Merck & Co.
Revenue | US$60.12 billion (2023) |
---|---|
US$1.889 billion (2023) | |
US$365 million (2023) | |
Total assets | US$106.7 billion (2023) |
Total equity | US$37.58 billion (2023) |
Number of employees | c. 72,000 (2023) |
Website | |
Footnotes / references [1][2][3][4] |
Merck & Co., Inc. is an American
Merck & Co. was originally established as the American affiliate of Merck Group in 1891. Merck develops and produces medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products. It has multiple blockbuster drugs or products each with 2020 revenues including cancer immunotherapy, anti-diabetic medication and vaccines against
The company is ranked 71st on the 2022 Fortune 500[7] and 87th on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000,[8] both based on 2021 revenues. In 2023, the company’s seat in Forbes Global 2000 was 73.[9]
Products
The company develops
Details of Merck's major products are as follows:
- Januvia (sitagliptin) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In 2013, Januvia was the second largest selling diabetes drug worldwide.[10] Januvia is commonly paired with the generic anti-diabetes drug metformin. It has been popular due in part because unlike many other diabetes drugs, it causes little or no weight gain and is not associated with hypoglycemic episodes.[11][12] Merck also sells a single pill combination drug containing both Januvia and metformin under the trade name Janumet. There has been some concern that treatment with Januvia and other DPP-IV inhibitors may be associated with a modestly increased risk of pancreatitis.[13]
- Zetia (ezetimibe) is a drug for hypercholesterolemia that acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Zetia has been controversial, as it was initially approved based on its impact on serum cholesterol levels without proof that it actually impacted the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Results of the IMPROVE-IT study, however, introduced at the 2014 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, showed a statistically significant, albeit modest, benefit in adding Zetia to simvastatin for high-risk, post-acute-coronary-syndrome patients.[14]
- human papilloma virus (HPV), which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide.[18]
- Isentress (raltegravir) is a human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection. It is the first anti-HIV compound having this mechanism of action.[19] It is part of one of several first line treatment regimens recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.[20]
- Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is an immune modulator for the treatment of cancer. On September 4, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as a breakthrough therapy for melanoma treatment.[21] In clinical trials, pembrolizumab provided partial tumor regression in about one quarter of patients, many of whom have not seen further progression of their disease in over 6 months of follow-up.[22]
- Invanz (Ertapenem) is an injectable antibiotic, rights to which Merck has owned since 1999.[23] Merck was in a legal dispute with the Taiwanese company Savior Lifetec over their attempt to secure rights to sell a generic drug version in the United States.[23] Savior has since obtained approval to market generic ertapenem.[24]
- Mexsana is an antiseptic medicated powder.
- river blindness. It is the focus of Merck's Mectizan Donation Program, wherein Merck has donated doses of the drug to treat millions of people in countries such as Yemen and African nations.
- Molnupiravir is an antiviral pill to treat COVID-19,[25] developed in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.
Merck & Co. publishes
History
Roots and early history
Merck & Co. traces its origins to its former German parent company Merck Group, which was established by the Merck family in 1668 when Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased a drug store in Darmstadt.[26][27] In 1827, Merck Group evolved from a pharmacy to a drug manufacturer company with the commercial manufacture of morphine.[28] Merck perfected the chemical process of deriving morphine from opium and later introduced cocaine, used to treat sinus problems and to add to beverages to boost energy levels.[29]
In 1887 a German-born, long-time Merck employee, Theodore Weicker, went to the United States to represent Merck Group.[30] In 1891, with $200,000 received from E. Merck, Weicker started Merck & Co., with headquarters in lower Manhattan. That year George Merck, the 23-year-old son of the then head of E. Merck (and grandson of the founder) joined Weicker in New York.[31][26][27] Merck & Co. operated from 1891 to 1917 as the US subsidiary of the Merck Group.[27]
Nationalization
After the U.S. entered
In 1925, George W. Merck succeeded his father George F. Merck as president. In 1927, the corporation merged with the Powers-Weightman-Rosengarten Company, a Philadelphia quinine manufacturer. George Merck remained president and Frederic Rosengarten became chairman of the board.[40][41] In 1929, H. K. Mulford Company merged with Sharp and Dohme, Inc. and brought vaccine technology, including immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck & Co.
In 1943, Streptomycin was discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers University. It became the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanatoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were a ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.[42][43] Although Merck's agreement with Rutgers gave it exclusive rights to streptomycin, at Waksman's request the company renegotiated the agreement, returning the rights to the university in exchange for a royalty. The university then set up non-exclusive licenses with seven companies to ensure a reliable supply of the antibiotic.[44]
1950–2000
In the 1950s, thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello[45] and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class, chlorothiazide, under the trade name Duiril in 1958.[46] The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide, leading to "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension" was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975.[47]
In 1953, Merck & Co. merged with Philadelphia-based Sharp & Dohme, Inc., becoming the largest U.S. drugmaker. Sharp and Dohme had acquired H. K. Mulford Company in 1929, adding smallpox vaccines to its portfolio.[48][49][50][51][52][26] The combined company kept the trade name Merck in the United States and Canada, and as Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside North America.[39]
In 1965, Merck & Co. acquired Charles Frosst Ltd. of Montreal (founded 1899), creating Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc., as its Canadian subsidiary and pharmaceutical research facility. Merck & Co. closed this facility in July 2010 but remerged in 2011 as Merck Canada.[53][54]
Maurice Hilleman, a scientist at Merck, developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967,[55] the first rubella vaccine in 1969,[56] and the first trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR vaccine) in 1971.[57] The incidence of rubella-associated birth defects fell from up to 10,000 per year in the U.S. to zero in the aftermath of the rubella vaccine's development.[58] Hilleman also developed the first Hepatitis B vaccine and the first varicella vaccine, for chickenpox.[59]
The company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1970. John J. Horan became CEO and Chairman in 1976, serving until 1985.[60] Under his leadership, the company's investment in R&D grew threefold, and Merck became the largest pharmaceutical company in the world.[60][61]
In 1979, Merck scientists developed lovastatin (Mevacor), the first drug of the statin class.[62]
Merck scientist
In 1982, the company formed a joint venture, KBI Inc., with AstraZeneca.[67] During the late 1980s and 1990s, the company also established joint ventures with DuPont to access research and development expertise, and with Johnson & Johnson to sell over-the-counter consumer medications.[citation needed]
In 1985, Merck received approval for imipenem, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics. Antibiotics of the carbapenem class play an important role in treatment guidelines for certain hospital-acquired and multi-drug resistant infections.[68] P. Roy Vagelos became CEO and Chairman that year, succeeding Horan.[69]
In 1991, Merck's Kelco subsidiary was responsible for volatile organic compound (VOC) emission pollution in the San Diego area. In 1996 Merck paid $1.8 million for polluting the air. New machines were installed to reduce smog emissions by 680,000 lb (310,000 kg) a year.[70]
In November 1993, Merck & Co. acquired Medco Containment Services for $6 billion.[71][72] Merck & Co. spun Medco off ten years later.[73]
2001–2019
In May 2002, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Merck.[74]
From 2002 through 2005, the Australian affiliate of Merck paid publishing house
In 2005,
In November 2009, Merck & Co. completed a merger with
In October 2013, Merck announced it would cut 8,500 jobs in an attempt to cut $2.5 billion from its costs by 2015. Combined with 7,500 job cuts announced in 2011 and 2012, the layoffs amounted to 20% of its workforce.[84][85]
By 2014, research performed at Merck has led to U.S. FDA approval of 63
In August 2014, Merck acquired Idenix Pharmaceuticals for $3.85 billion.[87][88]
In December 2014, the company acquired Swiss biotechnology company OncoEthix for up to $375 million.[89][90]
Between 2010 and 2015, the company cut around 36,450 jobs.[91] During that time, the company sold its consumer health business to Bayer and narrowed the company's focus to immunology, vaccines, diabetes, emerging markets and medicines used in hospitals, like certain antibiotics.[91]
In January 2015, Merck acquired Cubist Pharmaceuticals.[92]
In July 2015, Merck and Ablynx expanded their 18-month-old immuno-oncology collaboration by four years, generating a potential $4.4 billion in milestone payments for the Abylnx.[93] The company also announced it would spend $95 million up front collaborating with cCAM Biotherapeutics and its early-stage treatment similar to Keytruda. Merck & Co. will bring in CM-24, an antibody designed to block the immune checkpoint CEACAM1.[94]
In January 2016, Merck announced two new partnerships; the first with Quartet Medicine and its small molecule pain treatments,
In July 2016, the company acquired Afferent Pharmaceuticals, developer of a candidate used to block P2RX3 receptors, for approximately $1 billion, plus up to $750 million in milestone payments.[98][99]
In 2017, Merck bought the PARP inhibitor Lynparza from AstraZeneca.[100]
In April 2017, Merck Animal Health acquired Vallée S.A., a Brazilian animal health product manufacturer.[101]
In September 2017, the company announced it would acquire Rigontec, developer of a candidate to target the
In October 2017, the company granted the inaugural Merck-AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship in Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer to David Lau, a professional in Melbourne, Australia.[104][105]
In June 2018, Merck acquired Viralytics, an Australian viral cancer drug company, for AUD$502 million.[106]
In 2018, Merck began the submission process for a Biologics License Application to the
In April 2019, the company acquired Immune Design for approximately $300 million, gaining access to its immunotherapy programs.[108][109] It also acquired Antelliq Group for $2.4 billion, or $3.7 billion including debt.[110]
In May 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Peloton Therapeutics, developer of a HIF-2alpha inhibitor for Von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, for up to $2.2 billion.[111]
In June 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Tilos Therapeutics for up to $773 million.[112]
In November 2019, the company acquired Calporta, which focused on Parkinsons and Alzheimers treatments.[113]
In December 2019, Merck Animal Health acquired Vaki, an aquaculture company, from Pentair.[114]
2020–present
In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, developer of ARQ 531, an oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, for $2.7 billion.[115]
In March 2020, Merck was one of ten companies recognised at the inaugural Manufacturing Awards by New Jersey Business magazine and the New Jersey Business and Industry Association.[116]
In June 2020, Merck acquired Themis Bioscience, a company focused on vaccines and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases including COVID-19 and cancer.[117][118][119]
Also in June 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired Quantified Ag, a data and analytics company that monitors cattle body temperature and movement in order to detect illness early.[120]
In August 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired IdentiGEN, engaged in DNA-based animal traceability.[121]
In September 2020, Merck acquired $1 billion of
In November 2020, Merck announced it would acquire VelosBio for $2.75 billion, developer of VLS-101, an
In February 2021, Merck Animal Health acquired PrognostiX Poultry.[127]
In March 2021, Merck Head of Corporate Affairs Petra Wicklandt represented the company at the
In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics for $1.85 billion, expanding its offering in treating autoimmune diseases.[129][130][131]
In June 2021, the U.S. government agreed to spend $1.2 billion to purchase 1.7 million doses of Molnupiravir, a Merck product, if it were to be approved by regulators to treat COVID-19.[132] In October 2021, the company said that the drug reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by around 50% for patients with mild or moderate cases of COVID-19 and that it would seek Emergency Use Authorization for the drug.[133]
In July 2021, Robert M. Davis became CEO, succeeding Kenneth Frazier, who became executive chairman.[134][135][136][137]
In July 2021, Merck completed the corporate spin-off of Organon & Co.[138]
In September 2021, Merck announced it would acquire
In September 2022, the company announced it would acquire
In December 2022, the company announced a licensing deal with Kelun-Biotech of China whereby it would expand its early cancer pipeline with a set of
In April 2023, Merck announced it would acquire Prometheus Biosciences Inc for $10.8 billion.[142]
In December 2023, Merck announced it had partnered with Owkin to develop artificial intelligence-powered digital pathology diagnostics that could be used to identify patients suitable for immunotherapies. The aim is to come up with tools that can pre-screen patients with four tumour types for the MSI-H biomarker, namely endometrial, gastric, small intestinal, and biliary cancers.[143]
In January 2024, the company announced it would acquire
Acquisition history
- Merck & Co (Founded in 1891 as the US subsidiary of Merck of Darmstadt, later Nationalised by the US government in 1917 during the first World War)
- Merck & Co
- Merck & Co
- H. K. Mulford Company (Acq 1929)
- Sharp & Dohme, Inc (Acq 1953)
- Charles E. Frosst Ltd (Acq 1965, restructured into Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc, restructured into Merck Canada in 2011)
- Medco Containment Services Inc (Acq 1993, Spun off 2003)
- Schering‑Plough
- Schering-Plough (Merged 1971)
- Schering Corporation (Founded 1851)
- Plough, Inc (Founded 1908)
- Organon International
- Alydia Health (Acq 2021)
- Intervet
- Diosynth
- Nobilon
- Schering-Plough (Merged 1971)
- Merck & Co
- Imperial Blue Corporation[146]
- Idenix Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2014)
- Maven Corporation[147]
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals
- Trius Therapeutics (Acq 2013)
- Optimer Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2013)
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals
- OncoEthix (Acq 2015)
- IOmet Pharma (Acq 2016)
- Afferent Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2016)
- Merck Animal Health
- Vallée S.A. (Acq 2017)
- Vaki (Acq 2019)
- Quantified Ag (Acq 2020)
- IdentiGEN (Acq 2020)
- PrognostiX Poultry Ltd (Acq 2021)
- Vence (Acq 2022)
- Rigontec (Acq 2017)
- Viralytics (Acq 2018)
- Antelliq Group (Acq 2018)
- Cascade Merger Sub, Inc.[148]
- Immune Design Corp (Acq 2019)
- Peloton Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
- Tilos Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
- Calporta (Acq 2019)
- Argon Merger Sub, Inc.
- ArQule, Inc. (Acq 2019)
- Themis Bioscience (Acq 2020)
- VelosBio (Acq 2020)
- OncoImmune (Acq 2020)
- Astros Merger Sub, Inc.
- Acceleron Pharma (Acq 2021)
- Prometheus Biosciences (Acq 2023)
- Caraway Therapeutics (Acq 2023)
- Harpoon Therapeutics (Acq 2024)
- Merck & Co
Philanthropy
Merck Company Foundation
Since it was founded in 1957, the Merck Company Foundation has distributed $740 million in overall charitable distributions including more than $480 million to educational and non-profit organizations.[149][150]
On December 7, 2012, the foundation announced that it was ending its donations to the Boy Scouts of America citing its discrimination against gay people.[151]
Patient assistance programs
Merck & Co. was one of the first American pharmaceutical companies to offer assistance to those unable to afford its medications, beginning a program in the 1950s.[152] Merck & Co. offers seven patient assistance programs, each with specific eligibility requirements.[153][154]
Hilleman Laboratories
Merck and the Wellcome trust jointly fund the Hilleman Laboratories, an India-based non-profit research organization dedicated to the development of low-cost vaccines for use in developing countries. Current projects include the development of low cost, thermostable vaccines for the prevention of cholera, rotavirus, and meningitis.[155]
Merck for Mothers
Merck for Mothers is Merck's global initiative to help create a world where no woman has to die while giving life.[156][non-primary source needed]
Mectizan donation program
In 1987, Merck began a program with
Lawsuits and controversies
Vioxx
In 1999, the
Thereafter, studies by Merck and by others found an increased risk of heart attack associated with
On September 23, 2004, Merck received information about results from a
About 50,000 people sued Merck, claiming they or their family members had suffered medical problems such as heart attacks or strokes after taking Vioxx.[166] In November 2007, Merck agreed to pay $4.85 billion to settle most of the pending Vioxx lawsuits.[167] The settlement required that claimants provide medical and pharmacy records confirming the occurrence of a heart attack, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death; the receipt of at least 30 Vioxx pills within 60 days prior to the injury or death; and confirmation of Vioxx being used within 14 days of the Vioxx-related event.[168] The settlement was generally viewed by industry analysts and investors as a victory for Merck, considering that original estimates of Merck's liability reached between $10 billion and $25 billion.[167] As of mid-2008, when the plaintiff class had reached the threshold percentage required by Merck to go through with the settlement, plaintiffs had prevailed in only three of the twenty cases that had reached juries, all with relatively small awards.[166]
Merck has refused to consider compensation for Vioxx victims and their families outside the US. This is particularly true in the UK where there are at least 400 victims and the legal protection afforded to the victims and their families is particularly weak.[169]
According to internal e-mail traffic released at a later lawsuit, Merck had a list of doctors critical of Vioxx to be "neutralized" or "discredited". "We may need to seek them out and destroy them where they live," wrote an employee. A Stanford Medical School professor said that Merck was engaged in intimidation of researchers and infringement upon academic freedom.[170]
On May 20, 2008, Merck settled for $58 million with 30 states alleging that Merck engaged in deceptive marketing tactics to promote
Fosamax
Fosamax (
In December 2013, Merck agreed to pay a total of $27.7 million to 1,200 plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit alleging that the company's osteoporosis drug had caused them to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw. Prior to the settlement, Merck had prevailed in 3 of 5 so-called bellwether trials. Approximately 4000 cases still await adjudication or settlement as of August 2014.[179]
Medicaid overbilling
A fraud investigation by the
"Merck" name legal dispute
In 191 of 193 countries, the original Merck company, the Merck Group of Darmstadt, owns the rights to the "Merck" name. In the United States and Canada, the company trades under the name EMD (an abbreviation of Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt), its legal name here says Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and instead of "Merck Group", the "EMD Group" name is used. In the United States and Canada, Merck & Co. holds the rights to the trademark "Merck", while in the rest of the world the company trades under the name MSD (an abbreviation of Merck, Sharp & Dohme) and its legal name says here Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
In 2015 the Merck Group adopted a new logo and said it will be "much more aggressive" about protecting the brand of "the real Merck".[184] Merck of Darmstadt has initiated litigation against its former subsidiary, Merck & Co. (MSD) of Kenilworth, in several countries over infringing use of the Merck name. In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom.[39] The judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK.[185]
In response to the ruling, MSD initiated counter-litigation in the United States in January 2016 by filing a federal lawsuit which accused its former parent company of "infringing on its trademark" through actions that included the increased usage of "Merck KGaA" and "MERCK" in branding in the US as well as on its social media presence. Further Merck & Co. has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution, unfair competition, false advertising, deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, and cybersquatting. The case came to a head when a research scientist believed he was communicating with Merck & Co regarding a research grant in oncology, when in fact he was talking with the Merck Group. As a result, Merck & Co. asked the federal court to stop the Merck Group from using "Merck" on any products or marketing materials in the United States. As a direct result, Merck & Co is seeking "all monetary gains, profits, and advantages" made by the Merck Group and three-times the damage, plus additional punitive damages.[36]
In April 2020, in the course of litigation of Merck against MSD in Switzerland, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that MSD's use of the "Merck" brand in its global websites could, absent geotargeting mechanisms, have "commercial effect" in Switzerland and could therefore violate Merck's rights (if any) to the "Merck" brand in Switzerland.[186]
Tax fraud
In 2007, Merck paid $2.3 billion to settle allegations of offshore tax fraud between 1993 and 2001.[187]
Propecia
In 2021, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Merck's baldness drug Propecia caused persistent sexual dysfunction in men.[188] The drug has been linked to over 700 incidences of suicidal thoughts[189] and 110 deaths.[188] Merck has been receiving reports since 1998, but never included the risks on the label.[188] In 2015, Merck was sued by consumer-rights law firm Hagens Berman over a wrongful death linked to Propecia.[190]
Environmental violations
Merck & Co. once used
Public-private engagement
Conferences
Merck was a Conference Supporter for the Virtual ISPOR Asia Pacific conference in September 2020.[192]
Political lobbying
Merck is a contributing member of
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