Mithymna

Coordinates: 39°22′N 26°10′E / 39.367°N 26.167°E / 39.367; 26.167
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(Redirected from
Methymna
)
For the town on Crete, see Mythimna.
"Methymna" redirects here. For the town of ancient Crete, see Methymna (Crete).
Mithymna
Μήθυμνα
UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
811 08
Area code(s)22530
Vehicle registrationMY
Websitemithymna.gr

Mithymna (Greek pronunciation:

Byzantine Era
, but is still in common use today.

Geography

Aerial photo of Mithymna

It is located NE of

Eressos, N of Plomari and NW of Mytilene
.

The town (pop. 1,399 at 2011 census) is on the northern part of the island, just some 6 km north of the popular beach town of

fortress on the hill in the middle of the town. The town's agora
is located on the uphill road to the fortress and is popular among tourists, with many historic shops, cafés and restaurants.

The municipal unit of Míthymna stretches eastward from the town along the northern part of the island; it is the island's smallest municipal unit in land area at 50.166 km².[4] Its population was 2,255 at the 2011 census. The next largest towns in the municipal unit are Árgennos (pop. 240) and Sykaminéa (207).

Molyvos Beach is one of the Blue Flag beaches in Lesbos. The shoreline is pebbled, but the seabed consists entirely of soft sand and remains shallow for a considerable distance. The agora and fortress are visible from the beach.

History

As Methymna, the city was once the prosperous second city of Lesbos, with a

Macar
and married to the personification of Lesbos.

Archaic Period

View of the port
Coin from Methymna (500-480 BC)
View to the fortress (Castle of Molyvos)
Another view

Very little is known about Methymna in the Archaic period. The story of Arion and the dolphin, which involves the Corinthian tyrant Periander and is evidently set at the turn of the 7th century BCE, suggests that Methymna was already a prominent city with far-reaching contacts across the Greek world at this period.[5] Herodotus tells us that at some point in the Archaic period, Methymna enslaved the city of Arisba on Lesbos: this will have greatly increased the territory of Methymna, as well as giving it access to the fertile land around the Gulf of Kalloni.[6] We are also told by a local historian, Myrsilus of Methymna, who wrote in the first half of the 3rd century BCE, that Methymna founded the city of Assos which was on the coast of Asia Minor opposite Methymna.[7] However, another local historian, Hellanicus of Lesbos, writing in the mid-5th century BCE, instead simply says Assos was an Aeolian foundation and does not specify a particular city as its founder.[8] This has led some historians to doubt Myrsilus, and instead suggest that this is an example of "local Methymnaean manipulation of the past", although this could equally be true of Hellanicus.[9]

Classical Period

Methymna had a long-standing rivalry with

Kallikratidas besieged Methymna in 406, the city stayed loyal to its Athenian garrison and held out until it was betrayed by several traitors.[15]

Our knowledge of the history of Methymna in the 4th century is limited, but its prominence as a polis is firmly attested by the city's silver and bronze coinage.[16] By at least the 340s BCE, the tyrant Kleommis had expelled the city's democrats and remained in power for the next decade.[17] We do not know what happened to Kleommis after this, although it is likely that he was expelled when the island fell to Philip II's generals Parmenion and Attalus in 336.[18] The political history of the following four years are poorly attested: we know that Lesbos changed hands several times between the Macedonian forces of Alexander the Great and the Persian forces of Memnon of Rhodes, that Memnon captured Methymna in 333 BCE, and that when Alexander's admiral Hegelochus recaptured Methymna in 332 BCE its tyrant was Aristonicus not Kleommis.[19] However, it is not clear whether Aristonicus was made tyrant when the Persians recaptured Methymna in 335, or whether Kleommis was re-installed and Aristonicus only made tyrant in 333. Whatever the case, in 332 Alexander gave Aristonicus over to the newly restored Methymnaean democracy to try, and he was found guilty and put to death by torture.[20]

Hellenistic Period

In c. 295 BCE, Methymna struck silver drachms for King

Sarapis, an Egyptian cult patronized by the Ptolemies, was probably introduced to Methymna at this period, and remained an important part of the city's life for several centuries.[24]

In the 2nd century BCE Methymna increasingly pursued a policy of seeking closer ties with the emerging power of Rome. Methymna remained loyal to Rome during the

Mithridates VI of Pontus, a long-standing enemy of Rome, may indicate a cooling of relations between Methymna or Rome or simply political expediency.[28]

Roman Period

Methymna gained a particular reputation among Romans for viticulture during the Imperial period. Virgil speaks of the vines of Methymna as the best and most numerous on Lesbos, while Ovid invokes them as an example of something which is proverbially numerous and bountiful.[29] The distinctive strong taste of Methymnaean wine is mentioned by Silius Italicus, and Propertius uses this as a point of reference when describing another Greek wine.[30] When Virgil and Silius wished to indicate the exceptional quality of Phalernian wine, Methymnaean wine is among the vintages which they say it surpasses.[31] We also learn from Horace that Methymnaean grapes were equally prized for the excellent vinegar which could be produced from them and which he describes accompanying a sumptuous eel dish.[32] The medical writer Galen, who was a native of nearby Pergamon, considered all the wines of Lesbos to be excellent, but ranked that of Methymna the first in quality, that of Eresos second, and that of Mytilene third.[33] In the novel Daphnis and Chloe, thought to be by the Mytilenaean aristocrat Longus and set in the region of Lesbos between Methymna and Mytilene, the vine harvest is the most important time of the agricultural year, and the Mytilenaean owner of the land in this region times his annual visit to coincide with the end of this harvest when the year's profit can be established.[34]

Byzantine Period

View of a street

The first attested bishop of Methymna was Christodoros in 520 CE.

Roman Catholic Church maintains a purely titular see
of Methymna; there were 40 Roman Catholics in 1908.

In 840 the city was plundered by Cretan Arabs and many of the inhabitants sold into slavery.

Gattelusi family in 1355. Methymna repelled an Ottoman invasion force in 1450, but its defences were over-powered in a second invasion in 1458 when the admiral Ismaelos seized the city with a force of 150 ships.[40]
Using Methymna as a base, the whole island was gradually brought under Ottoman control by September 1462.

Ottoman Period

As Molova under the

kaza of the sanjak of Metelin in the vilayet of Rhodes
.

Modern Period

After the defeat of the Ottomans in the First Balkan War (1912), the Greek navy liberated and incorporated Lesbos in the Greek Kingdom.

Province

The province of Mithymna (Greek: Επαρχία Μήθυμνας) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal units Mithymna, Agia Paraskevi, Eresos-Antissa, Kalloni and Petra.[41] It was abolished in 2006.

Historical population

Year Community population Municipal unit population
1981 1,427 -
1991 1,333 2,359
2001 1,636 2,375
2011 1,570 2,255
2021 1,335 1,933

Notable people

Elias Venezis

See also

References

  1. ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010" [Amendment of Article 1 of l. 3852/2010] (in Greek). Government Gazette. p. 1164.
  3. ^ Name changes of settlements in Greece
  4. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.
  5. ^ Herodotus 1.23-24.
  6. ^ Herodotus 1.151.2, cf. Strabo 13.1.21. Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis 5.139 instead says that Arisba was destroyed by earthquake.
  7. ^ Myrsilos FGrHist 477 F 17 = Strabo 13.1.58.
  8. ^ Hellanicus FGrHist 4 F 160 = Strabo 13.1.58.
  9. Augustus Meineke
    , commenting on this passage believed this was an error in the manuscript, and thought it originally said Assos was a colony of Methymna.
  10. ^ Thucydides 3.2.1, 3.5.1.
  11. ^ Thucydides 3.50.2, Diodorus Siculus 12.55.10.
  12. ^ Thucydides 6.85.2, 7.57.5, 8.100.5.
  13. ^ Thucydides 8.23.4-6.
  14. ^ Thucydides 8.100.2-3.
  15. ^ Xenophon, Hellenica 1.6.12-15, Diodorus Siculus 13.76.5-6.
  16. ^ "ancient coins of Lesbos, Methymna". AsiaMinorCoins.com.
  17. ^ Isocrates, Epistles 7.8-9 (ca. 346/5?), Theopompus FGrHist 115 F 227 = Athenaeus 10.442f-443a, IG II2 284 + Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 54.132.
  18. ^ P. J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404–323 BC (2003) 416–17.
  19. ^ Diodorus Siculus 17.29.2, Arrian, Anabasis 3.2.4.
  20. ^ Capture at Chios: Arrian, Anabasis 3.2.4, Curtius 4.5.19. Execution: Curtius 4.8.11.
  21. ^ Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Kayhan 4.
  22. ^ P. Brun, 'Les Lagides à Lesbos: essai de chronologie' Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 85 (1991) 99-113 has suggested an earlier date in the 270s, but this has not been accepted by scholars: Ph. Gauthier, Bulletin épigraphique (1992) no. 343.
  23. ^ IG XII (2) 498 (ca. 221-205).
  24. ^ List of Sarapiastai: IG XII (2) 511 (1st century BC).
  25. ^ Livy 45.31.13-14, Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis 5.139, H. J. Mason, 'The end of Antissa' American Journal of Philology 116.3 (1995) 399-410.
  26. ^ Polybius 33.13.8.
  27. ^ IG XII (2) 510.
  28. ^ IG XII (2) 516.
  29. ^ Virgil, Georgics 2.89-90, Ovid, Ars Amatoria 1.57-9.
  30. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica 7.209-11, Propertius 4.8.38.
  31. ^ Virgil, Georgics 2.89ff, Silius Italicus, Punica 7.209-11.
  32. ^ Horace, Satires 2.8.49-50.
  33. ^ Galen 10.832, 13.405, 13.659 Kühn. At 14.28-29 Kühn he instead places Eresian wine above that of Methymna.
  34. ^ Longus, Daphnis and Chloe.
  35. ^ Patrologia Latina 63 cols. 483-5, A. Kaldellis and S. Efthymiadis, The Prosopography of Byzantine Lesbos 284-1355 AD (2010) no. 10.
  36. ^ E. Malamut, Les îles de l'Empire byzantin: VIIIe-XIIe siècles (1988) 101.
  37. ^ A. Conze, Reise auf der Insel Lesbos (1865) 21-4.
  38. ^ Anna Komnena, Alexiad, vol. 2, p. 110f.
  39. ^ Tabula Imperii Byzantini 10 s.v. Methymna, p. 229.
  40. ^ Tabula Imperii Byzantini 10 s.v. Methymna, p. 229.
  41. ^ "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). (39 MB) (in Greek and French)
  42. ^ Theophrastus, De Signis 4.
  43. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Μήθυμνα.
  44. ^ Myrsilos von Methymna, FGrHist 477.
  45. ^ Hermeias of Methymna, Brill's New Jacoby 558.
  46. ^ Chares of Mytilene, FGrHist 125 F 4.
  47. ^ Theolytus of Methymna, Brill's New Jacoby 478.
  48. ^ De S. Theoctiste Lesbia in insula Paro, AASS Nov. IV 221-33.

External links

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