Melbourne

Coordinates: 37°48′51″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81417°S 144.96306°E / -37.81417; 144.96306
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Melbourne
Naarm (
Federal division(s)
23 divisions
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
20.2 °C
68 °F
9.7 °C
49 °F
515.5 mm
20.3 in
Localities around Melbourne:
Loddon Mallee Hume Hume
Grampians Melbourne Gippsland
Barwon South West
Port Phillip Bay Gippsland
Greater Melbourne Region
Greater Melbourne Region

Melbourne (

its central business area
.

The

population of Australia, as of the 2021 census), mostly residing to the east of the city centre, and its inhabitants are commonly referred to as "Melburnians".[note 2]

The area of Melbourne has been home to

Asia-Pacific region and ranked 32nd globally in the March 2022 Global Financial Centres Index.[22]

Melbourne is home of many of Australia's best-known

world's most liveable city for much of the 2010s.[23]

Melbourne Airport, also known as the Tullamarine Airport, is the second-busiest airport in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is the nation's busiest seaport.[24] Its main metropolitan rail terminus is Flinders Street station and its main regional rail and road coach terminus is Southern Cross station. It also has Australia's most extensive freeway network and the largest urban tram network in the world.[25]

History

Early history and foundation

Port Phillip Bay.[33] Narrm means scrub in Eastern Kulin languages which reflects the Creation Story of how the Bay was filled by the creation of the Birrarung (Yarra River). Before this, the dry Melbourne region extended out into the Bay and the Bay was filled with teatree scrub where boordmul (emu) and marram (kangaroo) were hunted.[34][35]

The first

Victoria, then part of the penal colony of New South Wales, was established by Colonel David Collins in October 1803, at Sullivan Bay, near present-day Sorrento. The following year, due to a perceived lack of resources, these settlers relocated to Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania) and founded the city of Hobart. It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted.[36]

A late 19th-century artist's depiction of John Batman's treaty with a group of Wurundjeri elders
Melbourne in 1840

In May and June 1835, John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land, explored the Melbourne area, and later claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 2,400 km2 (600,000 acres) with eight Wurundjeri elders. However, the nature of the treaty has been heavily disputed, as none of the parties spoke the same language, and the elders likely perceived it as part of the gift exchanges which had taken place over the previous few days amounting to a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary, not permanent, access to and use of the land.[37][29][17] Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village" before returning to Van Diemen's Land.[38] In August 1835, another group of Vandemonian settlers arrived in the area and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived the following month and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement, initially known by the native name of Dootigala.[39][40]

Batman's Treaty with the Aboriginal elders was annulled by Richard Bourke, the Governor of New South Wales (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association.[29] In 1836, Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for its urban layout, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837.[41] Known briefly as Batmania,[42] the settlement was named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Governor Richard Bourke[43] after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire.[44] That year, the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.[45]

Between 1836 and 1842, Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed of their land by European settlers.

squatters who took possession of Aboriginal lands.[48] By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.[49]

Queen Victoria, issued on 25 June 1847, declared Melbourne a city.[18] On 1 July 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria, with Melbourne as its capital.[50]

Victorian gold rush

South Melbourne's "Canvas Town" provided temporary accommodation for the thousands of migrants who arrived each week during the 1850s gold rush.
A large crowd outside the Victorian Supreme Court, celebrating the release of the Eureka rebels in 1855

The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid-1851 sparked a gold rush, and Melbourne, the colony's major port, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had nearly doubled from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.[51] Exponential growth ensued, and by 1865 Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.[52]

An influx of intercolonial and international migrants, particularly from Europe and China, saw the establishment of slums, including Chinatown and a temporary "tent city" on the southern banks of the Yarra. In the aftermath of the 1854 Eureka Rebellion, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including improvements in working conditions across mining, agriculture, manufacturing and other local industries. At least twenty nationalities took part in the rebellion, giving some indication of immigration flows at the time.[53]

With the wealth brought in from the gold rush and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of

General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained incomplete for decades, with some still not finished as of 2018.[citation needed
]

The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards and parklands surrounding the central city, was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas rapidly filled with the ubiquitous terrace houses, as well as with detached houses and grand mansions, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and (in 1861) Australia's first stock exchange.[54] In 1855, the

Australian football in 1859,[55] and in 1861, the first Melbourne Cup race was held. Melbourne acquired its first public monument, the Burke and Wills
statue, in 1864.

With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold-mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria (especially wool) and with a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network spread into the countryside from the late 1850s. Construction started on further major public buildings in the 1860s and 1870s, such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline, with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases (particularly smallpox[27]), frontier violence and dispossession of their lands.

Land boom and bust

Elizabeth Street lined with buildings from the "Marvellous Melbourne" era

The 1880s saw extraordinary growth: consumer confidence, easy access to credit, and steep increases in land prices led to an enormous amount of construction. During this "land boom", Melbourne reputedly became the richest city in the world,[19] and the second-largest (after London) in the British Empire.[56]

The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. A telephone exchange was established that year, and the foundations of St Paul's were laid. In 1881, electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation by 1882.[57] The Melbourne cable tramway system opened in 1885 and became one of the world's most extensive systems by 1890.

In 1885, visiting English journalist

terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city.[59] The establishment of the Melbourne Hydraulic Power Company in 1886 led to the availability of high-pressure piped water, allowing for the installation of hydraulically powered elevators, which led to the construction of the first high-rise buildings in the city.[60][61] The period also saw the huge expansion of a significant radial rail-based transport network throughout the city and suburbs.[62]

Melbourne's land-boom peaked in 1888,[59] the year it hosted the Centennial Exhibition. The brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during that time ended in the early 1890s. The bubble supporting the local finance and property industries burst, resulting in a severe economic depression.[59][63] Sixteen small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no significant construction until the late 1890s.[64][65]

Temporary capital of Australia and World War II

The Big Picture, the opening of the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901, painted by Tom Roberts

At the time of Australia's

Commonwealth of Australia. The first federal parliament convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House, where it sat until it moved to Canberra in 1927. The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930, and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.[66][need quotation to verify
]

During World War II the city hosted American military forces who were fighting the Empire of Japan, and the government requisitioned the Melbourne Cricket Ground for military use.[67]

Post-war period

In the immediate years after

Mediterranean.[68] While the "Paris End" of Collins Street began Melbourne's boutique shopping and open air cafe cultures,[69] the city centre was seen by many as stale—the dreary domain of office workers—something expressed by John Brack in his famous painting Collins St., 5 pm (1955).[70] Up until the 21st century, Melbourne was considered Australia's "industrial heartland".[71]

Orica House (formerly ICI House), a symbol of modernity in post-war Melbourne

Height limits in the CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of

ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, served by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre.[72] The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city.[73] New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism
. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.

To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in the demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers.[74] In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner-city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.[75]

Australia's financial and mining booms during 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies (BHP and Rio Tinto, among others) in the city. Nauru's then booming economy resulted in several ambitious investments in Melbourne, such as Nauru House.[76] Melbourne remained Australia's main business and financial centre until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney.[77]

Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 and 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992, the newly elected

Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.[79]

Contemporary Melbourne

The skyline of Melbourne from Port Melbourne in January 2023

Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as

South Wharf. Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city from 2001 to 2004.[80]

From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's

late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined,[82] and Melbourne's property market remained highly priced,[83] resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.[84]

Beginning in the 2010s the State Government of Victoria initiated a number of major infrastructure projects designed to reduce congestion in Melbourne and encourage economic growth, including the Metro Tunnel, the West Gate Tunnel, the Level Crossing Removal Project and the Suburban Rail Loop.[85][86] New urban renewal zones were initiated in inner-city areas like Fisherman's Bend and Arden, while suburban growth continued on the urban periphery in Melbourne's outer west and east in suburbs like Wyndham Vale and Cranbourne.[87] Middle suburbs like Box Hill became denser as a greater proportion of Melburnians began living in apartments.[88] A construction boom resulted in 34 new skyscrapers being built in the central business district between 2010 and 2020.[89] In 2020, Melbourne was classified as an Alpha city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[90]

Out of all major Australian cities, Melbourne was the worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and spent a long time under lockdown restrictions,[91] with Melbourne experiencing six lockdowns totalling 262 days.[92] While this contributed to a net outflow of migration causing a slight reduction in Melbourne's population over the course of 2020 to 2022, Melbourne is projected to be the fastest growing capital city in Australia from 2023–24 onwards, overtaking Sydney as the nation's largest city in 2029–30 at just over 5.9 million, exceeding 6 million people the following year.[93][94]

Victoria Harbour

Geography

Map of Melbourne and Geelong urban areas

Melbourne is in the southeastern part of mainland Australia, within the state of

Selwyn fault, which transects Mount Martha and Cranbourne.[96] The western portion of the metropolitan area lies within the Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands vegetation community,[97][98] and the southeast falls in the Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland zone.[99]

Melbourne extends along the

Plenty River—to the outer suburban growth corridors of Craigieburn and Whittlesea
.

The city reaches southeast through

Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs granite ridge southwest of the CBD. The Little River
, and the township of the same name, marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city.

Melbourne's major bayside beaches are in the various suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay, in areas like

surf beaches are 85 km (53 mi) south of the Melbourne CBD in the back-beaches of Rye, Sorrento and Portsea.[100][101]

Climate

Storm passing over the CBD in August. Melbourne is said to have "four seasons in one day" due to its changeable weather.

Melbourne has a temperate

Otway and Macedon Ranges
, which block much of the rainfall arriving from the north and west.

Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect", similar to the "lake effect" seen in colder climates, where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, the area around Melbourne is, owing to its rain shadow, nonetheless significantly drier than average for southern Victoria.[104] Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 mm (17 in) at Little River to 1,250 mm (49 in) on the eastern fringe at Gembrook. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 to 11.7 °C (49.1 to 53.1 °F).[105]

Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can include hail, squalls, and significant drops in temperature, but they often pass through very quickly with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This can occur in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day",[105] a phrase that is part of local popular culture.[106] The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869.[107] The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009.[107] While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, and dustings were observed in 2020, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.[108]

The average temperature of the sea ranges from 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) in September to 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) in February;[109] at Port Melbourne, the average sea temperature range is the same.[110]

Climate data for Melbourne Airport (1991–2020 averages, 1970–2022 extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 46.0
(114.8)
46.8
(116.2)
40.8
(105.4)
34.5
(94.1)
27.0
(80.6)
21.8
(71.2)
21.3
(70.3)
24.6
(76.3)
30.2
(86.4)
36.0
(96.8)
41.6
(106.9)
44.6
(112.3)
46.8
(116.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 40.4
(104.7)
38.2
(100.8)
34.7
(94.5)
28.8
(83.8)
22.7
(72.9)
18.0
(64.4)
17.3
(63.1)
19.8
(67.6)
24.6
(76.3)
30.2
(86.4)
34.3
(93.7)
37.6
(99.7)
41.3
(106.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6)
26.7
(80.1)
24.4
(75.9)
20.6
(69.1)
16.7
(62.1)
14.0
(57.2)
13.4
(56.1)
14.7
(58.5)
17.1
(62.8)
20.0
(68.0)
22.6
(72.7)
24.8
(76.6)
20.2
(68.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1)
20.6
(69.1)
18.6
(65.5)
15.4
(59.7)
12.5
(54.5)
10.2
(50.4)
9.6
(49.3)
10.4
(50.7)
12.1
(53.8)
14.3
(57.7)
16.6
(61.9)
18.5
(65.3)
14.9
(58.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6)
14.4
(57.9)
12.8
(55.0)
10.1
(50.2)
8.3
(46.9)
6.4
(43.5)
5.8
(42.4)
6.0
(42.8)
7.2
(45.0)
8.7
(47.7)
10.6
(51.1)
12.3
(54.1)
9.7
(49.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3)
8.7
(47.7)
7.1
(44.8)
4.4
(39.9)
3.0
(37.4)
1.3
(34.3)
0.9
(33.6)
1.1
(34.0)
1.8
(35.2)
3.1
(37.6)
4.9
(40.8)
6.6
(43.9)
0.2
(32.4)
Record low °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)
4.8
(40.6)
3.7
(38.7)
1.2
(34.2)
0.6
(33.1)
−0.9
(30.4)
−2.5
(27.5)
−2.5
(27.5)
−1.1
(30.0)
1.0
(33.8)
0.9
(33.6)
3.5
(38.3)
−2.5
(27.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.3
(1.55)
41.4
(1.63)
37.5
(1.48)
42.1
(1.66)
34.3
(1.35)
41.5
(1.63)
32.8
(1.29)
39.3
(1.55)
46.1
(1.81)
48.5
(1.91)
60.1
(2.37)
52.5
(2.07)
515.5
(20.30)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 8.3 7.5 8.4 9.9 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.8 13.9 12.5 10.8 9.9 135.0
Average afternoon
relative humidity
(%)
44 45 46 50 59 65 63 57 53 49 47 45 52
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 231.7 226.3 183.0 142.6 120.0 136.4 167.4 186.0 226.3 225.0 263.5 2,381
Percent possible sunshine 61 61 59 56 46 43 45 51 52 56 53 58 53
Source: [111][112][113]

Urban structure

Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census
The CBD as viewed from above Kings Domain

Melbourne's

Docklands have made these areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. A byproduct of the CBD's layout is its network of lanes and arcades, such as Block Arcade and Royal Arcade.[115][116]

Melbourne's CBD has become Australia's most densely populated area, with approximately 19,500 residents per square kilometre,

(also known as "Green Spine"), has recently been approved for construction and will be the tallest structure in Australia by 2025.

The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the Royal Exhibition Building, the Melbourne Town Hall and Parliament House.[120][121] Although the area is described as the centre, it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to an urban sprawl to the southeast, the demographic centre being located at Glen Iris.[122] Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream.[123][124] This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low-density sprawl, whilst its inner-city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria is known as the garden state.

Point Nepean National Park in the southeast, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.[130][131] The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas,[132] 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.[133]

Housing

19th-century terrace houses are common in the inner suburbs.

Melbourne has minimal public housing and high demand for rental housing, which is becoming unaffordable for some.[134][135][136] Public housing is managed and provided by the Victorian Government's Department of Families, Fairness and Housing, and operates within the framework of the Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement, by which both federal and state governments provide funding for housing.

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing.

high-density development in existing areas with good access to public transport and other services. As a result of this, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.[137]

Architecture

Victorian era buildings on Collins Street, preserved by setting skyscrapers back from the street

On the back of the 1850s gold rush and 1880s land boom, Melbourne became renowned as one of the world's great Victorian-era cities, a reputation that persists due to its diverse range of

early skyscrapers upon completion.[141][142] Heritage listings and heritage overlays
have since been introduced in an effort to prevent further losses of the city's historic fabric.

Melbourne is home of 77 skyscrapers, the tallest being Australia 108 (centre-right), the Southern Hemisphere's only 100-plus-storey building, and Eureka Tower (right).

In line with the city's expansion during the early 20th century, suburbs such as Hawthorn and Camberwell are defined largely by Federation and Edwardian architectural styles. The City Baths, built in 1903, are a prominent example of the latter style in the CBD. The 1926 Nicholas Building is the city's grandest example of the Chicago School style, while the influence of Art Deco is apparent in the Manchester Unity Building, completed in 1932.

The city also features the Shrine of Remembrance, which was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in World War I and is now a memorial to all Australians who have served in war.

Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of large

Tudor revival and Neo-Georgian mansions are all common in inner-city neighbourhoods such as Carlton, Fitzroy and further into suburban enclaves like Toorak.[143]

Culture

La Trobe Reading Room, State Library Victoria

Often referred to as Australia's cultural capital, Melbourne is recognised globally as a centre of sport, music, theatre, comedy, art, literature, film and television.

world's most liveable cities, partly due to its cultural attributes.[23]

The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Melbourne Fringe Festival and Moomba, Australia's largest free community festival.

Rolf Boldrewood produced classic visions of colonial life. Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886), the fastest-selling crime novel of the era, is set in Melbourne, as is Australia's best-selling book of poetry, The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915) by C. J. Dennis.[147] Contemporary Melbourne authors who have written award-winning books set in the city include Peter Carey, Helen Garner and Gerald Murnane. Melbourne has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well as the nation's largest publishing sector.[148] The city is also home to the Melbourne Writers Festival and hosts the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. In 2008, it became the second city to be named a UNESCO City of Literature
.

Founded in 1854, the Princess Theatre is the oldest theatre in the East End Theatre District.

are also based in the precinct.

St Kilda's Crystal Ballroom, famed for hosting local and international post-punk and new wave bands

Melbourne has been called "the live music capital of the world";

Melbourne Shuffle dance style, both of which emerged from the city's underground rave scene.[156]

NGV International, home of the National Gallery of Victoria's international collection
NGV International in Southbank, home of the National Gallery of Victoria's international collection

Established in 1861, the

Australian tonalists followed in the 1910s,[158] some of whom went on to found Montsalvat in Eltham, Australia's oldest surviving art colony. During World War II, the Angry Penguins, a group of avant-garde artists, convened at a Bulleen dairy farm, now the Heide Museum of Modern Art. The city is also home to the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, as well as numerous independent galleries and artist-run spaces. In the 2000s, Melbourne street art became globally renowned and a major tourist drawcard, with "laneway galleries" such as Hosier Lane attracting more Instagram hashtags than some of the city's traditional attractions, such as the Melbourne Zoo.[159][160] Melbourne is also home to many examples of public art, ranging from the Burke and Wills monument (1865) to the abstract sculpture Vault
(1978).

A quarter century after

, Australia's largest film production company.

Sport

Statue at the MCG of Australian rules football founder Tom Wills umpiring an 1858 football match. The first games of Australian rules were played in adjacent parklands.
Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne during the Australian Open, 2023
Melbourne hosts the Australian Open, the first of four annual Grand Slam tennis tournaments.

Melbourne has long been regarded as Australia's sporting capital due to the role it has played in the development of Australian sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.[165] The city is also home to 27 professional sports teams competing at the national level, the most of any Australian city. Melbourne's sporting reputation was recognised in 2016 when, after being ranked as the world's top sports city three times biennially, the Ultimate Sports City Awards in Switzerland named it 'Sports City of the Decade'.[166]

The city has hosted a number of major international sporting events, most notably the 1956 Summer Olympics, the first Olympic Games held outside Europe and the United States.[167] Melbourne also hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games, and is home to several major annual international events, including the Australian Open, the first of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. First held in 1861 and declared a public holiday for all Melburnians in 1873, the Melbourne Cup is the world's richest handicap horse race, and is known as "the race that stops a nation". The Formula One Australian Grand Prix has been held at the Albert Park Circuit since 1996.

National Sports Museum,[169] and serves as the home ground of the Victoria cricket team. At Twenty20 level, the Melbourne Stars and Melbourne Renegades compete in the Big Bash League
.

Australian rules football, Australia's most popular spectator sport, traces its origins to matches played in parklands next to the MCG in 1858. Its first laws were codified the following year by the Melbourne Football Club,[170] also a founding member, in 1896, of the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite professional competition. Headquartered at Docklands Stadium, the AFL fields a further eight Melbourne-based clubs: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and the Western Bulldogs.[171] The city hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season, attracting an average of 40,000 spectators per game.[172] The AFL Grand Final, traditionally held at the MCG, is the highest attended club championship event in the world.

In

A-League by Melbourne Victory, Melbourne City FC and Western United FC. The rugby league team Melbourne Storm plays in the National Rugby League, and in rugby union, the Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising compete in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions, respectively. North American sports have also gained popularity in Melbourne: basketball sides South East Melbourne Phoenix and Melbourne United play in the NBL; Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs play in the Australian Ice Hockey League; and Melbourne Aces plays in the Australian Baseball League. Rowing
also forms part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained.

Economy

The 19th-century Coop's Shot Tower enclosed in Melbourne Central, one of the city's major retail hubs

Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters of many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and five of the largest seven in the country (based on

Port Botany in Sydney.[174] Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[175]

Melbourne is also an important financial centre. In the 2022

industry super-funds including the AU$109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008),[176] second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre.[177]

Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also has a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota Australia
respectively.

Docklands redevelopment.[183]

The Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world to live in according to its worldwide cost of living index in 2013.[184]

Tourism

Known for its bars, street art and coffee culture, the inner city's network of laneways and arcades is a popular cultural attraction.

Melbourne is the second most visited city in Australia and the seventy-third most visited city in the world.

State Library of Victoria is the fourth most visited in the world.[145] Luna Park, a theme park modelled on New York's Coney Island and Seattle's Luna Park,[188] is also a popular destination for visitors.[189] In its annual survey of readers, the Condé Nast Traveler magazine found that both Melbourne and Auckland were considered the world's friendliest cities in 2014.[190][191] Melbourne's laneways and arcades are of particular importance for the city's tourism–Hosier Lane attracted one million visitors in each year prior to the COVID pandemic.[192] The laneways of Melbourne have been gentrified and now include prominent displays of street art, which attracts international tourists. Melbourne is considered one of the safest world cities for travellers.[193][194]

Queen Victoria Market is the Southern Hemisphere's largest open air market.

Melbourne has a renowned culinary scene that attracts international tourists.[195][196][197] Lygon Street, which runs through the inner-northern suburbs of Melbourne, is a popular dining destination with an abundance of Italian and Greek restaurants that date back to earlier European immigration of the city. Food festivals are of particular popularity in Melbourne, many of which are held during early autumn, earning this period the nickname "mad March". The most well-known of these events, the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival, takes place over the course of ten days and began in 1993.[198][199]

Melbourne is home to many annual events and festivals. The

Melbourne International Jazz Festival, the Melbourne Royal Show and the Midsumma Festival
.

Demographics

Established during the gold rush, Chinatown is the longest continuous Chinese settlement outside Asia.

According to the 2022 Australian Census, the population of the Greater Melbourne area was 5,031,195.[200]

Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, as well as having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.[201]

In recent years,

Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne is on track to overtake Sydney in population between 2028 and 2030.[202]

After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and

western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl.[203][204] As of 2018, the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19,000 residents per square kilometre, and the inner city suburbs of Carlton, South Yarra, Fitzroy and Collingwood make up Victoria's top five.[205][206]

Ancestry and immigration

Country of birth (2021)[207]
Birthplace[note 3] Population
Australia 2,947,136
India 242,635
Mainland China 166,023
England 132,912
Vietnam 90,552
New Zealand 82,939
Sri Lanka 65,152
Philippines 58,935
Italy 58,081
Malaysia 57,345
Greece 44,956
Pakistan 29,067
South Africa 27,056
Iraq 25,041
Hong Kong SAR 24,428
Afghanistan 23,525
Iran 20,922
United States 20,231

At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[207]

At the 2021 census, 0.7% of Melbourne's population identified as being IndigenousAboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[note 4][208]

In Greater Melbourne at the 2021 census, 59.9% of residents were born in Australia. The other most common countries of birth were India (4.9%), Mainland China (3.4%), England (2.7%), Vietnam (1.8%) and New Zealand (1.7%).[208]

Language

At the time of the 2021 census, 61.1% of Melburnians speak only English at home.

Arabic
(1.8%) were the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne.

Religion

St Patrick's Cathedral

Melbourne has a wide range of religious faiths, the most widely held of which is Christianity. This is signified by the city's two large cathedrals—St Patrick's (Roman Catholic), and St Paul's (Anglican). Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.[209] In recent years, Greater Melbourne's irreligious community has grown to be one of the largest in Australia.[210]

According to the 2021 Census, persons stating that they had

Anglicanism (5.5%).[208] The most popular non-Christian religious affiliations were Islam (5.3%), Hinduism (4.1%), Buddhism (3.9%), Sikhism (1.7%) and Judaism (0.9%).[208]

Over 180,000 Muslims live in Melbourne.[211] Muslim religious life in Melbourne is centred on about 25 mosques and a number of prayer rooms at university campuses, workplaces and other venues.[212]

As of 2000, Melbourne had the largest population of

Polish Jews and Holocaust survivors in Australia, and the largest number of Jewish institutions.[213]

Education

Ormond College, part of the University of Melbourne

Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the My Choice Schools Ranking, five are in Melbourne.

Victoria University (VU)
.

Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University and Monash University have campuses in

Mumbai, India. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia,[217] is the highest ranked university in Australia across the three major global rankings – QS (14th), THES (34th) and the Academic Ranking of World Universities (32nd),[218] with Monash University also ranking within the top 50 – QS (42nd) and THES (44th).[219] Both are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.[220]

As of 2017

Department of Education (DET), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.[224]

Media

Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the

ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) – community television.[225] Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels.[226] Some digital media companies such as Broadsheet
are based in and primarily serve Melbourne.

Many AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include public (i.e., state-owned

3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.[227]

Governance

Parliament House with W-Class heritage tram in foreground

The governance of Melbourne is split between the

Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne often fulfils such a role as a first among equals.[228]

The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989

. These include services associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects.

Infrastructure

Health

Royal Children's Hospital

The Victorian Government's Department of Health oversees about 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region and 13 health services organisations.[230]

Major medical,

Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, and the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre. The headquarters of Australian pharmaceutical company CSL Limited is located in the Melbourne Biomedical Precinct in Parkville, which contains over 40 biomedical and research institutions.[231] It was announced in 2021 that a new Australian Institute for Infectious Disease would also be built in Parkville.[232]

Other institutions include the

Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, and the Australian Synchrotron.[233] Many of these institutions are associated with and located near to universities. Melbourne is also home to the Royal Children's Hospital and the Monash Children's Hospital
.

Among Australian capital cities, Melbourne ties with Canberra in first place for the highest male life expectancy (80.0 years) and ranks second behind Perth in female life expectancy (84.1 years).[234]

Roads

The Bolte Bridge is part of the CityLink tollway system.

Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport,[235] particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought,[236] with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world.[235] The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion and a tendency towards the development of urban sprawl—like all Australian cities, inhabitants would live in the suburbs and commute to the city for work.[237] By the mid-1950s, there were just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people, and by 2013, there were 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people.[238]

The

Department of Transport, who oversee the planning and integration. Maintenance of roads is undertaken by different bodies, depending on the road. Local roads are maintained by local councils, while secondary and main roads are the responsibility of Vicroads. Major national freeways and roads integral to national trade are overseen by the Federal Government.[239]

Today, Melbourne has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways. These are used by private vehicles, including road freight vehicles, as well as road-based public transport modes like buses and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the

Hume Freeway, which connects Melbourne to Canberra and Sydney. Melbourne's middle suburbs are connected via an orbital freeway, the M80 Ring Road, which will be completed when the North East Link opens.[240]

Out of Melbourne's 20 declared freeways open or under construction, 6 are electronic toll roads. This includes the

Eastlink, North East Link, and the West Gate Tunnel. Apart from Eastlink which is owned and operated by ConnectEast, the toll roads in Melbourne are run by Transurban
. In Melbourne, tollways have blue and yellow signage compared to the green signs used for free roads.

Public transport

Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s. From the 1940s, public transport use in Melbourne declined due to a rapid expansion of the road and freeway network, with the largest declines in tram and bus usage.[241] This decline quickened in the early 1990s due to large public transport service cuts.[241] The operations of Melbourne's public transport system was privatised in 1999 through a franchising model, with operational responsibilities for the train, tram and bus networks licensed to private companies.[242] After 1996 there was a rapid increase in public transport patronage due to growth in employment in central Melbourne, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips.[243][241] A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006.[244] Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20% and a number of projects have commenced aimed at expanding public transport usage.[244]

Train

Situated on the City Loop, Southern Cross station is Victoria's main hub for regional and interstate trains.

The

rail yards
, are also used for freight.

An assortment of new railways are under construction in Melbourne. A new heavy rail corridor through the inner city, the

CBD.[247] An airport rail connection has commenced with early works in Keilor East.[248]

Tram

A C-class tram in suburban Box Hill, 14 km east of the CBD. The city's tram network consists of 493 trams and is the largest in the world.

Melbourne's tram network dates from the 1880s land boom and, as of 2021, consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of double track, 475 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops, making it the largest in the world.[249][25][250] In 2017–2018, 206.3 million passenger trips were made by tram.[246] Around 75 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes.[249] Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD.[251] Trams are free within the central city Free Tram Zone and run 24-hours on weekends.[252]

Bus

Melbourne's bus network consists of more than

400 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services.[253][251][254] 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013–2014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year.[255]

Airports

Melbourne has four airports.

Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia, with a traffic of over 37 million passengers in 2018–19.[256] The airport, which comprises four terminals,[257] is home base for passenger airline Jetstar and cargo airlines Australian airExpress and Toll Priority, and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. A rail link to Tullamarine is planned to open by 2029.[258] Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients.[259] Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's southeast that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport, also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.[260]

Water transport

Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The

cruise ships docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from berths
along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.

Utilities

Sugarloaf Reservoir at Christmas Hills in the metropolitan area is one of Melbourne's closest water supplies.

Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by

Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir
carry secondary supplies.

Gas is provided by three distribution companies:

  • AusNet Services, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner western suburbs to southwestern Victoria.
  • Multinet Gas, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner eastern suburbs to eastern Victoria. (owned by SP AusNet after acquisition, but continuing to trade under the brand name Multinet Gas)
  • Australian Gas Networks, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner northern suburbs to northern Victoria, as well as the majority of southeastern Victoria.

Electricity is provided by five distribution companies:

  • Citipower
    , which provides power to Melbourne's CBD, and some inner suburbs
  • Victoria
    (Citipower and Powercor are owned by the same entity)
  • Jemena, which provides power to the northern and inner western suburbs
  • United Energy, which provides power to the inner eastern and southeastern suburbs, and the Mornington Peninsula
  • AusNet Services, which provides power to the outer eastern suburbs and all of the north and east of Victoria.

Numerous telecommunications companies provide Melbourne with terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services and wireless internet services and at least since 2016 Melbourne offers a free public WiFi which allows for up to 250 MB per device in some areas of the city.

See also

Lists

Notes

  1. reduced /ər/ as in "labour".[8]
  2. ^ The use of the term Melburnian can be traced back to 1876 where the case for Melburnian over Melbournian was made in the Melbourne Grammar School publication, the Melburnian. "The diphthong, 'ou' is not a Latin diphthong: hence, we argued this way, Melburnia would be [the] Latin form of name, and from it comes Melburnian."[14][15]
  3. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  4. ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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