Meuse

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the French administrative division, see Meuse (department).
Meuse
Sedan (France)
  • Charleville-Mézières (France)
  • Namur (Belgium)
  • Liège (Belgium)
  • Maastricht (Netherlands)
  • Venlo (Netherlands)
  • Rotterdam (Netherlands)
    • Physical characteristics
    Source 
     • locationPouilly-en-Bassigny, Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse, Haute-Marne, Grand Est, France
     • coordinates47°59′12″N 5°37′00″E / 47.9867°N 5.6167°E / 47.9867; 5.6167
     • elevation409 m (1,342 ft)
    MouthNorth Sea
     • location
    		Hollands Diep, North Brabant/South Holland, Netherlands
     • coordinates
    		51°42′54″N 4°40′04″E / 51.715°N 4.6678°E / 51.715; 4.6678
     • elevation
    		0 m (0 ft)
    Length925 km (575 mi)
    Basin size34,548 km2 (13,339 sq mi)
    Discharge 
     • average350 m3/s (12,000 cu ft/s)
    [1]

    The Meuse (

    European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
    . It has a total length of 925 km (575 miles).

    History

    From 1301 the upper Meuse roughly marked the western border of the

    County of Bar (Barrois mouvant) as a French fief from the hands of King Philip IV. In 1408, a Burgundian army led by John the Fearless went to the aid of John III against the citizens of Liège, who were in open revolt. After the battle, which saw the men from Liège defeated, John ordered the drowning in the Meuse of suspicious burghers and noblemen in Liège.[6]

    The border remained relatively stable until the annexation of the

    Louis XIII in 1633. Its lower Belgian (Walloon) portion, part of the sillon industriel, was the first fully industrialized area in continental Europe.[7]

    Auguste Paul Charles Anastasi, Bank of the Meuse at Zwindrecht (Holland), c. 1857, lithograph, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

    The Afgedamde Maas was created in the late Middle Ages, when a major flood made a connection between the Maas and the Merwede at the town of Woudrichem. From that moment on, the current Afgedamde Maas was the main branch of the lower Meuse. The former main branch eventually silted up and is today called the Oude Maasje. In the late 19th century and early 20th century the connection between the Maas and Rhine was closed off and the Maas was given a new, artificial mouth – the Bergse Maas. The resulting separation of the rivers Rhine and Maas reduced the risk of flooding and was considered to be the greatest achievement in Dutch hydraulic engineering before the completion of the Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works.[8][9] The former main branch was, after the dam at its southern inlet was completed in 1904, renamed Afgedamde Maas and no longer receives water from the Maas.

    The Meuse and its crossings were a key objective of the Battle of France, the Battle of Sedan and also for the last major German WWII counter-offensive on the Western Front, the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945.

    The Meuse is represented in the documentary The River People released in 2012 by Xavier Istasse.[10]

    In July 2021, the Meuse basin was one of the many regions in Europe to experience catastrophic flooding during the 2021 European floods.[11]

    Etymology

    The name Meuse is derived from the French name of the river, derived from its Latin name, Mosa, which ultimately derives from the

    Proto-Celtic name *Mosā. This probably derives from the same root as English "maze", referring to the river's twists and turns.[12]

    The Dutch name Maas descends from

    Proto-Germanic *Masō. Modern Dutch and German Maas and Limburgish Maos preserve this Germanic form. Despite the similarity, the Germanic name is not derived from the Celtic name, judging from the change from earlier o into a, which is characteristic of the Germanic languages.[clarification needed
    ]

    Geography

    The Meuse seen from SPOT satellite. The village in the lower right of the photo is Bogny-sur-Meuse; the village in the upper left is Revin.

    The Meuse rises in Pouilly-en-Bassigny, commune of

    navigation) and Charleville-Mézières into Belgium.[13]

    At

    De Biesbosch. The Afgedamde Maas joins the Waal, the main stem of the Rhine at Woudrichem, and then flows under the name of Boven Merwede to Hardinxveld-Giessendam, where it splits into Nieuwe Merwede and Beneden Merwede. Near Lage Zwaluwe, the Nieuwe Merwede joins the Amer, forming the Hollands Diep, which splits into Grevelingen and Haringvliet
    , before finally flowing into the North Sea.

    The Meuse is crossed by railway bridges between the following stations (on the left and right banks respectively):

    There are also numerous road bridges and around 32 ferry crossings.

    The Meuse is navigable over a substantial part of its total length: In the Netherlands and Belgium, the river is part of the major inland navigation infrastructure, connecting the Rotterdam-Amsterdam-Antwerp port areas to the industrial areas upstream: 's-Hertogenbosch, Venlo, Maastricht, Liège, Namur. Between Maastricht and Maasbracht, an unnavigable section of the Meuse is bypassed by the 36 km (22.4 mi) Juliana Canal. South of Namur, further upstream, the river can only carry more modest vessels, although a barge as long as 100 m (328 ft). can still reach the French border town of Givet.

    From Givet, the river is canalized over a distance of 272 kilometres (169 mi). The canalized Meuse used to be called the "Canal de l'Est — Branche Nord" but was recently rebaptized into "Canal de la Meuse". The waterway can be used by the smallest barges that are still in use commercially almost 40 m (131 ft) long and just over 5 metres (16 ft) wide. Just upstream of the town of Commercy, the Canal de la Meuse connects with the Marne–Rhine Canal by means of a short diversion canal.[14]

    The Cretaceous sea reptile Mosasaur is named after the river Meuse. The first fossils of it were discovered outside Maastricht in 1780.

    A view of the Meuse in the French Ardennes at Laifour

    Basin area

    The Meuse and the Rochers de Freÿr, in front of the Castle of Freÿr south of Dinant
    The Meuse at Namur, capital of Belgium's Wallonia
    river port
    of Europe
    The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht
    Meuse near Gennep
    Meuse near Grave
    Meuse near Appeltern

    An international agreement was signed in 2002 in Ghent, Belgium, about the management of the river amongst France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Also participating in the agreement were the Belgian regional governments of Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels (which is not in the basin of the Meuse but pumps running water into the Meuse).

    Most of the basin area (approximately 36,000 km2) is in Wallonia (12,000 km2), followed by France (9,000 km2), the Netherlands (8,000 km2), Germany (2,000 km2), Flanders (2,000 km2) and Luxembourg (a few km2).

    An International Commission on the Meuse has the responsibility of the implementation of the treaty.

    The costs of this Commission are met by all these countries, in proportion of their own territory in the basin of the Meuse: Netherlands 30%, Wallonia 30%, France 15%, Germany 14.5%, Flanders 5%, Brussels 4.5%, Kingdom of Belgium 0.5%, and Luxembourg 0.5%.

    The map of the basin area of Meuse was joined to the text of the treaty.[15]

    As for culture, as a major communication route the River Meuse is the origin of Mosan art, principally (Wallonia and France).

    The first landscape painted in the Renaissance was the landscape of Meuse by Joachim Patinir.[16] He was likely the uncle of Henri Blès, who is sometimes defined as a Mosan landscape painter active during the second third of the 16th century (i.e. second generation of landscape painters).[17]

    Tributaries

    The main tributaries of the Meuse are listed below in downstream-upstream order, with the town where the tributary meets the river:

    Distributaries

    Main articles: Bergse Maas, Afgedamde Maas, Oude Maas, and Nieuwe Maas
    The lower part of the Rhine-Meuse Delta

    The mean annual discharge rate of the Meuse has been relatively stable over the last few thousand years. One recent study estimates that average flow has increased by about 10% since 2000 BC.[18] The hydrological distribution of the Meuse changed during the later Middle Ages, when a major flood forced it to shift its main course northwards towards the river Merwede. From then on several stretches of the original Merwede were renamed "Maas" (i.e. Meuse) and served as the primary outflow of that river. Those branches are currently known as the Nieuwe Maas and Oude Maas.

    However during another series of severe floods the Meuse found an additional path towards the sea, resulting in the creation of the

    Biesbosch wetlands and Hollands Diep estuaries. Thereafter the Meuse split near Heusden into two main distributaries, one flowing north to join the Merwede and one flowing direct to the sea. The branch of the Meuse leading direct to the sea eventually silted up (and now forms the Oude Maasje stream), but in 1904 the canalised Bergse Maas was dug to take over the functions of the silted-up branch. At the same time the branch leading to the Merwede was dammed at Heusden (and has since been known as the Afgedamde Maas) so that little water from the Meuse entered the old Maas courses or the Rhine distributaries. The resulting separation of the rivers Rhine and Meuse is considered to be the greatest achievement in Dutch hydraulic engineering before the completion of the Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works.[8][19] In 1970 the Haringvlietdam has been finished. Since then the reunited Rhine and Meuse waters have reached the North Sea either at this site or, during times of lower discharges of the Rhine, at Hook of Holland.[20]

    A 2008 study[21] notes that the difference between summer and winter flow volumes has increased significantly in the last 100–200 years. It points out that the frequency of serious floods (i.e. flows > 1000% of normal) has increased markedly. They predict that winter flooding of the Meuse may become a recurring problem in the coming decades.

    Départements, provinces and towns

    The Meuse flows through the following departments of France, provinces of Belgium, provinces of the Netherlands and towns:

    Detailed route

    Main cities and tributaries will be in bold.

    Region Municipality on the left bank Municipality on the right bank Route
    European Union France Grand Est Haute-Marne

    France

    Grand Est Region

    Haute-Marne Department

    		Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse Source near Pouilly-en-Bassigny

    Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse

    Premier pont de la Meuse

    Dammartin-sur-Meuse Dammartin-sur-Meuse Malroy

    Pont de Malroy

    Pont du Pâtis des Vannees

    Ruisseau de Pré Chatenay

    Val-de-Meuse Val-de-Meuse Meuse

    Pont de Meuse (D429 Val-de-Meuse - Dombrot-le-Sec)

    Ruisseau d'Avrecourt

    Railway bridge Culmont-Chalindrey - Toul line

    Ru d'Ouette

    Ru des Fossés

    Ruisseau de Bocheret

    Provenchères-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Val-de-Meuse (D189)

    Ruisseau des Aimeguenons

    Pont de l'A31 (A31 Nancy - Dijon)

    Ruisseau de Joncourt

    Pont de D132

    Ruisseau de l'Étange

    Ruisseau du Grand Étange

    Lavilleneuve Val-de-Meuse Ruisseau de Rangecourt

    Pont de Lavilleneuve (D132)

    Le Viau

    Val-de-Meuse Lénizeul

    Pont de D228

    Bassoncourt Bassoncourt Ruisseau du Soilleron

    Pont de Bassin Court sur la Meuse (D33)

    Breuvannes-en-Bassigny Breuvannes-en-Bassigny Ruisseau des Noues

    Meuvy

    Pont de Meuvy (D220)

    Clefmont Clefmont /
    Audeloncourt Audeloncourt Ruisseau du Grand Pré
    Levécourt Levécourt Ruisseau de la Hourie

    Levécourt

    Pont de Levécourt (D131)

    Huilliécourt Doncourt-sur-Meuse /
    Hâcourt Hâcourt Pont de Hâcourt
    Bourg-Sainte-Marie Hâcourt

    Ruisseau de Piot

    Brainville-sur-Meuse Pont de Bourg-Sainte-Marie (D119)
    Bourmont-entre-Meuse-et-Mouzon Bourmont-entre-Meuse-et-Mouzon Bourmont
    Saint-Thiébault Saint-Thiébault

    Pont de Saint-Thiébault (D16)

    Ruisseau d'Illoud

    Bourmont-entre-Meuse-et-Mouzon Pont de Gonaincourt (D119)

    Gonaincourt

    Le Mordé

    Pont de Bourmont sur la Meuse (D148)

    Goncourt

    Harréville-les-Chanteurs Harréville-les-Chanteurs Railway bridges Culmont-Chalindrey - Toul line (2x)

    Harréville-les-Chanteurs

    Pont de Harréville-les-Chanteurs (D202)

    European Union France Grand Est Vosges (department)

    France

    Grand Est Region

    Vosges Department

    		Bazoilles-sur-Meuse Bazoilles-sur-Meuse Railway bridges Culmont-Chalindrey - Toul line (2x)

    Pont de Bazoilles-sur-Meuse (D74 Langres - Neufchâteau)

    Bazoilles-sur-Meuse

    Neufchâteau Neufchâteau Railway bridge Culmont-Chalindrey - Toul line

    Neufchâteau

    Pont de Neufchâteau (D674 Chaumont - Neufchâteau)

    Mouzon

    Railway bridge at Neufchâteau railway station

    Pont All. Charles Péguy

    Frebécourt Frebécourt Pont de Frebécourt

    Frebécourt

    La Saônelle

    Coussey Coussey Coussey

    Pont de Coussey (D3)

    Domrémy-la-Pucelle Domrémy-la-Pucelle Pont de Domrémy-la-Pucelle (D164 Neufchâteau - Greux)

    Domrémy-la-Pucelle

    Greux Maxey-sur-Meuse Vair
    Maxey-sur-Meuse Maxey-sur-Meuse

    Pont de D19

    European Union France Grand Est Meuse (department) France

    Grand Est Region

    Meuse Department

    		Brixey-aux-Chanoines Brixey-aux-Chanoines Pont de Brixey-aux-Chanoines
    Sauvigny Sauvigny Ruisseau de Ruppes

    Sauvigny

    Pont de Sauvigny

    Montbras /
    Sauvigny Pont de Traveron

    Traveron

    Pagny-la-Blanche-Côte Pagny-la-Blanche-Côte Rivière de Chêtre

    Pont de Pagny-la-Blanche-Côte (D32)

    Rivière de Chêtre

    Montbras Champougny /
    Taillancourt La Haute Meuse
    Champougny Champougny

    Pont de Champougny

    Maxey-sur-Vaise Maxey-sur-Vaise /
    Burey-en-Vaux Sepvigny /
    Sepvigny Pont de Sepvigny (D145)
    Neuville-lès-Vaucouleurs Neuville-lès-Vaucouleurs /
    Vaucouleurs Chalaines Chalaines

    Pont de Chalaines (D960 Toul - Bure)

    La Haute Meuse

    Ugny-sur-Meuse Rigny-la-Salle Le Goulot de Meuse

    Ugny-sur-Meuse

    Saint-Germain-sur-Meuse Pont de Ugny-sur-Meuse (D36)

    Saint-Germain-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Saint-Germain-sur-Meuse (D144A)

    Ugny-sur-Meuse Ourches-sur-Meuse Ourches-sur-Meuse

    Pont de D144

    Pagny-sur-Meuse Pagny-sur-Meuse Pont de Pagny-sur-Meuse (N4 Paris - Strasbourg)

    Pagny-sur-Meuse

    Pont de D36

    Troussey Troussey Troussey

    Pont de D36C

    Marne–Rhine Canal

    Pont de Troussey (D36)

    Void-Vacon Sorcy-Saint-Martin Ruisseau de Frasne

    Le Vidus

    Sorcy-Saint-Martin Pont de Sorcy-Saint-Martin (D10)

    Sorcy-Saint-Martin

    Pont de D144

    Sorcy-Saint-Martin Euville Railway bridge Paris-Est–Strasbourg-Ville line

    Issey

    Pont d'Euville (D144)

    Canal de l'Est

    Commercy Commercy
    Canal de l'Est

    Pont de D36

    Ruisseau de la Noue

    Vignot Vignot Ruisseau d'Aulnois

    Pont de Vignot (D958 Commercy - Pont-à-Mousson)

    Vignot

    Commercy Commercy Pont de Rte de Boncourt (D8A)

    Canal de l'Est

    Lérouville Commercy
    Canal de l'Est
    Boncourt-sur-Meuse Boncourt-sur-Meuse Railway bridge Lérouville - Metz line

    Pont de Boncourt-sur-Meuse

    Pont-sur-Meuse Pont-sur-Meuse Pont-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Pont-sur-Meuse (D12)

    Ruisseau de Chonville

    Vadonville /
    Mécrin Mécrin Pont de Mécrin (D12A)

    Mécrin

    Sampigny Han-sur-Meuse Rivière de Mont
    Han-sur-Meuse Brasseitte

    Pont du Moulin Blussot (D183)

    Ally-sur-Meuse

    Han-sur-Meuse

    Saint-Mihiel Pont de Han-sur-Meuse (D7A)
    Kœur-la-Petite Bislée Pont de D964 (Commercy - Verdun)

    Canal de l'Est

    Kœur-la-Grande Pont de Bislée (D171)

    Bislée

    Chauvoncourt
    Canal de l'Est
    Chauvoncourt Menonville
    Saint-Mihiel Saint-Mihiel
    Canal de l'Est

    Saint-Mihiel

    Pont de Saint-Mihiel (D901 Saint-Mihiel - Rumont)

    Les Paroches Maizey Le Rehaut

    Canal de l'Est

    Maizey Maizy
    Dompcevrin Pont de Maizy (D101)

    Dompcevrin

    Le Hamboquin

    Bannoncourt Rouvrois-sur-Meuse /
    Bannoncourt La Petite Meuse

    Pont de Bannoncourt (D109)

    Bannoncourt

    Railway bridge LGV Est high speed line (Paris - Strasbourg)

    Ruisseau de Rompierre

    Lacroix-sur-Meuse La Prêle
    Woimbey /
    Troyon Troyon Pont de Troyon

    Troyon

    Bouquemont /
    Tilly-sur-Meuse /
    Tilly-sur-Meuse Pont de Tilly-sur-Meuse

    Tilly-sur-Meuse

    Ambly-sur-Meuse Ruisseau de Récourt
    Villers-sur-Meuse Villers-sur-Meuse Villers-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Villers-sur-Meuse (D21)

    Les Monthairons Les Monthairons Pont de Rue du Lavoir

    Les Monthairons

    Le Petit Monthairon

    Dieue-sur-Meuse Dieue-sur-Meuse Le Clair Fossé

    Ruisseau de la Dieue

    La Petite Meuse

    Pont de Dieue-sur-Meuse (D159)

    Dieue-sur-Meuse

    Ruisseau de Billonneau

    Ruisseau de la Dieue

    Dugny-sur-Meuse Haudainville Pont de l'Autoroute A4 (Paris - Strasbourg)

    Ruisseau du Franc Ban

    Belleray Belleray Pont de Belleray (D301)

    Belleray

    Canal de l'Est

    Verdun Verdun Saint Vanne

    Pont de D330

    Pont de Rued'Anthouard

    Verdun

    Saint Vanne

    Pont Fernand Legay

    Canal du Puty

    Pont Chaussée

    Pont de D603 (Verdun - Metz)

    Belleville-sur-Meuse Thierville-sur-Meuse Railway bridge St-Hilaire-au-Temple-Hagondange line (Verdun-Metz)

    Canal de l'Est

    La Scance

    Pont de D302B

    Charny-sur-Meuse Bras-sur-Meuse Charny-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Bras-sur-Meuse (D115)

    Vacherauville Vacherauville Vacherauville
    Marre Champneuville Ruisseau de la Claire
    Chattancourt /
    Champneuville Pont de Champneuville (D214)
    Cumières-le-Mort-Homme /
    Regnéville-sur-Meuse Samogneux Regnéville-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Samogneux

    Samogneux

    Forges-sur-Meuse Brabant-sur-Meuse Ruisseau de Forges
    Consenvoye Consenvoye Pont de Consenvoye

    Consenvoye

    Dannevoux Sivry-sur-Meuse
    Canal de l'Est

    Ruisseau de Guénoville

    Le Butel

    Pont de Dannevoux

    Ruisseau de Brouzel

    Vilosnes-Haraumont Vilosnes-Haraumont
    Canal de l'Est

    Canal de l'Est

    Vilosnes-Haraumont

    Pont de Vilosnes-Haraumont (D123B)

    Brieulles-sur-Meuse Brieulles-sur-Meuse Ruisseau de Domfontaine

    Brieulles-sur-Meuse

    Le Wassieu

    Cléry-le-Petit Liny-devant-Dun Le Doua

    La Tranchée

    Dun-sur-Meuse
    Canal de l'Est
    Doulcon Dun-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Dun-sur-Meuse (D998)

    Doulcon

    L'Andon

    Sassey-sur-Meuse Milly-sur-Bradon Ruisseau de Bradon

    Canal de l'Est

    Sassey-sur-Meuse Sassey-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Sassey-sur-Meuse (D30)

    Ruisseau des Gaules

    Mont-devant-Sassey Ruisseau de Mont

    Ruisseau de Longvaux

    Saulmory-Villefranche Mouzay Ruisseau de Froide Fontaine

    Le Grand Mohat

    Le Petit Mohat

    Wiseppe /
    Stenay
    Canal de l'Est
    Stenay Pont de Stenay (D947 Stenay - Montmédy)

    Stenay

    Canal de l'Est

    La Wiseppe

    Ruisseau de Cervizy

    Martincourt-sur-Meuse Martincourt-sur-Meuse Pont de Martincourt-sur-Meuse

    Martincourt-sur-Meuse

    Luzy-Saint-Martin Inor Ruisseau de Cesse

    Pont de Luz

    Inor

    Canal de l'Est

    Pouilly-sur-Meuse Ruisseau du Fond de Noue
    Pouilly-sur-Meuse Pont de Pouilly-sur-Meuse

    Pouilly-sur-Meuse

    European Union France Grand Est Ardennes (department)/Meuse (department)

    France

    Grand Est Region

    Ardennes Department / Meuse Department

    		Létanne Ardennes (department) Pouilly-sur-Meuse Meuse (department) La Wame

    Létanne

    European Union France Grand Est Ardennes (department)

    France

    Grand Est Region

    Ardennes Department

    		Létanne Mouzon Le Bras de Vincy

    Canal de l'Est

    Canal de l'Est

    Mouzon Mouzon

    Pont de D19

    Autrecourt-et-Pourron Yoncq

    Autrecourt

    Ruisseau de Brouhan

    Villers-devant-Mouzon Villers-devant-Mouzon

    Ruisseau de la Vignette

    Ruisseau des Trois Fontaines

    Coupure de Remilly

    Remilly-Aillicourt Douzy /
    Remilly-Aillicourt Petit Remilly

    Pont de Remilly-Aillicourt (D4)

    Remilly

    Bazeilles Chiers

    Aillicourt

    Pont de Bazeilles (D129)

    Coupure de Remilly

    Noyers-Pont-Maugis Ruisseau de Thélonne

    Railway bridge Mohon-Thionville line (Sedan - Thionville)

    Pont-Maugis

    Balan Ruisseau de Batelotte
    Wadelincourt Wadelincourt
    Sedan Pont de Sedan (N43 Sedan - Charleville-Mézières)
    Sedan Pont de l'Avenue Philippoteaux (D8043A)

    Canal de l'Est
    Pont du Boulevard Fabert

    Sedan

    Pont de Meuse

    Passerelle Saint-Vincent de Paul

    Canal de l'Est

    Pont-Neuf de Sedan

    Glaire Floing Ruz de Glaire

    Floing

    Glaire

    Tour à Glaire (Glaire)

    Ruisseau de Floing

    Igles (Glaire)

    Saint-Menges Ruisseau du Bas Caillou

    Saint-Menges

    Donchery Ruisseau de la Falizette

    Villette (Glaire)

    Pont de Glaire (A34 Sedan - Charleville-Mézières)

    Railway bridge Mohon-Thionville line (Charleville-Mézières - Sedan)

    Sedan Frénois (Sedan)
    Donchery Pont de Donchery (D24)

    Donchery

    Villers-sur-Bar Vrigne
    Vrigne-Meuse Vrigne-Meuse

    Bar

    Dom-le-Mesnil Canal des Ardennes
    Nouvion-sur-Meuse Nouvion-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Nouvion-sur-Meuse (D33)

    Flize Ruisseau des Trois Fontaines

    Flize

    Ruisseau de Boutancourt

    Chalandry-Elaire Elaire (Chalandry-Elaire)
    Les Ayvelles Lumes Lumes
    Lumes Railway bridge Mohon-Thionville line (Charleville-Mézières - Sedan)
    Villers-Semeuse Pont de Lumes (A34 Sedan - Charleville-Mézières)

    Ruisseau de la Truie

    Dérivation de Romery

    Saint-Laurent Dérivation de Romery
    Charleville-Mézières Le Theux (Charleville-Mézières)
    Charleville-Mézières Vence

    Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Reims)

    Mohon (Charleville-Mézières)

    Canal de l'Est

    Pont de la Victoire (D8043A)

    Mézières (Charleville-Mézières)

    Pont de Pierre

    Saint-Julien (Charleville-Mézières)

    Prix-lès-Mézières Pont de Manchester (N43 Charleville-Mézières - Sedan)

    Ruisseau du Marbay

    Manchester (Charleville-Mézières)

    Prix-lès-Mézières

    Ruisseau des Rejets

    Ruisseau de Praëlle

    Warcq Warcq

    Pont de Warcq (D16)

    Sormonne

    Charleville-Mézières Pont de N43 (Charleville-Mézières - Sedan)

    Passerelle Bayard

    Pont d'Arches (D8043A)

    Canal de l'Est

    Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Reims)

    Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Canal de l'Est

    Charleville-Mézières

    Pont de Mocy (D58)

    Montcy-Saint-Pierre (Charleville-Mézières)

    Passerelle du Mont Olympe

    Montcy-Notre-Dame Ruisseau de la Fontaine du Prince

    Ruisseau de Soiru

    Montcy-Notre-Dame

    Pont de Montcy-Notre-Dame (D58A)

    Canal de l'Est

    Aiglemont /
    Nouzonville /
    Nouzonville Nouzonville

    La Goutelle

    Ruisseau du Pré Allard

    Pont de Nouzonville (D13)

    Joigny-sur-Meuse Joigny-sur-Meuse Pont de Joigny-sur-Meuse (D1A)

    Joigny-sur-Meuse

    Bogny-sur-Meuse Bogny-sur-Meuse Braux

    Pont Jean-Rogissart (D1)

    Levrézy

    Bogny-sur-Meuse

    Pont Rue Jourde (D1C)

    Château Regnault

    Monthermé Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Givet)
    Monthermé Semois

    Monthermé

    Pont de Monthermé (D989)

    Deville Deville

    Ruisseau de Mairupt

    Laifour Ruisseau de la Lambrèque
    Revin Ruisseau de la Grande Commune

    Ruisseau de la Petite Commune

    Laifour

    Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Pont de Laifour (D1)

    Les Mazures /
    Anchamps Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Anchamps Pont d'Anchamps (D1B)

    Ru de la Pille

    Ruisseau des Meurtriers

    Revin Orzy

    Pont d'Orzy

    Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Revin

    Pont de la Bouverie (D988 Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Sartnizon

    Rocroi Pont de Saint-Nicolas

    Saint-Nicolas (Rocroi)

    Faux

    Ruisseau de Falières

    Revin Pont de Fumay (D988 Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Ruisseau des Cochons

    Fumay Ruisseau de Come
    Fumay Ruisseau des Manises

    Railway bridge Soissons - Givet line (Charleville-Mézières - Givet)

    Ruisseau de la Folie

    Haybes Fumay

    Pont de Fumay (D7)

    Ri d'Alyse

    Haybes Pont de la Guerre (D7B)

    Haybes

    Ruisseau de Mohron

    Fépin Ruisseau d'Hargnies

    Fépin

    Montigny-sur-Meuse Vireux-Wallerand Risdoux

    Fond de la Mènerie

    Montigny-sur-Meuse

    Vireux-Molhain Vireux-Molhain

    Vireux-Wallerand

    Pont de Vireux (D989)

    Hierges Viroin
    Aubrives Aubrives Aubrives
    Ham-sur-Meuse Ham-sur-Meuse

    Pont de Ham (D46DB)

    Chooz Chooz Nuclear Power Plant
    Chooz Pont de Chemin de Mission

    Chooz

    Pont de Chooz

    Rancennes Le Fond des Vaux

    Les Trois Fontaines (Chooz)

    Givet /
    Givet Ruisseau de Rancennes

    Givet

    Pont des Américains (D949)

    Houille

    European Union France/Belgium Grand Est/Wallonia Ardennes (department)/Namur Province

    France / Belgium

    Grand Est Region / Wallonia Region

    Ardennes Department / Namur Province

    		Givet France Hastière Belgium Ruisseau de Mon Idée

    Heer (Hastière)

    European Union Belgium Wallonia Namur Province

    Belgium

    Wallonia Region

    Namur Province

    		Hastière Hastière Heer-Agimont

    Pont de N909

    Hermeton-sur-Meuse

    Hermeton

    Ruisseau de Féron

    Hastière-Lavaux

    Hastière-par-delà

    Pont de Hastière-Lavaux (N915)

    Fond des Vaux

    Ruisseau de Bonsoy

    Ruisseau de la Roule

    Waulsort

    Ruisseau du Chestia

    Dinant Freÿr (Hastière)

    Moniat (Hastière)

    Dinant Anseremme

    Noyon Pré

    Railway bridge line 166 Libramont - Bertrix - Dinant

    Lesse

    Viaduc Charlemagne (N97 Ciney - Philippeville)

    Neffe

    Saint-Paul

    Dinant

    Pont Charles de Gaulle (N936)

    Leffe

    Ruisseau de Leffe

    Bouvignes-sur-Meuse

    Yvoir /
    Anhée Houx (Yvoir)

    Railway bridge line 154 Dinant - Namur

    Anhée

    Molignée

    Pont d'Anhée (N92 Namur - Dinant)

    Yvoir

    BocqBocq

    Hun (Anhée)

    Rouillon (Anhée)

    Pont de Rouillon (N947a)

    Profondeville Godinne (Yvoir)

    Rivière (Profondeville)

    Profondeville Burnot

    Burnot

    Pont de Lustin (N947)

    Profondeville

    Tailfer

    Ruisseau de Tailfer

    Namur Boreuville (Namur)
    Namur Pont de Wépion

    Grand Ry

    Dave

    Ruisseau de Dave

    Wépion

    Marlagne

    La Plante

    Pont de Jambes

    Jambes

    Passerelle l'Enjambée

    Sambre

    Namur

    Pont des Ardennes (N90 Namur - Liège)

    Houyoux

    Railway bridge 'Pont de Luxembourg' line 154 Dinant - Namur

    Bouge

    Pont des Grands Malades (N905)

    Viaduc du Beez (E411 Namur - Arlon)

    Beez

    Lives-sur-Meuse

    Brumagne

    Gelbresse

    Marche-les-Dames

    Andenne Andenne Samson

    Samson

    Pont de Namêche (N942)

    Namêche

    Sclayn

    Pont de N968

    Ruisseau de la Loysse

    Seilles

    Andenne

    Pont d'Andenne (N921)

    Andenelle

    European Union Belgium Wallonia Liège Province

    Belgium

    Wallonia Region

    Liège Province

    		Wanze Huy Gisves (Huy)

    Java (Wanze)

    Ben (Huy)

    Bas-Oha (Wanze)

    Solière

    Pont Père Pire (N643)

    Wanze

    Mehaigne

    Huy Anhin

    Railway bridge

    Pont Roi Baudouin (N64 Tienen - Huy)

    Huy

    Hoyoux

    Pont de l'Europe

    Amay Tihange Nuclear Power Station

    Tihange (Huy)

    Pont d'Ampsin (N684)

    Ampsin (Amay)

    Neuville-sous-Huy (Huy)

    Amay Pont d'Ombret (N696)

    Amay

    Ombret-Rawsa

    Engis Ruisseau d'Oxhe

    Flône (Amay)

    Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse Pont de Hermalle

    Hermalle-sous-Huy (Engis)

    Mallieue (Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse)

    Engis Engis

    Pont d'Engis (N639)

    Flémalle Flémalle Ramioul

    Ramet

    Chokier

    Ivoz

    Pont barrage d'Ivoz-Ramet (N677)

    Flémalle

    Seraing Ruisseau de Ville en Cour

    Liers - Liège - Flémalle-Haute
    )

    Val

    Seraing Troque

    Jemeppe-sur-Meuse

    Seraing

    Pont de Seraing (A604 highway Liège Airport - Seraing)

    Saint-Nicolas Tilleur (Saint-Nicolas)
    Liège Ougrée (Seraing)

    Sclessin (Liège)

    Pont d'Ougrée (N63 Liège - Marche-en-Famenne)

    Railway bridge cargo line

    Liège Kinkempois

    Pont de Liège (E25 highway Liège - Luxembourg City Luxembourg)

    Railway bridge high speed line 3 (Liège - Aachen Germany)

    Angleur

    Canal de l'Ourthe

    Pont de Fragnée

    Ourthe

    Passerelle la Belle Liègeoise

    Pont du Roi Albert 1er (N30)

    Pont Kennedy

    Passerelle Saucy

    Liège

    Pont des Arches (N3 Liège – Germany Germany)

    Pont Maghin

    Pont Atlas

    Bressoux

    Jupille-sur-Meuse

    Albert Canal

    Pont - Barrage de Monsin

    Monsin Island

    Canal de Monsin

    Herstal Herstal

    Wandre (Liège)

    Pont de Wandre (N667)

    Pont d'Autorute E40 (Liège - Aachen Germany)

    Oupeye Visé Cheratte (Visé)

    Argenteau (Visé)

    Julienne

    Hermalle-sous-Argenteau (Oupeye)

    Pont de Hermalle-sous-Argenteau

    Richelle (Visé)

    Pont Trilogiport

    Visé Visé

    Pont de Visé (N618)

    Canal de Haccourt - Visé

    Railway bridge 'Pont des Allemands'

    Pont et barrage de Lixhe (N602)

    European Union Belgium Wallonia/Flanders Liège Province/Limburg (Belgium)

    Belgium

    Wallonia Region / Flanders Region

    Liège Province / Limburg Province

    		Visé Wallonia Voeren Flanders Lixhe (Visé)

    Berwinne

    Nivelle (Visé)

    European Union Belgium/Netherlands Wallonia/Limburg (Netherlands) Liège Province Belgium / Netherlands

    Wallonia Region / Limburg Province

    Liège Province Belgium

    		Visé Belgium Eijsden-Margraten Netherlands Voer

    Eijsden (Eijsden-Margraten)

    Lanaye (Visé
    )

    Lanaye - Eijsden

    Canal de Lanaye

    Petit Lanaye (Visé)

    European Union Netherlands Limburg (Netherlands)

    Netherlands

    Limburg Province

    		Maastricht Maastricht Maastricht

    John F. Kennedybrug N278 (Maastricht - Aachen Germany)

    JekerJeker

    Pedestrial bridge 'Hoge Brug'

    Pedestrial bridge 'Sint-Servaasbrug'

    Wilhelminabrug

    Railway bridge Maastricht

    Noorderbrug

    Zuid-Willemsvaart

    Juliana Canal

    Borgharen

    European Union Belgium/Netherlands Flanders/Limburg (Netherlands) Limburg (Belgium) Belgium / Netherlands

    Flanders Region / Limburg Province

    Limburg Belgium

    		Lanaken Belgium Maastricht Netherlands Smeermaas (Lanaken)

    Itteren (Maastricht)

    Neerharen (Lanaken)

    Maasmechelen Belgium Meerssen Netherlands Geul

    Uikhoven (Maasmechelen)

    Bike ferry service Uikhoven - Geulle aan de Maas

    Geulle aan de Maas (Meerssen)

    Oude Broekgraaf

    Stein Netherlands Kotem

    Elsloo

    Scharbergbrug (E314 Belgium / A76 Netherlands Genk Belgium - Heerlen Netherlands - Aachen Germany)

    Stein

    Meers

    Maasmechelen

    Kirkbeek

    Maasband

    Leut (Maasmechelen
    )

    Ur

    Urmond (Stein)

    Berg aan de Maas (Stein)

    Meeswijk - Berg aan de Maas

    Dilsen-Stokkem Belgium Sittard-Geleen Netherlands Obbicht (Sittard-Geleen)

    Boyen (Dilsen-Stokkem)

    Vrietselbeek

    Bike ferry service Rotem - Grevenbicht

    Grevenbicht (Sittard-Geleen)

    Kogbeek

    Kingbeek

    Echt-Susteren Netherlands Illikhoven (Sittard-Geleen)

    Visserweert (Sittard-Geleen)

    Maaseik Belgium Heppeneert (Maaseik)

    Kokkelert (Sittard-Geleen)

    Zanderbeek

    Maaseik

    Pater Sangersbrug (N761 Belgium / N296 Netherlands Maaseik Belgium - Susteren Netherlands)

    Maasgouw Netherlands Ohé en Laak (Maasgouw)

    Bosbeek

    Aldeneik (Maaseik)

    Kinrooi Belgium Ophoven (Kinrooi)

    Bike ferry service Ophoven - Ohé en Laak

    Albeek

    Stevensweert (Maasgouw)

    European Union Netherlands Limburg (Netherlands)

    Netherlands

    Limburg Province

    		Maasgouw Maasgouw Maasbracht

    Wessem

    Bike ferry service Thorn - Wessem

    Bike ferry service Maasbracht - Wessem

    Maasbrug bij Wessem (A2 Eindhoven - Maastricht)

    Juliana Canal

    Wessem-Nederweert Canal

    Linne-Buggenum Canal

    Roermond Vlootbeek

    Linne (Maasgouw)

    Roermond Merum

    Bike ferry service Ool - Oolderhuuske

    Ool

    Herten

    Roermond

    Rur

    Louis Raemaekersbrug (N280 Roermond - Weert)

    Maasnielderbeek

    Railway bridge Buggenum (Iron Rhine Weert - Roermond)

    Leudal Linne-Buggenum Canal

    Buggenum (Leudal)

    Neerbeek

    Swalm

    Beesel Bike ferry service Neer - Rijkel

    Rijkel (Beesel)

    Neer (Leudal)

    Peel en Maas Beesel

    Kessel-Eik (Peel en Maas)

    Huilbeek Kessel (Peel en Maas)

    Car ferry service Kessel - Beesel

    Tasbeek

    Reuver (Beesel)

    Scheikensbeek

    Venlo Oijen (Peel en Maas)

    Belfeld (Venlo)

    Aalsbeek

    Steyl (Venlo)

    Car ferry service Baarlo - Steyl

    Venlo Engerbeek

    Tegelen

    Springbeek

    Zuiderbrug (A73 Nijmegen - Venlo)

    Wijlderbeek

    Blerick

    Stadsbrug Venlo (N556)

    Railway bridge Venlo (Venlo–Eindhoven and Nijmegen–Venlo lines)

    Venlo

    Rijnbeek

    Stepkensbeek

    Noorderbrug (A67 Venlo - Duisburg Germany)

    Horst aan de Maas Stopbeek

    Baarsdonk

    Everlose Beek

    Vorstermolenbeek

    Grubbenvorst (Horst aan de Maas)

    Velden (Venlo)

    Car ferry service Grubbenvorst - Velden

    Latbeek

    Hasselt (Venlo)

    Salderbeek

    Houthuizen (Horst aan de Maas)

    Molenbeek van Lotum

    Lomm (Venlo)

    Wielder (Horst aan de Maas)

    Tassbeek

    Lottum (Horst aan de Maas)

    Car ferry service Lottum - Lomm

    Pedestrian ferry service Lottum - Arcen

    Arcen (Venlo)

    Aarsbeek

    Broekhuizen (Horst aan de Maas)

    Car ferry service Broekhuizen - Arcen

    Molenbeek

    Broekhuizenvorst (Horst aan de Maas)

    Rode Beek

    Bergen Geldernsch-Nierkanaal
    Venray Wellerlooi (Bergen)

    Blitterswijck (Venray)

    Bike ferry service Blitterswijck - Wellerlooi

    Sohr

    Koninginnebrug N270 (Venray - Eindhoven)

    Well (Bergen)

    Wanssum (Venray)

    Grote Molenbeek

    Oostrumsche Beek

    Geijsteren (Venray)

    European Union Netherlands Limburg (Netherlands)/North Brabant

    Netherlands

    Limburg Province / North Brabant province

    		Land van Cuijk North Brabant Bergen Limburg (Netherlands) Maashees

    Ayensebeek

    Aijen (Bergen)

    Vierlingsbeek (Land van Cuijk)

    Car ferry service Vierlingsbeek - Bergen

    Bergen

    Molenbeek

    Heukelomsebeek

    Heukelom (Bergen)

    Eckeltse Beek

    Rekgraaf

    Afferden (Bergen)

    Car ferry service Sambeek - Afferden

    Sint-Jansbeek

    Sambeek (Land van Cuijk)

    Gennep Limburg (Netherlands) Boxmeer (Land van Cuijk)

    Maasbrug van Boxmeer (A77 Boxmeer - Cologne Germany)

    Heijen (Gennep)

    Gennep

    Maasbrug van Gennep (N264 Gennep - Veghel)

    Niers

    Oeffeltsche Raam

    Milsbeek (Gennep)

    Tielebeek

    Mook en Middelaar Limburg (Netherlands) Sint-Agatha (Land van Cuijk)

    Middelaar (Mook en Middelaar
    )

    Virdsche Graaf

    Cuijk (Land van Cuijk)

    Middelaar

    Mooks Kanaal

    Mook (Mook en Middelaar)

    Katwijk (Land van Cuijk)

    Railway bridge Mook (Nijmegen–Venlo line)

    Molenhoek (Mook en Middelaar)

    European Union Netherlands Gelderland/North Brabant

    Netherlands

    Gelderland / North Brabant province

    		Heumen Gelderland Maas–Waal Canal

    Heumen

    Maasbrug van Heumen (A73 Nijmegen - Venlo)

    Overasselt (Heumen)

    Tochtsloot

    Grave (Land van Cuijk)

    John S. Thompsonbrug (N324 Grave - Nijmegen)

    Nederasselt (Heumen)

    Raam

    Wijchen Gelderland Balgoij (Wijchen)
    Oss North Brabant Keent (Oss)

    Neerloon (Oss)

    Niftrik (Wijchen)

    Maasbrug van Ravenstein (A50 Nijmegen - Eindhoven)

    Ravenstein (Oss)

    Bike ferry service Ravenstein - Niftrik

    Tilburg-Nijmegen
    line)

    Neerlangel (Oss)

    Demen (Oss)

    Batenburg (Wijchen)

    Bike ferry service Demen - Batenburg

    Dieden (Oss)

    West Maas en Waal Gelderland Nieuwe Wetering

    Appeltern (West Maas en Waal)

    De Vliet

    Car ferry service Appeltern - Megen

    Megen (Oss)

    Car ferry service Maasbommel - Megen-West

    Maasbommel (West Maas en Waal)

    Burgemeester Delenkanaal

    Boveneind (Oss)

    Berghuizen (West Maas en Waal)

    Oijen (Oss)

    Car ferry service Oijen - Nieuwe Schans

    Greffeling (West Maas en Waal)

    Alphen (West Maas en Waal)

    Lithoijen (Oss)

    Lith (Oss)

    Moordhuizen (West Maas en Waal)

    Car ferry service Lith - Moordhuizen

    Maasdriel Gelderland Voorne (Maasdriel)

    Heerewaarden (Maasdriel)

    Bike ferry service Heerewaarden - Lithse Ham

    Maren-Kessel (Oss)

    Sint Andries canal

    Car ferry service Alem - Maren-Kessel

    't Wild (Oss)

    Kerkdriel (Maasdriel)

    Hertogswetering

    Hoefgraaf

    's-Hertogenbosch North Brabant Gewande ('s-Hertogenbosch)

    Hoenzadriel (Maasdriel)

    Máxima Canal

    Empel ('s-Hertogenbosch)

    Maasbrug van Empel (A2 's-Hertogenbosch - Utrecht)

    's-Hertogenbosch

    Railway bridge 'Hedelse spoorbrug' (Utrecht–Boxtel line)

    Prinses Irenebrigadebrug

    Hedel (Maasdriel)

    Oude Dieze

    Dieze

    Bokhoven ('s-Hertogenbosch)

    Ammerzoden (Maasdriel)

    Heusden North Brabant Well (Maasdriel)

    Zooislagen Buitendijkse Loop

    Zaltbommel Gelderland Car ferry service Bern - Herpt

    Bern (Zaltbommel)

    Heusden

    Heusden Canal

    European Union Netherlands North Brabant

    Netherlands

    North Brabant province

    		Heusden Altena Maasbrug van Heusden (N267 Heusden - Giessen)

    Heesbeen (Heusden)

    Genderen (Altena)

    Doeveren (Heusden)

    Waalwijk Afwateringskanaal 's-Hertogenbosch - Drongelen

    Drongelen (Altena)

    Waalwijk

    Car ferry service Drongelen - Waalwijk

    Car ferry service Dussen - Capelle

    Dussen (Altena)

    Geertruidenberg Peerenboom (Altena)

    Keizersveerbrug (A27 Breda - Utrecht)

    Raamsdonksveer (Geertruidenberg)

    Geertruidenberg

    Nieuwe Merwede

    Mouth into the North Sea

    Mention in patriotic songs

    The Meuse (Maas) is mentioned in the first stanza of Germany's old national anthem, the Deutschlandlied. However, since its re-adoption as national anthem in 1952, only the third stanza of the Deutschlandlied has been sung as the German national anthem, the first and second stanzas being omitted. This was confirmed after German reunification in 1991 when only the third stanza was defined as the official anthem. The lyrics written in 1841 describe a then–disunited Germany with the river as its western boundary, where King William I of the Netherlands had joined the German Confederation with his Duchy of Limburg in 1839. Though the duchy's territory officially became an integral part of the Netherlands by the 1867 Treaty of London, the text passage remained unchanged when the Deutschlandlied was declared the national anthem of the Weimar Republic in 1922.

    The name of the rivers also forms part of the title of "Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse", written after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and a popular patriotic song for the rest of the 19th century and into the 20th.

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Marcel de Wit, Robert Leander, Adri Buishand: Extreme discharges in the Meuse basin Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2
      (The frequently mentioned figure of 250 m3/s refers to the Borgharen gauge near the frontier between Belgium and the Netherlands representing two thirds of the basin.)
    2. ^ a b "Meuse". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
    3. ^ "Meuse" (US) and "Meuse". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-02-09.
    4. ^ a b "Meuse". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
    5. ^ "Maas". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-02-26.
    6. OCLC 1264400332.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
      )
    7. ^ "Wallonie : une région en Europe" (in French). Ministère de la Région wallonne. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
    8. ^
      ISBN 90-73187-50-8
      .
    9. ^ Wols, Rien (2011). "De Uitvoering van de Maasmondingswerken". Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum (in Dutch).
    10. ^ Presentation of The River People on Eurochannel
    11. ^ Barneveld, Hermjan; Hoitink, A. J. F.; Frings, R. M. (2022). "Massive morphological changes during the 2021 summer flood in the River Meuse" (PDF). hkv.nl. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
    12. OCLC 1811056
      .
    13. Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - La Meuse (B---0000)"
      .
    14. ^ NoorderSoft Waterways database
    15. ^ Accord international sur la Meuse
    16. ^ French: Les rochers par lesquels l'art gothique suggère conventionnellement un site sauvage et désertique, sont présents. Comme d'aucuns l'ont remarqué, ces pics rocheux qui vont devenir chez Patinier, indissociables de l'évocation d'un paysage ressemblent à ceux qu'il a pu voir dans la région dinantaise (...) Mais il va de soi que les paysages représentés ne sont jamais dans leur ensemble la transposition de sites existants. L'espace tel que le conçoit Patinier est d'un autre ordre que celui qui s'offre au spectateur dans la réalité. in 'L'essor du paysage' in Jacques Stiennon, Jean-Patrick Duchesne, Yves Randaxhe, Cinq siècles de peinture en Wallonie, Les éditeurs d'art associés, Bruxelles, 1988, p. 67-72. The landscape of the Mosan valley is the inspiration of Patinier but the result of this inspiration was not a painting of this landscape.
    17. ^ Contribution of scientific methods to the understanding of the work of the 16th century painter, Henri Bles Université de Liège[dead link]
    18. ^ Ward PJ, H Renssen, JCJH Aerts, RT van Balen & J Vandenberghe (2008), "Strong increases in flood frequency and discharge of the River Meuse over the Late Holocene: impacts of long-term anthropogenic land use change and climate variability". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 12: 159-175. http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/12/159/2008/hess-12-159-2008.pdf [Ward et al., 2008]
    19. ^ Wols, Rien (2011). "De Uitvoering van de Maasmondingswerken". Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum (in Dutch).
    20. ^ Rijkswaterstaat: Water Management in the Netherlands, 2011
    21. ^ Ward et al., 2008

    External links

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