Metamonad
| Metamonad | |
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Giardia lamblia , a parasitic diplomonad
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Excavata |
| Phylum: | Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 2003
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| Classes & orders | |
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The metamonads are a large group of
Characteristics
A number of parabasalids and oxymonads are found in
These flagellates are unusual in lacking mitochondria. Originally they were considered among the most primitive eukaryotes, diverging from the others before mitochondria appeared. However, they are now known to have lost mitochondria secondarily, and retain both organelles and nuclear genes derived from them. Mitochondrial relics include hydrogenosomes, which produce hydrogen, and small structures called mitosomes.
It now appears the Metamonada are, together with
All of these groups are united by having flagella or basal bodies in characteristic groups of four, which are often associated with the nucleus, forming a structure called a karyomastigont. In addition, the genera Carpediemonas and Trimastix are now known to be close relatives of the retortamonad-diplomonad line and the oxymonads, respectively. Both are free-living and amitochondriate.
Classification
The metamonads were thought to make up part of the
The following higher level treatment from 2013 is based on works of
Metamonada were once again proposed to be basal eukaryotes in 2018.[7]
- Phylum Metamonada (Grassé 1952) Cavalier-Smith 1987 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Family AnaeramoebidaeTáborský, Pánek & Čepička 2017
- Subphylum AnaeromonadaCavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 2003
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 1999
- Family Paratrimastigidae Zhang et al. 2015[8]
- Order Trimastigida Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Family Trimastigidae Saville Kent 1880
- Order OxymonadidaGrassé 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Family Polymastigidae Bütschli 1884
- Family Saccinobaculidae Brugerolle & Lee 2002 ex Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Pyrsonymphidae Grassé 1892
- Family Oxymonadidae Kirby 1928
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 1999
- Subphylum Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003 stat. n. 2013
- Superclass FornicataSimpson 2003 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Kipferliidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Class CarpediemonadeaCavalier-Smith 2013 s.s.
- Order CarpediemonadidaCavalier-Smith 2003 emend. 2013 s.s.
- Family Carpediemonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Order
- Class Eopharyngea Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Order Dysnectida Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Dysnectidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Order RetortamonadidaGrassé 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Caviomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Chilomastigidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family RetortamonadidaeWenrich 1932
- Order DiplomonadidaWenyon 1926 emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Family Giardiidae Kulda & Nohy´nkova´ 1978
- Family Octomitidae Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Family Spironucleidae Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Family Hexamitidae Kent 1880 emend. Brugerolle et al. 1975
- Order Dysnectida Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Superclass ParabasaliaHonigberg 1973 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Class Trichonymphea Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Order Lophomonadida Light 1927
- Family Lophomonadidae Saville Kent 1880
- Order TrichonymphidaPoche 1913
- Family †Burmanymphidae Poinar 2009
- Family Retractinymphidae Radek & Brune 2023[9]
- Family Spirotrichosomidae Hollande & Caruette-Valentin 1971
- Family Staurojoeninidae Grassé 1917
- Family Trichonymphidae Saville Kent 1880
- Family Hoplonymphidae Light 1926
- Family Teratonymphidae Koidzumi 1921 [Eucomonymphidae]
- Order Lophomonadida Light 1927
- Class Trichomonadea Kirby 1947 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Order Pimpavickida Céza & Čepička 2022[10]
- Family Pimpavickidae Céza & Čepička 2022
- Order Trichomonadida Kirby 1947
- Family Lacusteriidae Céza & Čepička 2022[10]
- Family Trichomonadidae Chalmers & Pekkoloa 1918 sensu Hampl et al. 2006
- Order Honigbergiellida Čepička et al. 2010[11][10]
- Family Honigbergiellidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010
- Family Hexamastigidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010
- Family Tricercomitidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010
- Order Hypotrichomonadida Čepička et al. 2010
- Family Hypotrichomonadidae (Honigberg 1963) Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010
- Order Spirotrichonymphida Grassé 1952
- Family Spirotrichonymphidae Grassé 1917
- Order Tritrichomonadida Čepička et al. 2010
- Family Dientamoebidae Grassé 1953
- Family Monocercomonadidae Kirby 1944
- Family Simplicimonadidae Čepička et al. 2010
- Family Tritrichomonadidae Honigberg 1963
- Order Cristamonadida Brugerolle & Patterson 2001 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Calonymphidae Grassé 1911
- Family Devescovinidae Doflein 1911
- Order Pimpavickida Céza & Čepička 2022[10]
- Class Trichonymphea Cavalier-Smith 2003
- Superclass
- Family