Metamorphoses
Metamorphoses | |
---|---|
by Ovid | |
Original title | Metamorphoses |
First published in | 8 CE |
Language | Latin |
Genre(s) | Narrative poetry, epic, elegy, tragedy, pastoral (see Contents) |
Meter | Dactylic hexameter |
Publication date | 1471 |
Published in English | 1480 |
Media type | Manuscript |
Lines | 11,995 |
Full text | |
Metamorphoses at Wikisource |
The Metamorphoses (
Although it meets some of the criteria for an
The Metamorphoses is one of the most influential works in Western culture. It has inspired such authors as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare. Numerous episodes from the poem have been depicted in works of sculpture, painting, and music, especially during the Renaissance. There was a resurgence of attention to Ovid's work near the end of the 20th century. The Metamorphoses continues to inspire and be retold through various media. Numerous English translations of the work have been made, the first by William Caxton in 1480.[2]
Sources and models
Ovid's relation to the Hellenistic poets was similar to the attitude of the Hellenistic poets themselves to their predecessors: he demonstrated that he had read their versions ... but that he could still treat the myths in his own way.
Ovid's decision to make myth the primary subject of the Metamorphoses was influenced by
There are three examples of Metamorphoses by later Hellenistic writers, but little is known of their contents.[3] The Heteroioumena by Nicander of Colophon is better known, and clearly an influence on the poem—21 of the stories from this work were treated in the Metamorphoses.[3] However, in a way that was typical for writers of the period, Ovid diverged significantly from his models. The Metamorphoses was longer than any previous collection of metamorphosis myths (Nicander's work consisted of probably four or five books)[6] and positioned itself within a historical framework.[7]
Some of the Metamorphoses derives from earlier literary and poetic treatment of the same myths. This material was of varying quality and comprehensiveness—while some of it was "finely worked", in other cases Ovid may have been working from limited material.[8] In the case of an oft-used myth such as that of Io in Book I, which was the subject of literary adaptation as early as the 5th century BCE, and as recently as a generation prior to his own, Ovid reorganises and innovates existing material in order to foreground his favoured topics and to embody the key themes of the Metamorphoses.[9]
Contents
Scholars have found it difficult to place the Metamorphoses in a genre. The poem has been considered as an
The poem is generally considered to meet the criteria for an epic; it is considerably long, relating over 250 narratives across fifteen books;[14] it is composed in dactylic hexameter, the meter of both the ancient Iliad and Odyssey, and the more contemporary epic Aeneid; and it treats the high literary subject of myth.[15] However, the poem "handles the themes and employs the tone of virtually every species of literature",[16] ranging from epic and elegy to tragedy and pastoral.[17] Commenting on the genre debate, Karl Galinsky has opined that "... it would be misguided to pin the label of any genre on the Metamorphoses".[13]
The Metamorphoses is comprehensive in its chronology, recounting the creation of the world to the death of Julius Caesar, which had occurred only a year before Ovid's birth;[12] it has been compared to works of universal history, which became important in the 1st century BCE.[16] In spite of its apparently unbroken chronology, scholar Brooks Otis has identified four divisions in the narrative:[18]
- Book I – Book II (end, line 875): The Divine Comedy
- Book III – Book VI, 400: The Avenging Gods
- Book VI, 401 – Book XI (end, line 795): The Pathos of Love
- Book XII – Book XV (end, line 879): Rome and the Deified Ruler
Ovid works his way through his subject matter, often in an apparently arbitrary fashion, by jumping from one transformation tale to another, sometimes retelling what had come to be seen as central events in the world of
The recurring theme, as with nearly all of Ovid's work, is love—be it personal love or love personified in the figure of Amor (
The Metamorphoses ends with an epilogue (Book XV.871–879), one of only two surviving Latin epics to do so (the other being Statius' Thebaid).[19] The ending acts as a declaration that everything except his poetry—even Rome—must give way to change:[20]
Now stands my task accomplished, such a work
As not the wrath ofJove, nor fire nor sword
Nor the devouring ages can destroy.[21]
Books
- Book I – The Creation, the Ages of Mankind, the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha, Apollo and Daphne, Io, Phaëton.
- Book II – Phaëton (cont.), Europa.
- Book III – Cadmus, Diana and Actaeon, Semele and the birth of Bacchus, Tiresias, Narcissus and Echo, Pentheus and Bacchus.
- Book IV – The daughters of Minyas, Pyramus and Thisbe, Mars and Venus, the Sun in love (Leucothoe and Clytie), Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, the daughters of Minyas transformed, Athamas and Ino, the transformation of Cadmus, Perseus and Andromeda.
- Book V – Perseus' fight in the palace of .
- Book VI – Orithyia.
- Book VII – Medea and Jason, Medea and Aeson, Medea and Pelias, Theseus, Minos, Aeacus, the plague at Aegina, the Myrmidons, Cephalus and Procris.
- Book VIII – and his daughter.
- Book IX – Achelous and Hercules; Hercules, Nessus, and Deianira; the death and apotheosis of Hercules; the birth of Hercules; Dryope; Iolaus and the sons of Callirhoe; Byblis; Iphis and Ianthe.
- Book X – Orpheus and Eurydice, Cyparissus, Ganymede, Hyacinth, Pygmalion, Myrrha, Venus and Adonis, Atalanta.
- Book XI – The death of Alcyone, Aesacus.
- Book XII – The expedition against Troy, Achilles and Cycnus, Caenis, the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, Nestor and Hercules, the death of Achilles.
- Book XIII – .
- Book XIV – Scylla and Glaucus (cont.), the pilgrimage of Aeneas (cont.), the island of Circe, Picus and Canens, the triumph and apotheosis of Aeneas, Pomona and Vertumnus, Messapian shepherd, legends of early Rome, the apotheosis of Romulus.
- Book XV –
Themes
The different genres and divisions in the narrative allow the Metamorphoses to display a wide range of themes. Scholar Stephen M. Wheeler notes that "metamorphosis, mutability, love, violence, artistry, and power are just some of the unifying themes that critics have proposed over the years".[23]
Metamorphosis
In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora;
— Ov., Met., Book I, lines 1–2.
Metamorphosis or transformation is a unifying theme amongst the episodes of the Metamorphoses. Ovid raises its significance explicitly in the opening lines of the poem: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("I intend to speak of forms changed into new entities;").[24] Accompanying this theme is often violence, inflicted upon a victim whose transformation becomes part of the natural landscape.[25] This theme amalgamates the much-explored opposition between the hunter and the hunted[26] and the thematic tension between art and nature.[27]
There is a great variety among the types of transformations that take place: from human to inanimate objects (Nileus), constellations (Ariadne's Crown), animals (Perdix), and plants (Daphne, Baucis and Philemon); from animals (ants) and fungi (mushrooms) to human; from one sex to another (hyenas); and from one colour to another (pebbles).[28] The metamorphoses themselves are often located metatextually within the poem, through grammatical or narratorial transformations. At other times, transformations are developed into humour or absurdity, such that, slowly, "the reader realizes he is being had",[29] or the very nature of transformation is questioned or subverted. This phenomenon is merely one aspect of Ovid's extensive use of illusion and disguise.[30]
Influence
No work from classical antiquity, either
European literature as Ovid's Metamorphoses. The emergence of French, English, and Italian national literatures in the late Middle Ages simply cannot be fully understood without taking into account the effect of this extraordinary poem. ... The only rival we have in our tradition which we can find to match the pervasiveness of the literary influence of the Metamorphoses is perhaps (and I stress perhaps) the Old Testament and the works of Shakespeare.
— Ian Johnston[25]
The Metamorphoses has exerted a considerable influence on literature and the arts, particularly of the West; scholar A. D. Melville says that "It may be doubted whether any poem has had so great an influence on the literature and art of Western civilization as the Metamorphoses."[31] Although a majority of its stories do not originate with Ovid himself, but with such writers as Hesiod and Homer, for others the poem is their sole source.[25]
The influence of the poem on the works of
The Metamorphoses was also a considerable influence on William Shakespeare.[35] His Romeo and Juliet is influenced by the story of Pyramus and Thisbe (Metamorphoses Book IV);[36] and, in A Midsummer Night's Dream, a band of amateur actors performs a play about Pyramus and Thisbe.[37] Shakespeare's early erotic poem Venus and Adonis expands on the myth in Book X of the Metamorphoses.[38] In Titus Andronicus, the story of Lavinia's rape is drawn from Tereus' rape of Philomela, and the text of the Metamorphoses is used within the play to enable Titus to interpret his daughter's story.[39] Most of Prospero's renunciative speech in Act V of The Tempest is taken word-for-word from a speech by Medea in Book VII of the Metamorphoses.[40] Among other English writers for whom the Metamorphoses was an inspiration are John Milton—who made use of it in Paradise Lost, considered his magnum opus, and evidently knew it well[35][41]—and Edmund Spenser.[42] In Italy, the poem was an influence on Giovanni Boccaccio (the story of Pyramus and Thisbe appears in his poem L'Amorosa Fiammetta)[25] and Dante.[43][44]
During the
Though Ovid was popular for many centuries, interest in his work began to wane after the Renaissance, and his influence on 19th-century writers was minimal.[35] Towards the end of the 20th century his work began to be appreciated once more. Ted Hughes collected together and retold twenty-four passages from the Metamorphoses in his Tales from Ovid, published in 1997.[53] In 1998, Mary Zimmerman's stage adaptation Metamorphoses premiered at the Lookingglass Theatre,[54] and the following year there was an adaptation of Tales from Ovid by the Royal Shakespeare Company.[55] In the early 21st century, the poem continues to inspire and be retold through books,[56] films[57] and plays.[58] A series of works inspired by Ovid's book through the tragedy of Diana and Actaeon have been produced by French-based collective LFKs and his film/theatre director, writer and visual artist Jean-Michel Bruyere, including the interactive 360° audiovisual installation Si poteris narrare, licet ("if you are able to speak of it, then you may do so") in 2002, 600 shorts and "medium" film from which 22,000 sequences have been used in the 3D 360° audiovisual installation La Dispersion du Fils[59] from 2008 to 2016 as well as an outdoor performance, "Une Brutalité pastorale" (2000).
Manuscript tradition
In spite of the Metamorphoses' enduring popularity from its first publication (around the time of Ovid's exile in 8 AD) no manuscript survives from antiquity.[61] From the 9th and 10th centuries there are only fragments of the poem;[61] it is only from the 11th century onwards that complete manuscripts, of varying value, have been passed down.[62]
The poem retained its popularity throughout late antiquity and the Middle Ages, and is represented by an extremely high number of surviving manuscripts (more than 400);[63] the earliest of these are three fragmentary copies containing portions of Books 1–3, dating to the 9th century.[64]
But the poem's immense popularity in antiquity and the Middle Ages belies the struggle for survival it faced in late antiquity. The Metamorphoses was preserved through the Roman period of Christianization.[citation needed] Though the Metamorphoses did not suffer the ignominious fate of the Medea, no ancient scholia on the poem survive (although they did exist in antiquity[65][page needed]), and the earliest complete manuscript is very late, dating from the 11th century.
Influential in the course of the poem's manuscript tradition is the 17th-century Dutch scholar
Collaborative editorial effort has been investigating the various manuscripts of the Metamorphoses, some forty-five complete texts or substantial fragments,[67] all deriving from a Gallic archetype.[68][page needed] The result of several centuries of critical reading is that the poet's meaning is firmly established on the basis of the manuscript tradition or restored by conjecture where the tradition is deficient. There are two modern critical editions: William S. Anderson's, first published in 1977 in the Teubner series, and R. J. Tarrant's, published in 2004 by the Oxford Clarendon Press.
In English translation
The full appearance of the Metamorphoses in English translation (sections had appeared in the works of Chaucer and Gower)[69] coincides with the beginning of printing, and traces a path through the history of publishing.[69][70] William Caxton produced the first translation of the text on 22 April 1480;[71] set in prose, it is a literal rendering of a French translation known as the Ovide Moralisé.[72]
In 1567,
In 1717, a translation appeared from Samuel Garth bringing together work "by the most eminent hands":[76] primarily John Dryden, but several stories by Joseph Addison, one by Alexander Pope,[77] and contributions from Tate, Gay, Congreve, and Rowe, as well as those of eleven others including Garth himself.[78] Translation of the Metamorphoses after this period was comparatively limited in its achievement; the Garth volume continued to be printed into the 1800s, and had "no real rivals throughout the nineteenth century".[79]
Around the later half of the 20th century a greater number of translations appeared[80] as literary translation underwent a revival.[79] This trend has continued into the twenty-first century.[81] In 1994, a collection of translations and responses to the poem, entitled After Ovid: New Metamorphoses, was produced by numerous contributors in emulation of the process of the Garth volume.[82]
French Translation
The 1557 edition
One of the most famous translations of the Metamorphoses published in France dates back to 1557. Published under the title La Métamorphose d'Ovide figurée (The Illustrated Metamorphosis of Ovid) by the Maison Tournes (1542–1567) in Lyon, it is the result of a collaboration between the publisher Jean de Tournes and Bernard Salomon, an important 16th-century engraver. The publication is edited octavo format and presents Ovid's texts accompanied by 178 engraved illustrations.[83]
In the years 1540–1550, the spread of contemporary translations led to a true race to publish the ancient poet's texts among the city of Lyon's various publishers. Therefore, Jean de Tournes faced fierce competition, which also published new editions of the Metamorphoses. He published the first two books of Ovid in 1456, a version that was followed by an illustrated reprint in 1549. His main competitor was Guillaume Roville, who published the texts illustrated by Pierre Eskrich in 1550 and again in 1551. In 1553, Roville published the first three books with a translation by Barthélémy Aneau, which followed the translation of the first two books by Clément Marot. However, the 1557 version published by Maison Tournes remains the version that enjoys the greatest fortune, as testified by historiographical mentions.
The 16th-century editions of the Metamorphoses constitute a radical change in the way myths are perceived. In previous centuries, the verses of the ancient poet had been read above all in function of their moralising impact, whereas from the 16th century onwards their aesthetic and hedonistic quality was exalted. The literary context of the time, marked by the birth of the Pléiade, is indicative of this taste for the beauty of poetry.
"The disappearance of the Ars Amatoria and the Remedia amoris marks the end of a Gothic era in Ovidian publishing, just as the publication in 1557 of the Métamorphose figurée marks the appropriation by the Renaissance of a work that is as much in line with its tastes as the moralizing of the Metamorphoses had been with the aspirations of the 14th and 15th centuries".[84]
The work was republished in French in 1564 and 1583, although it had already been published in Italian by Gabriel Simeoni in 1559 with some additional engravings.
Some copies from 1557 are today held in public collections, namely the National Library of France, the Municipal Library of Lyon, the Brandeis University Library in Waltham (MA) and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C., USA. A digital copy is available on Gallica. It would also appear that a copy has been auctioned at Sotheby's.
Illustrations
The 1557 edition published by Jean de Tournes features 178 engravings by Bernard Salomon accompanying Ovid's text.[85] The format is emblematic of the collaboration between Tournes and Salomon, which has existed since their association in the mid-1540s: the pages are developed centred around a title, an engraving with an octosyllabic stanza and a neat border.
The 178 engravings were not made all at once for the full text, but originate from a reissue of the first two books in 1549. In 1546, Jean de Tournes published a first, non-illustrated version of the first two books of the Metamorphoses, for which Bernard Salomon prepared twenty-two initial engravings. Salomon examined several earlier illustrated editions of the Metamorphoses before working on his engravings, which nevertheless display a remarkable originality.
In the book Bernard Salomon. Illustrateur lyonnais, Peter Sharratt states that the plates in this edition, along with that of the Bible ilustrated by the painter in 1557, are Salomon's works that most emphasise the illustrative process based on "a mixture of memories".[83] Among the earlier editions consulted by Salomon, one in particular stands out: Metamorphoseos Vulgare, published in Venice in 1497. The latter shows similarities in the composition of some episodes, such as the 'Creation of the World' and 'Apollo and Daphne'. In drawing his figures, Salomon also used Bellifontaine's canon, which testifies to his early years as a painter. Among other works, he created some frescoes in Lyon, for which he drew inspiration from his recent work in Fontainebleau.
Better known in his lifetime for his work as a painter, Salomon's work in La Métamorphose d'Ovide figurée nevertheless left a mark on his contemporaries. These illustrations contributed to the celebration of the Ovidian texts in their hedonistic dimension. In this respect, Panofsky speaks of "extraordinarily influential woodcuts"[86] and the American art historian Rensselaer W. Lee describes the work as "a major event in the history of art".[83]
In the Musée des Beaux-arts et des fabrics in Lyon, it is possible to observe wooden panels reproducing the model of Salomon's engravings for Ovid's Metamorphoses of 1557.
See also
- Isis (Lully), a French opera based on the poem
- List of Metamorphoses characters
- Tragedy in Ovid's Metamorphoses
Notes
- ^ "The Hayden White Rare Book Collection". University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- LCCN 77-20716.
- ^ a b c Galinsky 1975, p. 2.
- ^ a b Galinsky 1975, p. 1.
- ^ Fletcher, Kristopher F. B. (2009). "Boios' Ornithogonia as Hesiodic Didactic" (PDF). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS).
- ^ Galinsky 1975, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Galinsky 1975, p. 3.
- ^ Anderson 1997, p. 14.
- ^ Anderson 1997, p. 19.
- ^ Farrell 1992, p. 235.
- ^ Wheeler 2000, p. 1.
- ^ a b Solodow 1988, pp. 17–18.
- ^ a b Galinsky 1975, p. 41.
- ^ Galinsky 1975, p. 4.
- ^ Harrison 2006, p. 87.
- ^ a b Solodow 1988, p. 18.
- ^ Harrison 2006, p. 88.
- ^ Otis 2010, p. 83.
- ^ Melville 2008, p. 466.
- ^ Melville 2008, p. xvi.
- ^ Melville 2008, p. 379.
- ^ Melville 2008, pp. vii–viii.
- ^ Wheeler 1999, p. 40.
- JSTOR 3295215. (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d Johnston, Ian. "The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses". Project Silver Muse. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- ^ Segal, C. P. Landscape in Ovid's Metamorphoses (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45
- ^ Solodow 1988, pp. 208–213.
- ^ Ian, Johnston. "The Transformations in Ovid's Metamorphoses". Vancouver Island University. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ Galinsky 1975, p. 181.
- ^ Von Glinski, M. L. Simile and Identity in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Cambridge: 2012. p. 120 inter alia
- ^ Melville 2008, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii.
- ^ Benson 2008, p. 952.
- ^ Benson 2008, p. 873.
- ^ "Influences". The World of Chaucer, Medieval Books and Manuscripts. University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Melville 2008, p. xxxvii.
- ISBN 978-0-313-30089-9.
- JSTOR 2872755. (subscription required)
- JSTOR 2871118. (subscription required)
- JSTOR 4174108. (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-1-903436-08-0.
- ^ Melville 2008, pp. 392–393.
- JSTOR 4172096.
The indebtedness to Ovid of passages and ideas in Spenser's Mutabilite cantos has been pointed out by various commentators;
(subscription required) - JSTOR 2905667. (subscription required)
- JSTOR 29737275. (subscription required)
- ^ Alpers, S. (1971). The Decoration of the Torre della Parada (Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard Part ix). London. p. 151.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Allen 2006, p. 336.
- ^ "Who was Ovid?". The National Gallery. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ "Diana and Callisto". The National Gallery. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ "Diana and Actaeon". The National Gallery. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ "Death of Actaeon". The National Gallery. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ "Titian's 'poesie': The commission | Titian: Love Desire Death | National Gallery, London". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- S2CID 192959612. (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-0-571-19103-1.
- ^ "Metamorphoses". Lookingglass Theatre Company. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ "Archive Catalogue". Shakespeare birthplace trust. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-84507-536-1.
- ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9.
- ^ Nestruck, J. Kelly. "Onstage pools and lots of water: The NAC's Metamorphoses (mostly) makes a splash". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ Digitalarti Magazine, The STRP Festival of Eindhoven, Dominique Moulon, January 2011
- The Walters Art Museum. Archived from the originalon 16 May 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ a b Anderson 1997, p. 31.
- ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Tarrant 2004, p. vi.
- ^ Reynolds, L. D., ed., Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics, 277.
- JSTOR 310573.
- ^ a b Tarrant 1982, p. 343.
- ^ Tarrant 2004, Praefatio.
- JSTOR 310594.
- ^ a b Lyne 2006, p. 249.
- ^ Gillespie & Cummings 2004, p. 207.
- ISBN 978-1-85285-051-7.
- ^ Lyne 2006, pp. 250–251.
- ^ Lyne 2006, p. 252.
- ^ Gillespie & Cummings 2004, pp. 208–209.
- ^ Lyne 2006, p. 254.
- ^ Gillespie & Cummings 2004, p. 212.
- ^ Melville 2008, p. xxx.
- ^ Lyne 2006, p. 256.
- ^ a b Lyne 2006, p. 258.
- ^ Gillespie & Cummings 2004, pp. 216–218.
- ^ Gillespie & Cummings 2004, p. 218.
- ^ Lyne 2006, pp. 259–260.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-600-01000-9.
- ISBN 978-2-85816-011-2.
- ISBN 978-2-600-06277-0.
- ISBN 978-0-7148-1325-7.
References
Modern translations
- Ovid (2008). Metamorphoses. Translated by A. D. Melville. Introduction and notes by ISBN 978-0-19-953737-2.
Secondary sources
- ISBN 978-0-521-77528-1.
- Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8.
- ISBN 978-0-19-955209-2.
- Farrell, Joseph (1992). "Dialogue of Genres in Ovid's "Lovesong of Polyphemus" (Metamorphoses 13.719–897)". JSTOR 295559. (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7.
- Gillespie, Stuart; Cummings, Robert (2004). "A Bibliography of Ovidian Translations and Imitations in English". JSTOR 40339982. (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-0-511-99896-6.
- Lyne, Raphael (2006). "Ovid in English translation". In ISBN 978-0-511-99896-6.
- ISBN 978-0-521-14317-2.
- Solodow, Joseph B. (1988). The World of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1771-1.
- S2CID 162744932. (subscription required)
- Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Wheeler, Stephen M. (1999). A Discourse of Wonders: Audience and Performance in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3475-6.
- Wheeler, Stephen M. (2000). Narrative dynamics in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Tübingen: Narr. ISBN 978-3-8233-4879-5.
Further reading
- Anderson, William S., ed. (1972). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1456-9.
- Behm, Torben (2022). Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525311394.
- Elliot, Alison Goddard (1980). "Ovid's Metamorphoses: A Bibliography 1968–1978". JSTOR 4349232. (subscription required)
- Hollis, A. S., ed. (1970). Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814460-1.
- Martelli, Francesca; Sissa, Giulia, eds. (2023). Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350268944.
- Martindale, Charles, ed. (1988). Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39745-2.
External links
Latin versions
- Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text – An elaborate environment allowing simultaneous access to Latin text, English translations, commentary from multiple sources along with wood cut illustrations by Virgil Solis.
- Metamorphoses in Latin edition and English translations from Perseus– Hyperlinked commentary, mythological, and grammatical references)
- University of Virginia: Metamorphoses – Contains several versions of the Latin text and tools for a side-by-side comparison.
- The Latin Library: P. Ovidi Nasonis Opera – Contains the Latin version in several separate parts.
- List of 16th-century printed editions
English translations
- Ovid's Metamorphoses trans. by Sir Samuel Garth, John Dryden et al., 1717.
- Ovid's Metamorphoses trans. by George Sandys, 1632.
- Ovid's Metamorphoses trans. by Brookes More, 1922, revised edition 1978, with commentary by OCLC 715284718.
Analysis
- The Ovid Project: Metamorphising the Metamorphoses – Illustrations by Johann Whilhelm Baur (1600–1640) and anonymous illustrations from George Sandys's edition of 1640.
- A Honeycomb for Aphrodite by A. S. Kline.
Audio
- Metamorphoses public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Ovid ~ Metamorphoses ~ 08-2008 – Selections from Metamorphoses, read in Latin and English by Rafi Metz. Approximately 4½ hours.
Images
- "Neapolitan Ovid" – An illustrated manuscript from 1000–1200 AD, hosted by the World Digital Library.