Methoxetamine
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Elimination half-life | 3–6 hours |
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Methoxetamine, abbreviated as MXE, is a
MXE is an arylcyclohexylamine.[8] It acts mainly as an NMDA receptor antagonist, similarly to other arylcyclohexylamines like ketamine and PCP.[8]
Recreational use
Effects
MXE is reported to have a similar effect to ketamine.
MXE was designed in part in an attempt to avoid the
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Site | Ki (nM) | Action | Species | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
NMDA (PCP) |
259 | Antagonist | Human | [8] |
MOR |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [8] |
DOR |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [8] |
KOR |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [8] |
NOP | >10,000 | ND | Human | [8] |
σ1 | >10,000 | ND | Guinea pig | [8] |
σ2 | >10,000 | ND | Rat | [8] |
D2 |
>10,000 | ND | Human | [8] |
5-HT2A | >10,000 | ND | Human | [8] |
SERT | 481 2,400 (IC50) |
Inhibitor | Human | [8] [14] |
NET | >10,000 20,000 (IC50) |
Inhibitor | Human | [8] [14] |
DAT | >10,000 33,000 (IC50) |
Inhibitor | Human | [8] [14] |
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. |
MXE acts mainly as a
Pharmacokinetics
MXE has a longer
Chemistry
MXE is an
MXE hydrochloride is soluble in ethanol up to 10 mg/ml at 25 °C.[19]
Detection in body fluids
A forensic standard of MXE is available, and the compound has been posted on the Forendex website of potential drugs of abuse.[20]
History
The qualitative effects of MXE were first described online in May 2010 and the compound became commercially available on a small scale in September 2010.[5][6] By November the use and sale of the MXE had increased enough for it to be formally identified by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. By July 2011, the EMCDDA had identified 58 websites selling the compound at a cost of 145–195 euros for 10 grams.[21]
Society and culture
Media coverage
A literature review was published in March 2012 which looked at scientific literature and information on the web. It concluded that "the online availability of information on novel psychoactive drugs, such as MXE, may constitute a pressing public health challenge. Better international collaboration levels and novel forms of intervention are necessary to tackle this fast-growing phenomenon."[25]
Legal status
Brazil
MXE became classified as a narcotic in Brazil in February 2014.[26]
Canada
As of January 2010 MXE is a controlled substance in Canada.[27]
China
As of October 2015 MXE is a controlled substance in China.[28]
European Union
On 16 June 2014, the
Israel
MXE became classified as an illegal narcotic in Israel in May 2012.[30][31]
Japan
MXE became a
Poland
MXE is a controlled substance (group II-P) making it illegal to produce, sell or possess in The Republic of Poland as of 1 July 2015.[34]
Russia
MXE has been a controlled substance in Russia since October 2011.[35]
Sweden
MXE became classified as a narcotic in Sweden in late February 2012.[36]
Switzerland
MXE has been illegal in Switzerland since December 2011.[37]
United Kingdom
Prior to March 2012, MXE was not controlled by the UK's Misuse of Drugs Act.[38] In March 2012, the Home Office referred MXE to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs for possible temporary controlling under the powers given in the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011.[39][40] The ACMD gave their advice on 23 March, with the chair commenting that "the evidence shows that the use of methoxetamine can cause harm to users and the ACMD advises that it should be subject to a temporary class drug order."[41] In April 2012, MXE was placed under temporary class drug control, which prohibited its import and sale for 12 months.[42]
- Theresa May commented in her reply to the ACMD that "the next step in this process is for the ACMD to undertake a full assessment of MXE for consideration for its permanent control under the 1971 Act." She goes on to say that she hopes the ACMD will do this as a part of the review of ketamine, "including its analogues" and that this review will be completed "within the 12 months from the making of the current order".[43]
- On 18 October 2012 the ACMD released a report about MXE, saying that the "harms of methoxetamine are commensurate with Class B of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)", despite the fact that the act does not classify drugs based on harm. The report went on to suggest that all analogues of MXE should also become class B drugs and suggested a catch-all clause covering both existing and unresearched arylcyclohexamines.
- MXE ceased to be covered by the temporary prohibition on 26 February 2013, when it became classified as a Class B drug.[44]
United Nations
MXE was made a schedule II drug in November 2016.[45]
United States
On June 6, 2022, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration published a final rule placing MXE in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.[46]
- Alabama
- MXE is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Alabama making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Alabama.[47]
- Florida
- MXE is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Florida.[48]
- Utah
- MXE is a controlled substance in the state of Utah making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Utah.[49]
References
- ^ PMID 24175493.
- ^ "Federal Register". FederalRegister.gov. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ Anvisa (24 July 2023). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 25 July 2023). Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Substance Details Methoxetamine". Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b c EMCDDA Annual Report 2010 (PDF) (Report). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ PMID 24678061.
- ^ a b Morris H (11 February 2011). "Interview with a ketamine chemist: or to be more precise, an arylcyclohexylamine chemist". Vice Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ PMID 23527166.
- S2CID 4084801.
- ^ S2CID 40114091.
- ^ a b "Pair hospitalised after taking designer drug mexxy". BBC News. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014.
- S2CID 34284740.
- ^ Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
- ^ PMID 28454981.
- ^ S2CID 3657823.
- PMID 22237166.
- S2CID 30870722.
- S2CID 3955788.
- ^ "Methoxamine (hydrochloride) Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). Caymen Chemicals. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ Southern Association of Forensic Scientists "Methoxetamine". Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Online sales of new psychoactive substances/'legalhighs': Summary of results from the 2011 multilingual snapshots (PDF) (Report). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 15 November 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ Beaumont-Thomas B (18 January 2012). "Methoxetamine is a new chemical analogue of ketamine. It's legal, it's cheap and it's trippy as hell - but is it safe?". Mixmag. No. 249. London, UK. p. 60.
- ^ Miller A (11 February 2011). "We Interviewed the Inventor of Roflcoptr, the New Drug Britain's Panicking About". Vice Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Legal high drug 'mexxy' banned under new government powers". The Guardian. London. 28 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017.
- S2CID 29318833.
- ^ "Anvisa inclui 21 substâncias em lista de drogas proibidas" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
- ^ "Status Decision Of Controlled And Non-Controlled Substance(s)" (PDF). 31 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
- ^ "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ "Legal highs: European Commission takes strong action with EU-wide ban on four new substances". Midday Express. European Commission. 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "פקודת הסמים המסוכנים [נוסח חדש], תשל"ג-1973" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ "הודעת הסמים המסוכנים (שינוי התוספת הראשונה לפקודה) (מס" 2), התשע"ב-2012" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ 薬事法指定薬物 東京都福祉保健局 (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Methoxetamine Critical Report Review" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Ustawa z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^ "Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation on October 6, 2011 N 822" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ "Narkotika-klassning av sex nya substanser" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ "Ordinance on the lists of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors and auxiliary chemicals" (in German). Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ McPherson P (13 February 2012). "Health alert over drug sold as 'safe ketamine'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "Safe ketamine' referred to drug experts". gov.uk. 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ Johnson W (6 March 2012). "Bid to ban 'safe' drug Methoxetamine after deaths". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ "Statement of evidence - Methoxetamine". gov.uk. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Methoxetamine". UK Home Office. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Home Secretary's response to the ACMD's advice on methoxetamine". gov.uk. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Home Office circular 004-2013". gov.uk. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "UNODC: Commission on Narcotic Drugs decision on international control of PMMA, α-PVP, 4,4'-DMAR, MXE and Phenazepam enters into force". 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.
- ^ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Methoxetamine (MXE) in Schedule I". Federal Register. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ "Chapter 420-7-2 Controlled Substances" (PDF). Alabamma State Board of Health. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- ^ "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine". leg.state.fl.us. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^ Utah Code 58-37-4.2. Listed controlled substances. Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine