Metropolitan area
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A metropolitan area or metro is a region consisting of a densely populated
Metropolitan areas in the United States are delineated around the
In the United States, the concept of metropolitan statistical areas has gained prominence. The area of the Greater Washington metropolitan area is an example of statistically grouping independent cities and county areas from various states to form a larger city because of proximity, history and recent urban convergence. Metropolitan areas may themselves be part of a greater megalopolis. For urban centres located outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction at a smaller scale for a region, the concept of a regiopolis and a respective regiopolitan area, or regio, was introduced by German professors in 2006.[8] In the United States, the term micropolitan statistical area is used.
Definition
A metropolitan area combines an
In practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Sometimes they are little different from an urban area, and in other cases, they cover broad regions that have little relation to a single urban settlement; comparative statistics for metropolitan areas should take this into account. The term metropolitan can also refer to a
There has been no significant change in the basic concept of metropolitan areas since its adoption in 1950,[9] although significant changes in geographic distributions have occurred since then, and more are expected.[10] Because of the fluidity of the term "metropolitan statistical area", the term used colloquially is more often "metro service area", "metro area", or "MSA", taken to include not only a city but also the surrounding suburban, exurban and sometimes rural areas, all of which the city is presumed to influence. A polycentric metropolitan area contains multiple urban agglomerations not connected by continuous development. In defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus with which other areas have a high degree of integration.
A metropolitan area is commonly known and characterized by a high concentration in service sector labor and enterprises.[11][12] Macroeconomics views metropolitan areas as trade regions of economic significance.[13]
Africa
South Africa
The
Americas
Brazil
The IBGE defines also "Immediate Geographic Areas" (formerly termed microregions) which capture the region "surrounding urban centers for the supply of immediate needs of the population".[15] Intended for policy planning purposes, as of March 2021 census data is not tabulated on the level of these Areas, but instead at the municipality or state level.[16]
Chile
There are three metropolitan areas in Chile, the biggest and most important one is the Gran Santiago in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, with over 7 million inhabitants, making it the largest and most populated urban area in Chile. The other two metro areas are Gran Valparaiso in the Valparaiso Region with almost a million inhabitants, and Gran Concepción in the Bio Bio Region, with a population of about a million people living in it. Smaller "metropolitan" areas are known as conurbations. Conurbaciones tend to have a bit over 200.000 inhabitants to be considered as such. An example is the Conurbacion de Rancagua, which considers the area shared by the city of Rancagua, and the adjacent smaller towns of Machalí, Gultro and Graneros.
Mexico
Metropolitan areas are known as zonas metropolitanas in Mexico. The National Population Council (CONAPO) defines them as:[17]
- a set of two or more municipalities where a city with a population of at least 100,000 is located, and whose urban area, functions and activities exceed the limits of the municipality.
- municipalities with a city of more than 500,000 inhabitants, or a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants located in the northern and southern border areas and in the coastal zone.
- municipalities where state capitals are located, if they are not already included in a metropolitan zone.
As of 2018, there are 74 zonas metropolitanas in Mexico. 75.1 million people, 62.8% of the country population, live within a metropolitan area.[17]
United States
As of February 28, 2013, the
The Office of Management and Budget defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area as one or more adjacent
Asia and the Pacific
Australia
The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs), which are geographical areas designed to represent the functional extent of each of the eight state and territory capital cities. They were designed to reflect labor markets, using the 2011 Census "travel to work" data. Labor markets are sometimes used as proxy measures of the functional extent of a city as it contains the majority of the commuting population. GCCSAs replaced "Statistical Divisions" used until 2011.[19]
Other metropolitan areas in Australia include cross border cities or continuous built-up areas between two or more cities that are connected by an extensive public transport network that allows for commuting for work or services.[citation needed]
- Albury-Wodonga
- Canberra-Queanbeyan
- Newcastle-Sydney-Wollongong
- Perth-Mandurah
- South East Queensland
- Melbourne-Geelong
Bangladesh
In
China
In China, there used to be no clear distinction between megalopolis (城市群, lit. city cluster) and metropolitan area (都市圈) until National Development and Reform Commission issued Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas (关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见) on Feb 19, 2019, in which a metropolitan area was defined as "an urbanized spatial form in a megalopolis dominated by (a) supercity(-ies) or megacity(-ies), or a large metropolis playing a leading part, and within the basic range of 1-hour commute area."[21]
India
In
Indonesia
In
Pakistan
.Philippines
The
United Arab Emirates
Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman (DSA) is a metropolitan area in the United Arab Emirates. It consists of the combined, greater urban areas of Dubai, Ajman, and Sharjah. The urban areas at the northeast end of Dubai flow into those of Sharjah, which in turn are contiguous with those of Ajman. The total population is about 5.9 million people as of 2023[25] [26][27]
Europe
The European Union's statistical agency Eurostat has created a concept named larger urban zone (LUZ). The LUZ represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area, and the goal was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region".[28]
France
France's national statistics office,
The AAV replaced in 2020 the metropolitan statistical area called
Germany
For urban centers outside metropolitan areas, that generate a similar attraction at smaller scale for their region, the concept of the Regiopolis and respectively regiopolitan area or region was introduced by German professors in 2006.
Italy
In 2001 Italy transformed 14 provinces of some of the country's largest cities into Metropolitan Cities. Therefore, the territory of the Metropolitan City corresponds to that of a normal Italian province.
Sweden
The list of metropolitan areas in Sweden is collated based on statistics of commuting between central municipalities and surrounding municipalities and taking into account existing planning cooperation in the country's three geographic regions.[31] They were defined around 1965. In 2005, a number of further municipalities were added to the defined areas.
Turkey
The word metropolitan describes the central municipality governing local services in a province with more than 750.000 residents in Turkey, like Istanbul and its metropolitan municipality, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. There are 30 officially defined "metropolitan municipalities" in Turkey.[32] This classification, however, is only used for administrative purposes, and sometimes contradicts the colloquial use of the term "metro area". As an example, Gebze, a district in Kocaeli province and thus in the jurisdiction of the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, is arguably within the metro area of Istanbul with many of its residents commuting to Istanbul for work and the Marmaray, a commuter rail line, extending into the district. The district however, as previously mentioned, is not a part of Istanbul's provincial limits, and thus not subject to the jurisdiction of its metropolitan municipality. The word metropolitan (municipality) is generally only used as an administrative distinction in Turkey.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics defines "travel to work areas" as areas where "at least 75% of an area's resident workforce work in the area and at least 75% of the people who work in the area also live in the area".[33]
The
See also
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Lists of metropolitan areas
Metropolitan planning theories |
Terms
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References
- ISBN 978-953-51-3897-6.
- ^ Squires, G. Ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. (The urban Institute Press (2002)
- ^ Mark, M.; Katz, B; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (2008). "MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation" (PDF). Brookings Institution. pp. 4–103.
- ^ "Federal Register" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ "Urban cores, Core cities and Principal cites". new geography.com. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ "Definition of Urban Terms" (PDF). demographia.com. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ "List 2. Principal cities of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, march 2020". Archived from the original on 2022-03-31.
- ^ Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universität Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". 11 December 2008, retrieved 13 June 2009 (pdf).
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan". Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ "Whitehouse.gov". Archived from the original on July 23, 2009.
- ^ "How services increased the economic gap between the rural and urban US". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
- doi:10.2307/1837536. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ "Diving into the "Third Waves" of Regional Governance and Economic Development Strategies: A Study of Regional Partnerships for Economic Development in U.S. Metropolitan Areas". SAGE Journals. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^ "Metropolitan Areas, Urban Agglomerations and Integrated Development Areas | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ "Regional Divisions of Brazil | IBGE". IBGE. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ "Population Census | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ a b "Delimitation of Mexico's Metropolitan Areas 2015" (in Spanish). CONAPO. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
- ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. February 28, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (12 July 2016). "GREATER CAPITAL CITY STATISTICAL AREA (GCCSA)". Australian Statistical Geography Standard. 1 (1270.0.55.001). Canberra, ACT. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-8213-9865-4.
- ^ "关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见(发改规划〔2019〕328号)" (in Chinese (China)). 国家发展改革委. 2019-02-19.
- ^ "Metropolitan Cities of India" (PDF). Central Pollution Control Board. National Informatics Centre. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973". Indian Kanoon. 25 January 1974. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Kategori Topik Utama". Archived from the original on 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
- ^ https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/infinite-possibilities-for-dubai-sharjah-ajman-conurbation-1.1037372
- ^ https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/01/23/dubai-population-to-surge-to-nearly-6m-in-20-years-amid-urban-transformation/
- ^ https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-before-it-boomed/index.html
- ^ "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
- ^ INSEE. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- ^ INSEE. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- ^ "Geografin i statistiken – regionala indelningar i Sverigelanguage=sv" (PDF). Statistics Sweden.
- ^ Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey
- ^ Beginners' guide to UK geography - Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) Office for National Statistics
External links
- "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations. October 2016. (page 1 illustrates metropolitan area versus city proper and urban agglomeration)
- Geopolis: research group, university of Paris-Diderot, France — Urbanization of the world