Mepe

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This article is about the Georgian title. For other uses, see Mepe (disambiguation).
David Gareji reading ႧႠႫႠႰ ႫႤႴႤႧ ႫႤႴႤ[a] (tamar mepet mepe) meaning "Tamar, King of Kings".[2]

Mepe (Old Georgian: ႫႴ;[a] Georgian: მეფე [mepʰe]; meh-PEH) is a royal[4] title used to designate the Georgian monarch, whether it is referring to a king or a queen regnant.[5][6] The title was originally a male ruling title.[7]

Etymology

The word is derived from Georgian word მეუფე (meupe)

Proto-Kartvelian მფ/მეფე/მაფა (mp/mepe/mapa).[11] Even though mepe has a female equivalent, დედოფალი (dedopali; lit. 'queen')[12] it is only applied to the king's consort and does not have a meaning of a ruling monarch.[13]

History

Main article: Style of the Georgian sovereign

The term mepe was utilized since pre-Christian beginnings with

pharnah; lit. 'royal radiance'),[21] the divinely endowed glory believed by ancient Persians[b] to mark only a legitimate ruler,[22] accompanied with დიდებაჲ (didebay; lit. 'greatness') and სუე (sue; lit. 'fortune; destiny').[23] Georgian monarch's reign was known as მეფობაჲ (mepobay; lit. 'kingship').[24][25] Loss of pharnah and sue led to imminent death or overthrow of mepe.[26]

In the late 6th century, the

Georgian unification, culminating in 1008.[36]

In the 12th century,

Shahanshah was later totally usurped[59] and consistently used by Georgian monarchs, denoting sovereignty over several Persianate subjects such as Shirvanshahs, the Shaddadids and the Eldiguzids.[60] The royal cult of a monarch would reach its zenith with a female ruler, Tamar, whose execution of power would inaugurate the Georgian Golden Age, her being styled as Tamar, the mepe.[61] Tamar was given the longest and more elaborate titles on the royal charters, listing all the peoples and lands that she ruled as a semi-saint mepetamepe.[62] The Bagrationi mepe, with its royal legitimacy[f] and ideological pillar, would rule Georgia for a millennium, from its medieval elevation down to the Russian conquest in the early 19th century.[66]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c The terms ႫႴ (mp), ႫႴႤ (mpe) and ႫႤႴႤ (mepe) were used simultaneously. Such abbreviations were common in Georgian.[3]
  2. ^
    Classical Syriac sources.[18] The pre-Christian Georgian rulers identified Persia as the "land of heroes and giants", an exalted status that was never bestowed upon Rome or Byzantium.[19]
  3. ^
    Bakur III.[27] Bakur's sons would remain in the mountainous region of Kakheti;[28] their royal pedigree would rule the region as titular princes styled as mtavari.[29]
  4. ^
    Jesus Christ.[43] The Bagratid kings would expand their authority beyond the confines of Georgia itself, transforming the kingdom into an imperial power.[44] Georgia's imperial "Byzantinization" would result in abandoning its traditional use of the Syro-Palestinian liturgy; in the presence of thousands of Georgian monks throughout Byzantine lands, including Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Cyprus, Anatolia, Bulgaria, on Mount Athos; and the Byzantino-Georgian exchange of diplomatic marriages.[45]
  5. Kingdom of the Abkhazians.[56]
  6. dynastic succession as a new mepe should have had a biological connection and/or matrimony with an existing family.[64] The Pharnavazids, Chosroids and Bagratids were related through descent, intermarriage and adoption.[65]

References

  1. ^ Eastmond, p. 58
  2. ^ Eastmond, p. 182
  3. ^ Rapp, p. 38
  4. ^ Rapp, p. 472
  5. ^ Rayfield, location: 1292
  6. ^ Rapp, p. 263
  7. ^ Eastmond, p. 178
  8. ^ Klimov, p. 120
  9. ^ Rapp, p. 265
  10. ^ Klimov, p. 196
  11. ^ Klimov, pp. 195-215
  12. ^ Rapp, p. 286
  13. ^ Eastmond, p. 109
  14. ^ Rapp, p. 182
  15. ^ Rapp, p. 153
  16. ^ Rapp, pp. 11-277
  17. ^ Rapp, p. 154
  18. ^ Rapp, p. 141
  19. ^ Eastmond (2017), p. 109
  20. ^ Rapp, p. 155
  21. ^ Rapp, p. 205
  22. ^ Rapp, p. 276
  23. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 228
  24. ^ Rapp, p. 261
  25. ^ Bakhtadze, pp. 1-4
  26. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 230
  27. ^ Rayfield, location: 980
  28. ^ Rapp, p. 426
  29. ^ Rapp, pp. 233-471
  30. ^ Rapp, pp. 372-451
  31. ^ Eastmond, pp. 5-6
  32. ^ Bakhtadze, p. 3
  33. ^ Rayfield, location: 1337
  34. ^ Rapp, p. 337
  35. ^ Bakhtadze, pp. 5-9
  36. ^ Rapp, p. 231
  37. ^ Rapp, p. 187
  38. ^ Eastmond (2017), p. 111
  39. ^ Rapp, pp. 165-231-479
  40. ^ Eastmond, p. 5
  41. ^ Rapp, p. 370
  42. ^ Eastmond, pp. 118-121-201
  43. ^ Eastmond, p. 69
  44. ^ Eastmond (2017), p. 112
  45. ^ Eastmond (2017), p. 113
  46. ^ Rapp, p. 338
  47. ^ Eastmond, pp. 70-71
  48. ^ Eastmond, pp. 59-60
  49. ^ Rapp, p. 396
  50. ^ Eastmond (2017), p. 114
  51. ^ Eastmond, p. 134
  52. ^ Rayfield, location: 2194
  53. ^ Bakhtadze, p. 29
  54. ^ Eastmond, p. 39
  55. ^ Rapp, p. 501
  56. ^ Bakhtadze, pp. 20-22
  57. ^ Rapp, p. 372
  58. ^ Eastmond, pp. 67-70
  59. ^ Eastmond, p. 92
  60. ^ Rayfield, location: 2199
  61. ^ Eastmond, p. 97
  62. ^ Eastmond, pp. 162-178
  63. ^ Rapp (2014), pp. 230-231
  64. ^ Rapp (2014), pp. 273-370
  65. ^ Rapp (2014), pp. 232-240
  66. ^ Rapp, pp. 234-338

Bibliography

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