiron. (Doctoral dissertation, Canchipur: Manipur University; 273pp.)
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  44. ^ "Manipuri language in 8th Schedule By Jeet Akoijam". e-pao.net. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
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  48. ^ "Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh lauds SSC for deciding to conduct the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination 2022 in 13 regional languages in addition to Hindi and English for the first time". www.pib.gov.in. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  49. ^ "Manipuri among 13 regional languages approved for CAPF exam". Imphal Free Press. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
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  53. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0
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  56. ^ "Assam HSLC Exam Routine 2023 Revised: SEBA To Conduct All Class 10 Language Papers Including English On April 1". India.com. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023. In addition to Assamese, the other MIL subjects are Bengali, Bodo, Hindi, Manipuri, Hmar, Nepali, Mizo, Khasi, Garo, Karbi and Urdu.
  57. ^ "AHSEC complete syllabus for HS 2nd year". ahsec.assam.gov.in.
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  59. ^ "5 literary bodies bat for Manipuri language in Assam". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 18 March 2023. Moreover, Manipuri in MA and PhD courses are offered at Assam University, Silchar.
  60. ^ "AAMSU demands Associate Official Language status to Manipuri language". www.time8.in. Several universities, notably Assam University and Silchar University, provide Manipuri language courses.
  61. ^ "MANIPURI | DIRECTORATE OF KOKBOROK & OTHER MINORITY LANGUAGES". kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  62. ^ "Tripura University proposes introduction of diploma courses in Japanese, Korean, Nepali and Manipuri languages". India Today NE (in Hindi). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
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    doi:10.1016/s0024-3841(99)00037-6
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  65. ^ Chelliah, S. L. (1997). Meitei Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 17–21.
  66. ^ Chelliah (1997)
  67. PMID 36426059
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  68. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9
    .
  69. ^ "মণিপুরদা লোলয়ান চঙলকপা অমদি মীতৈ ইয়েক্না থোঙজিন্দা ৱারৌজনা লেপ্লরবদা !" (PDF). hueiyenlanpao.com (in Manipuri).
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  76. ^ "MEELAL lauds BSEM order : 04th feb24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
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  82. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0
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  83. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0
    . H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.
  84. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0
    .
  85. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0
    . His best work, Khamba Thoibi sheireng, in 39,000 lines on the story of 'Khamba and Thoibi' was started in 1939 and the composition was completed in 1940.
  86. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9
    . His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.
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  92. ISBN 978-0-88864-592-0
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  93. ^ "St Joseph University, Nagaland observes Manipuri Poetry Day 2022". Imphal Free Press. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
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Further reading

  • 1. A Short History of Kangleipak (Manipur) Part-I, by Chingtamlen, 2005
  • 2. A Short History of Kangleipak (Manipur) Part-II, by Chingtamlen, 2007
  • 3. A Short History of Kangleipak (Manipur) Part-III, by Chingtamlen, 2008
  • 4. The Meetei and the Bishnupriya, by Chingtamlen, 2008

Culture

  • Brara, N. Vijaylakshmi. (1998). Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. Delphi: Oxford University Press.
  • Budha, W. (1992). Indigenous games of the Meiteis. Manipur: Wangkeimayum Publications.
  • Kshetrimayum, Otojit. (2014). Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contexualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur. Delhi: Ruby Press & Co.
  • Singh, M. Kirti. (1988). Religion and culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publications.
  • Singh, M. Kirti. (1993). Folk culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publications.
  • Singh, Saikhom Gopal. (2014). The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography. Delhi: Ruby Press & Co.

Language

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meitei language.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Meitei language.
Look up Meitei in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Meitei language
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Meitei language.
Scholia has a topic profile for Meitei language.
Meitei edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Meitei language test of Wikiquote at Wikimedia Incubator
Meitei language test of Wikivoyage at Wikimedia Incubator
Ancient Meitei test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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