Methcathinone

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Methcathinone
injected, orally
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
ExcretionUrine
Identifiers
  • (RS)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenyl-propan-1-one
JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
  • O=C(c1ccccc1)C(NC)C
  • InChI=1S/C10H13NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,11H,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:LPLLVINFLBSFRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Methcathinone

recreational drug due to its potent stimulant and euphoric effects and is considered to be addictive, with both physical and psychological withdrawal occurring if its use is discontinued after prolonged or high-dosage administration.[2] It is usually snorted
, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally.

Methcathinone is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the United States' Controlled Substances Act, and as such it is not considered to be safe or effective in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or cure of any disease, and has no approved medical use. Possession and distribution of methcathinone for the purpose of human consumption is illegal under any/all circumstances in the United States and is either illegal or highly regulated in most jurisdictions worldwide.

History

Methcathinone was first synthesized in 1928 in the United States

anti-depressant (under the name Эфедрон—ephedrone). Methcathinone has long been used as a drug of abuse in the Soviet Union and Russia.[citation needed
]

Circa 1994, the United States government recommended to the

UN Secretary-General that methcathinone should be listed as a Schedule I controlled substance in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[5] In 1995, following US advice, China added the drug to its list of prohibited substances and discontinued its pharmaceutical use.[6]

Chemistry

Methcathinone is a beta-keto N-methylamphetamine and is closely related to the naturally occurring compounds, cathinone and cathine. It is also very closely related to methamphetamine, differing by only the β-ketone substituent and differing from amphetamine by both a keto and N-methyl substituent. Its carbon skeleton is identical to pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine. It differs from pseudoephedrine in that the hydroxide beta to the aromatic ring is oxidized to a ketone.

Methcathinone possesses a

keto–enol tautomerism
.

Methcathinone production utilizes the

oxidation of pseudoephedrine or ephedrine, the former being preferred because of much higher yields achieved. Oxidation of pseudoephedrine to methcathinone requires little chemistry experience, making it (relatively) easy to synthesize.[7][unreliable source?] Potassium permanganate
(KMnO4) is most commonly used as the oxidant.

In clandestine laboratories, synthesizing methcathinone using potassium permanganate is considered undesirable because of the low yields and the high toxicity of this oxidant (see Manganese toxicity); however, if done in a proper laboratory using the proper procedures potassium permanganate can be a high-yielding reactant. A method that yields more methcathinone is oxidizing (pseudo)ephedrine with chromium (VI) compounds.

Methcathinone as free base is very unstable; it easily loses its

hydroxyl group, yielding pseudoephedrine, in the reverse of the typical synthesis reaction. Structurally, this occurs when the C=O bond at the Rβ-position is converted into a C-OH bond. Additionally, a dimerization reaction has been observed in solutions of freebase methcathinone, which yields a biologically inactive compound.[8]

Effects

Methcathinone hydrochloride increases spontaneous rodent

appetite suppression.[citation needed] Users can easily forget to consume fluids leading to increased thirst and dehydration. The effects of methcathinone are similar to those of methamphetamine, initially deemed to be less intense by the inexperienced user, and often more euphoric.[citation needed] The effects have been compared to those of cocaine, since it commonly causes hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and tachycardia
(elevated heart rate).

Reported effects include:[medical citation needed]

  • Feelings of
    euphoria
  • Increased alertness
  • Slurred speech
  • Shaking of the limbs
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure, risk of stroke or heart attack
  • Increased empathy and sense of communication
  • Both decreased and increased sexual function and desire
  • Bruxism

The effects of methcathinone usually last from four to six hours.[citation needed]

Pharmacology

Methcathinone has very strong affinities for the dopamine transporter and the norepinephrine (noradrenaline) transporter. Its affinity for the serotonin transporter is less than that of methamphetamine.[10]

The C=O bond at the Rβ-position (directly right of the phenyl ring) is slightly polar, and as a result the drug does not cross the lipid blood–brain barrier quite as well as amphetamine.[citation needed] Nevertheless, it is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Chronic high dosage use may result in acute mental confusion ranging from mild paranoia to psychosis.[citation needed] These symptoms typically disappear quickly if use is stopped.

Anecdotal reports have provided some information on patterns of methcathinone use. The most common

IV injection and smoking
.

Illicit usage

Methcathinone binges resemble amphetamine binges in that the user may not sleep or eat, and takes in little in the way of liquids. The methcathinone binge is followed by long periods of sleep, excess eating, long-lasting nosebleeds (

depression.[citation needed
]

Addiction

In preclinical studies, methcathinone

amphetamines.[11]

Methcathinone can be highly psychologically addictive, and can produce a methamphetamine-like withdrawal.

In drug discrimination studies, methcathinone hydrochloride evokes responses similar to those induced by both dextro­amphetamine sulfate and cocaine hydrochloride.

Intravenous usage

Injecting this substance has recently been associated with symptoms similar to those seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (manganism) due to the compound manganese dioxide which is a byproduct of synthesis with permanganate.[12]

Legal status

The Convention on Psychotropic Substances lists methcathinone as a Schedule I substance which restricts its use for government-approved medical and scientific uses.[13]

Australia

Methcathinone is a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2021).[14] A Schedule 9 substance is defined as a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.[14]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, methcathinone is listed as a Class B drug with no clinical uses.[15]

United States

In the United States, methcathinone is listed as a Schedule I drug, for which there is no clinical use.[16]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, methcathinone is listed as a Level I substance of the Opium Law, for which there is no clinical use.

See also

References

  1. ^ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  2. PMID 8594170
    .
  3. doi:10.1021/ja01395a032
    .
  4. ^ US Patent 2802865 -ETHYLAMINOPROPIOPHENONE COMPOUNDS
  5. ^ Erowid
  6. ^ "Chinese professor accused in 'Breaking Bad' drugs plot". BBC News. 20 May 2015.
  7. ^ The Clandestine Chemists Notebook
  8. doi:10.1093/chromsci/32.12.552
    .
  9. ^
    S2CID 5890314
    .
  10. S2CID 19015584
    .
  11. S2CID 40584010
    .
  12. PMID 17562938
    .
  13. ^ "Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  14. ^ a b "Poisons Standard February 2021". Therapeutic Goods Administration. Australian Government Department of Health. February 2021.
  15. Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice
    . 1998-03-18. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  16. ^ "Methcathinone - Partnership for Drug-Free Kids". Drugfree.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methcathinone&oldid=1214720411"