Menai Strait
Menai Strait | |
---|---|
Afon Menai (Welsh) | |
Location | Irish Sea |
Coordinates | 53°10′50″N 4°14′00″W / 53.18056°N 4.23333°W |
Type | Strait |
Settlements | Bangor, Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Y Felinheli, Menai Bridge |
The Menai Strait (Welsh: Afon Menai, lit. 'River Menai') is a strait which separates the island of Anglesey from Gwynedd, on the mainland of Wales. It is situated between Caernarfon Bay in the south-west and Conwy Bay in the north-east, which are both inlets of the Irish Sea. The strait is about 25 km (16 mi)[1] long and varies in width from 400 metres (1,300 ft) between Fort Belan and Abermenai Point to 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) between Puffin Island (Ynys Seiriol) and Penmaenmawr.[1] It contains several islands, including Church Island (Ynys Tysilio), on which is located St Tysilio's Church.
The strait is bridged by the Menai Suspension Bridge (Pont Grog y Borth), which was completed in 1826 to a design by Thomas Telford and carries the A5 road, and the Britannia Bridge (Pont Britannia) a truss arch bridge which carries the North Wales Main Line and the A55 road; it is an adaptation of a tubular railway bridge completed in 1850 to a design by Robert Stephenson, which was severely damaged by a fire in 1970.
The differential tides at the two ends of the strait cause very strong currents which create dangerous conditions. One of the most hazardous areas is the Swellies (Pwll Ceris), between the two bridges, where rocks near the surface cause over-falls and local whirlpools. This was the site of the loss of the training ship HMS Conway in 1953. Entering the strait at the Caernarfon end is also hazardous because of the frequently shifting sand banks that make up Caernarfon bar.
Origins
The present day channel is a result of glacial erosion of the bedrock along a line of weakness associated with the
History
The name Menai comes from Welsh main-aw or main-wy, meaning "narrow water."[3]
According to
In the 12th century, a later Viking raid and battle in the Menai Strait are recounted in the
From the 1890s until 1963, the pleasure steamers of the
Tidal effects
The tidal effects observed along the banks of the strait can be confusing. A rising tide approaches from the south-west, causing the water in the strait to flow north-eastwards as the level rises. The tide also flows around Anglesey until, after a few hours, it starts to flow into the strait in a south-westerly direction from
Theoretically it is possible to ford the strait in the Swellies at low water, spring tides when the depth may fall to less than 0.5 metres (1.6 ft). However, at these times a strong current of around 4.8 knots (8.9 km/h) is running, making the passage extremely difficult. Elsewhere in the strait the minimum depth is never less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) until the great sand flats at Lavan Sands are reached beyond Bangor.
The tides carry large quantities of fish, and the construction of
Ecology
Marine
Because the strait has such unusual tidal conditions, coupled with very low wave heights because of its sheltered position, it presents a unique and diverse
The depth of the channel reaches 15 metres (49 ft) in places, and the current can exceed 7 knots (13 km/h). It is very rich in sponges.
The existence of this unique ecology was a major factor in the establishment of
Land
The same unique ecology and geomorphology has let to a number of designations of
Much of the land on Anglesey at the eastern end of the strait is designated as an
Crossings
Menai Bridge
Opened in 1826, the Menai Bridge is a 417 metre long, 30 metre tall suspension bridge, and the first bridge to cross the Menai Strait. The bridge, designed by Thomas Telford, carries the A5, a road which connects the capital London to Holyhead on Holy Island. The bridge itself is grade one listed and a candidate to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Britannia Bridge
Opened in 1850, the Britannia Bridge was built as a rail bridge connecting
Proposed third crossing
Since 2007, a Third Menai Crossing had been proposed by government to tackle congestion on the other two crossings. However, on 14 February 2023, the Welsh Government announced that the project would not go ahead, citing efforts to reduce car usage, its environmental impact and it being a "blot" on the landscape.[10][11][12][13] Issues with financing the project was later stated by the government as another reason why the project could not proceed.[14] Lee Waters, deputy minister for climate change, later stated the crossing could be considered again as part of a wider review into the infrastructure of North Wales, rather than individually.[15]
See also
- Angharad ferch Owain – Queen of Gwynedd
External links
- Menai Heritage a community project celebrating the two bridges along the Menai Strait
- Live webcam of the Menai Strait Broken
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Menai Strait (BMLSS Information)". www.glaucus.org.uk.
- .
- ^ Morgan, Thomas (1887). Handbook of the origin of place-names in Wales and Monmouthshire. H.V. Southey, "Express" Office.
- ^ Aberlleiniog/Trecastell: Key historic landscape features and processes Archived 2016-08-06 at the Wayback Machine www.heneb.co.uk, Gwynedd Archaeological Trust.
- ^ John Shaw MP (5 December 2007). "Seas and Oceans: environmental protection". Hansard.
- ^ "Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)". Natural Resources Wales. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ "Menai Strait Whitebeam Project". www.fossilplants.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ "Map of Anglesey AONB". Isle of Anglesey Council. 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ Hearn, Elgan (19 January 2011). "Statistics show more cars using the Britannia Bridge". dailypost.
- ^ "Third Menai Strait bridge 'could be built by 2021'". BBC News. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "All major road building projects in Wales are scrapped". BBC News. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ Forgrave, Andrew (14 February 2023). "Third Menai crossing and 'Red Route' axed as major road-building plans scrapped". North Wales Live. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Plans for third Menai crossing axed in review of road improvements in Wales". North Wales Chronicle. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ "No money for major road projects in Wales, minister says". BBC News. 19 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ Lennox, Aaran (19 February 2023). "Welsh Government could 'look again' at third Menai crossing". North Wales Live. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
Bibliography
- Davies, Henry Rees; Jenkins, R.T. (1966). A review of the records of the Conway and the Menai Ferries. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board. ISBN 0708301088.
- Hughes, T. Meirion (1997). The Ferries to Anglesey / Y fferïau i Fôn. Caernarfon's Yesterdays series, no. 2 (in English and Welsh). Caernarfon: T.M. Hughes. ISBN 0952493624.
- Jones, Reg Chambers (2011). Crossing the Menai: an illustrated history of the ferries and bridges of the Menai Strait. Wrexham: Bridge Books. ISBN 9781844940745.
- Richards, Robin (2004). Two Bridges over Menai (new revised ed.). Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. ISBN 1845241304.
- Rosenberg, Nathan; Vincenti, Walter G. (1978). The Britannia Bridge: the generation and diffusion of technical knowledge. Monograph series / Society for the History of Technology, no. 10. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0262180871.