Mentolat
Mentolat | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Ultra | |
Coordinates | 44°41′48″S 73°04′33″W / 44.69667°S 73.07583°W[4] |
Geography | |
Location | Chile |
Parent range | Andes |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
Last eruption | 1710 ± 5 years[5] |
Mentolat is an ice-filled, 6 km (4 mi) wide
Little is known of the eruptive history of Mentolat, but it is thought to be young, with a possible eruption in the early 18th century that may have formed lava flows on the western slope. The earliest activity occurred during the Pleistocene, and Mentolat has had some major explosive eruptions during the Holocene.
Etymology and alternative spellings
The etymology of Mentolat has been tentatively linked to Men (o) lat, which in the Chono language means "to decipher". Mentolat was referred to as Montalat on a map of the early 20th century, and other spellings such as Menlolat, Montalat, Montolot and Matalot have been identified.[6]
Geomorphology and geography
Mentolat lies on the central part of
Mentolat is located in the Southern Volcanic Zone,
Mentolat is a
The composition of the rocks ranges from
Geology
The
The
More volcanoes in the neighbourhood of Mentolat include
A major geological structure in the region is the Northern
Climate and vegetation
Temperatures in the region range from 8–13 °C (46–55 °F) and precipitation can reach 7,500 millimetres (300 in) thanks to the
Until 17,800 years before present, the region southeast of Hudson was covered by the glaciers of the last ice age. Their retreat left a series of lakes that caught tephra deposited by volcanic activity.[24]
Eruptive history
Eruptive activity at Mentolat has been ongoing since the Pleistocene,
A major eruption of Mentolat occurred during the
Less than 6,960 years before present, a basaltic andesite-andesite ash of yellow ochre colour was erupted from Mentolat. The yellow-grey MEN2 ash has been dated by radiocarbon dating to be over 90 ± 30 years before present.[7][9] This eruption had a minimum volume of 3.7 cubic kilometres (0.89 cu mi).[34] Additional tephra layers indicate eruptions less than 2,560 and 4,320 years ago, along with a number of smaller eruptions.[17][18]
Early in the 18th century, Mentolat erupted and formed lava flows on its western flank. These are Mentolat's best preserved volcanic deposits.[3][15] The eruption deposited lapilli pumice.[35] No historical records of activity exist, however,[9] although reports by Serrano in the 18th century may refer to a lava flow from Mentolat.[3] The most recent eruption may have been in 1850,[8] or 1710 ± 5.[3]
Large explosive eruptions in the southern segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone occur on average every 725 years,[36] and tephras from volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone have been transported over large distances.[27] The largest Holocene volcanic eruption of the Southern Andes occurred 6,700 years before present at Cerro Hudson.[37] Tephra layers found at Mallín El Embudo have been attributed to Mentolat, as well as to Melimoyu and Cerro Hudson.[38]
Threats
Large explosive eruptions have occurred in the Southern Volcanic Zone; at least 25 large eruptions occurred in the Holocene; similar, future eruptions could have regional or even hemispheric effects as observed with the
Ash fall from volcanic eruptions affects the ecosystem. Trees lose their leaves, plants in the forest understory are buried, the forest canopy opens and plants which do not tolerate shadowing can grow.[38]
Further hazards exist in the form of snowpack on about half of the volcanoes;[11] under the influence of pyroclastic flows, the snowpack can melt, generating dangerous lahars such as the one generated by the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia. This eruption claimed 23,000 fatalities, and lahars are a major cause of volcanic eruption associated fatalities.[2]
See also
- List of volcanoes in Chile
- List of Ultras of South America
References
- ^ a b c d Fontijn et al., 2014, p.72
- ^ a b Rivera and Bown 2013, p.346
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Mentolat". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b "Argentina and Chile, Southern: Patagonia Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ a b Gallego et al., 2010, p.1481
- ISSN 0071-1713.
- ^ a b c d e Mella et al. 2012, p.580
- ^ a b c d e "Mentolat - Sernageomin". www.sernageomin.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ ISSN 0716-0208.
- ^ a b Fontijn et al., 2014, p.73
- ^ a b c Fontijn et al., 2014, p.74
- ^ a b Corbella and Lara 2008, p.101
- ^ a b c Weller and Stern 2018, p.235
- .
- ^ a b c d Rivera and Bown 2013, p.349
- ^ Rivera and Bown 2013, p.351
- ^ a b c Weller et al. 2015, p.5
- ^ ISSN 0718-7106.
- ^ Weller and Stern 2018, p.240
- .
- ^ Gallego et al., 2010, p.1479
- ^ a b Gallego et al., 2010, p.1480
- ^ Weller and Stern 2018, p.242
- ^ a b Weller et al. 2015, p.3
- ^ Weller et al. 2019, p.283
- ^ Weller et al. 2015, p.1
- ^ a b Corbella and Lara 2008, p.107
- ^ Rivera and Bown 2013, p.347
- S2CID 53481295.
- ^ S2CID 54943497.
- ISSN 0277-3791.
- ^ Weller et al. 2019, p.292
- ^ .
- ^ a b Mella et al. 2012, p.581
- ISBN 9780081004050.
- ^ Corbella and Lara 2008, p.106
- ^ Corbella and Lara 2008, p.105
- ^ ISSN 1814-9332.
- ^ Weller et al. 2015, p.22
Sources
- Corbella, Hugo; Lara, Luis E. (1 January 2008). "Late Cenozoic Quaternary Volcanism in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego". In Rabassa, J. (ed.). Developments in Quaternary Sciences. The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Vol. 11. Elsevier. pp. 95–119. ISBN 9780444529541.
- Gallego, A.; Russo, R. M.; Comte, D.; Mocanu, V. I.; Murdie, R. E.; Vandecar, J. C. (1 September 2010). "Seismic noise tomography in the Chile ridge subduction region". Geophysical Journal International. 182 (3): 1478–1492. ISSN 0956-540X.
- Fontijn, Karen; Lachowycz, Stefan M.; Rawson, Harriet; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A.; Naranjo, José A.; .
- Mella, Mauricio; Ramos, Alejandro; Kraus, Stefan; Duhart, Paul (2012). "Tefroestratigrafía, magnitud y geoquímica de erupciones holocenas mayores del volcán Mentolat, Andes del Sur (44º40'S), Chile" (PDF). biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (in Spanish). 13th Chilean Geological Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- Rivera, Andrés; Bown, Francisca (1 August 2013). "Recent glacier variations on active ice capped volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone (37°–46°S), Chilean Andes". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 45: 345–356. hdl:10533/130506.
- Weller, D. J.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (3 December 2015). "Tephrochronology of the southernmost Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile" (PDF). Bulletin of Volcanology. 77 (12): 107. S2CID 43634199.
- Weller, D.J.; Stern, C.R. (January 2018). "Along-strike variability of primitive magmas (major and volatile elements) inferred from olivine-hosted melt inclusions, southernmost Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile". Lithos. 296–299: 233–244. ISSN 0024-4937.
- Weller, D. J.; de Porras, M. E.; Maldonado, A.; Méndez, C.; Stern, C. R. (1 March 2019). "Petrology, geochemistry, and correlation of tephra deposits from a large early-Holocene eruption of Mentolat volcano, southern Chile". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 90: 282–295. S2CID 133895464.