Hooded crow
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Hooded crow | |
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At the garden of Belvedere, Vienna | |
Croaking of hooded crow in Kyiv | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Corvidae |
Genus: | Corvus |
Species: | C. cornix
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Binomial name | |
Corvus cornix | |
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix), also called the scald-crow or hoodie,
The hooded crow is so similar in morphology and habits to the carrion crow (Corvus corone) that for many years they were considered by most authorities to be geographical races of one species. Hybridization observed where their ranges overlapped added weight to this view. However, since 2002, the hooded crow has been elevated to full species status after closer observation; the hybridisation was less than expected and hybrids had decreased vigour.[2][3] Within the hooded crow species, four subspecies are recognized, with one, the Mesopotamian crow, possibly distinct enough to warrant species status itself.
Taxonomy
The hooded crow was one of the many species originally described by
Subspecies
Four subspecies of the hooded crow are now recognised;[10] previously, all were considered subspecies of Corvus corone.[12] A fifth subspecies, C. c. sardonius (Kleinschmidt, 1903) has been listed,[6] although it has been alternately partitioned between C. c. sharpii (most populations), C. c. cornix (Corsican population), and the Middle Eastern C. c. pallescens.[citation needed]
- C. c. cornix Linnaeus, 1758 – the nominate race, occurs in Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe south to Corsica.[citation needed]
- C. c. sharpii Oates, 1889 – named for English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe. This is a paler grey form found from western Siberia through to the Caucasus region and Iran.[13]
- C. c. pallescens (Madarász, 1904) – found in Turkey and Egypt, and is a paler form as its name suggests.[citation needed]
- C. c. capellanus Sclater, PL, 1877 – sometimes considered a separate species. This distinctive form occurs in Iraq and southwestern Iran. It has very pale grey plumage, which looks almost white from a distance.[13] It is possibly distinct enough to be considered a separate species.[14]
Genetic difference from carrion crows
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix) and carrion crow (Corvus corone) are two closely related species whose geographical distribution across Europe is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It is believed that this distribution might have resulted from the glaciation cycles during the Pleistocene, which caused the parent population to split into isolates which subsequently re-expanded their ranges when the climate warmed causing secondary contact.[3][15] Jelmer Poelstra and coworkers sequenced almost the entire genomes of both species in populations at varying distances from the contact zone to find that the two species were nearly genetically identical, both in their DNA and in its expression (in the form of mRNA), except for the lack of expression of a small portion (<0.28%) of the genome (situated on avian chromosome 18) in the hooded crow, which imparts the lighter plumage colouration on its torso.[3] Thus the two species can viably hybridize, and occasionally do so at the contact zone, but the all-black carrion crows on the one side of the contact zone mate almost exclusively with other all-black carrion crows, while the same occurs among the hooded crows on the other side of the contact zone. They concluded that it was only the outward appearance of the two species that inhibits hybridization.[3][15]
Description
Except for the head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, which are black and mostly glossy, the plumage of the hooded crow is ash-grey, with the dark shafts giving it a streaky appearance. The
The hooded crow, with its contrasted greys and blacks, is visually distinct from both the carrion crow and the rook, but the ⓘ call notes of the hooded and carrion crows are almost indistinguishable.[9]
Distribution
The hooded crow breeds in northern and eastern Europe, and closely allied forms inhabit southern Europe and western Asia. Where its range overlaps with that of the carrion crow, as in northern Britain, Germany, Denmark, northern Italy, and Siberia, their hybrids are fertile. However, the hybrids are less well-adapted than purebred birds (one of the reasons behind its reclassification as a distinct species from the carrion crow).[17] Little or no interbreeding occurs in some areas, such as Iran and central Russia.[citation needed]
In the British Isles, the hooded crow breeds regularly in Scotland, the Isle of Man, and the Scottish Islands; it also breeds widely in Ireland. In autumn, some migratory birds arrive on the east coast of Britain. In the past, this was a more common visitor.[18]
Behaviour
Diet
The hooded crow is omnivorous, with a diet similar to that of the carrion crow, and is a constant scavenger. It drops
Nesting
Nesting occurs later in colder regions: mid-May to mid-June in northwest
The typical lifespan is unknown, but that of the carrion crow is four years.[22] The maximum recorded age for a hooded crow is 16 years, and 9 months.[16]
This species is a secondary host of the
This species, like its relative, is regularly killed by farmers and on grouse estates. In County Cork, Ireland, the county's gun clubs shot over 23,000 hooded crows in two years in the early 1980s.[18] Since 1981, they have been protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, meaning it is illegal to knowingly kill, injure, or capture them.[24]
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Nest with eggs in urbanized environment, Moscow
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Ten-day-old chicks
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Juvenile hooded crows in Sweden
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Eggs of Corvus corone cornix -MHNT
Status
The
Cultural significance
In Irish folklore, the bird appears on the shoulder of the dying
The old name of Royston crow originates from the days when this bird was a common winter visitor to southern England, with the sheep fields around Royston, Hertfordshire providing carcasses on which the birds could feed. The local newspaper, founded in 1855, is called The Royston Crow,[18] and the hooded crow also features on the town's coat of arms.[31]
The hooded crow is one of the 37 Norwegian birds depicted in the Bird Room of the
In January 2014, a hooded crow and a yellow-legged gull each attacked one of two peace doves which Pope Francis had allowed children to release in Vatican City.[34]
References
- ^ Greenoak, F. (1979). All the Birds of the Air; the Names, Lore and Literature of British Birds. Book Club Associates, London.
- .
- ^ S2CID 14431499.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Vol. v.1. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 105.
C. cineraſ cens, caplte gula alis caudaque nigris.
- ^ Hartert, Ernst (1909). Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: R. Friedländer und Sohn. p. 9.
- ^ a b Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 271–272.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7232-1513-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-00-726814-6.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Crows, mudnesters, birds-of-paradise". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-19-863132-3.
- ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7022-1015-0.
- ISBN 0-7136-3999-7
- ^ S2CID 207790306.
- ^ a b c d "Hooded Crow Corvus cornix [Linnaeus, 1758]". BTOWeb BirdFacts. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- ISBN 978-0-385-40985-8
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7011-6907-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7232-0060-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1.
- JSTOR 3378.
- ^ "Carrion Crow Corvus corone [Linnaeus, 1758]". BTOWeb BirdFacts. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- ^ Snow & Perrins (1998) 873–4
- ^ "Hooded Crow Bird Facts (Corvus cornix)". Birdfact. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
- ^ BirdLife International (2004). "Corvus corone". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T22706016A26497956. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
- ^ "Fågelarter på rödlistan | SLU Artdatabanken".
- ISBN 978-0-486-22145-8.
- ^ Armstrong, p. 83
- ^ Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). Birds in legend, fable and folklore. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 165. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ISBN 978-0-486-22145-8.
- ^ "Royston Town Council (Herts)". Civic Heraldry of England and Wales.
- ^ "The Bird Room". The Norwegian Royal Family - Official Website. The Norwegian Royal Family. 3 February 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ Anderson, Ian (2007). "The Jethro Tull Christmas Album Special Edition Features Bonus DVD in USA!". Jethro Tull - The Official Website. Jethro Tull. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ Bever, Lindsey (January 26, 2015). "How killer birds forced Pope Francis to change a Vatican tradition: Releasing doves for peace". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10.