Mercy seat

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Mercy seat (disambiguation).
Replica of the ark of the covenant, with the "mercy seat" (kaporet) acting as lid.

According to the

Day of Atonement. The term also appears in later Jewish sources, and twice in the New Testament, from where it has significance in Christian theology
.

Etymology

The etymology of kaporet (Hebrew: הַכַּפֹּֽרֶת) is unclear. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that "some translate simply 'cover'",[1] whilst others posit a different Hebrew[2] or foreign origin.[3]

In Judaism

In the Hebrew Bible

"The Ark and the Mercy Seat", 1894 illustration by Henry Davenport Northrop

According to the biblical account (Exodus 25:19; 37:6), the cover was made from pure

cherubim were placed at each end of the cover facing one another and the mercy seat, with their wings spread to enclose the mercy seat (Exodus 25:18–21). The cherubim formed a seat for Yahweh (1 Samuel 4:4). The ark and mercy seat were kept inside the Holy of Holies, the temple's innermost sanctuary which was separated from the other parts of the temple by a thick curtain (parochet
).

The Holy of Holies could be entered only by the

Day of Atonement. The high priest sprinkled the blood of a sacrificial bull onto the mercy seat as an atonement for the sins of the people of Israel
.

In rabbinic tradition

After the destruction of the

Torah scroll was contained in a Torah ark (Aron HaKodesh, "Holy ark") in synagogues, so also the term kaporet was applied to the valance of the parochet (Hebrew: פרוכת‎ "curtain") on this ark.[a][5][b]

Second Temple era sources

In the

pu'al as "to cover sins," "to atone" found also in kippurim. Hilastērion is relatively rare in classical Greek and appears largely in late writings to reference a sacrifice to appease the wrath of a deity. The term in the Septuagint was translated in the Latin Vulgate
Bible with the word propitiatorium from which we get our English word propitiation.

In Christian tradition

The mercy seat in the 1890 Holman Bible

In the New Testament

Hilastērion is found twice in the New Testament:

atonement, and the formation of a New Covenant (Hebrews 9:3–15). The Yom Kippur ritual was a shadow of things to come (Hebrews 10:1). The continual sacrifice for sin under the Mosaic covenant became obsolete
following the once-for-all sacrificial death of Christ.

In English Bibles

The first English Bible, translated from Latin 1382, renders the term a propiciatory following the Vulgate propitiatorium, and in the first occurrence, Exodus 25:17, also inserts an unbracketed gloss "that is a table hiling the ark" – hiling is Middle English for "covering".[c][d]

The term propitiatory was also used by

Bible versions, such as the New Jerusalem Bible (NJB) 1985.[10]

Footnotes

  1. ^ ... above the parokhet [curtain]. In Exodus 25:17, the kaporet refers to the slab of pure gold that covered the Ark ...[4]
  2. ^ The art of the Torah Ark curtain (parochet) reached a peak during the first decades of the eighteenth century in Bavaria. ... All the Bavarian curtains of this type seem to have had an upper valance (kaporet), ...[6]
  3. ^ Hilen,
    3 sg. hileb. hilinge, ger., "concealment".[7]
  4. ^ And thou schalt make a propiciatorie of clenneste gold; that is a table hilinge the arke; the lengthe therof schal holde twei cubitis and an half, the broodnesse schal holde a cubit and half. —
    Exodus 25:17, Wycliffe (1382)[8]

References

  1. ISBN 9780199730049
    . Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  2. doi:10.1515/ebr.kapporet
    . Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  3. ^ Isaacs, Roger D.; Hemmings, Adam R. (2023). "The "Mercy Seat" and the Ark of the Testimony: An Age-Old Misnomer?" (PDF). Studies of Biblical Interest. 1 (1): 11–20 – via Zenodo.
  4. Jewish Museum. p. 31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. ^ Ausubel, Nathan (1964). The Book of Jewish Knowledge. p. 19. The materials out of which the Ark curtain and its valance (kaporet) were made in former times is unknown.
  6. ^ Fishof, Iris (1994). Jewish art masterpieces from the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Jerusalem, IL: Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel. p. 40.
  7. Oxford University
    . p. 533.
  8. Wycliffe Bible. Wesley Center. Nampa, ID: Northwest Nazarene University
    . Chapter 25.
  9. ^ "The Book of Exodus". www.cormacburke.or.ke.
  10. ^ "Exodus". New Jerusalem Bible. Chapter 1. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

External links

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