Mexican free-tailed bat
Mexican free-tailed bat | |
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Song of male, slowed eight times | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Chiroptera |
Family: | Molossidae |
Genus: | Tadarida |
Species: | T. brasiliensis
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Binomial name | |
Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824)
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Subspecies | |
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Range of the Mexican free-tailed bat |
The Mexican free-tailed bat or Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is a medium-sized
It is regarded as one of the most abundant
Taxonomy
The Mexican free-tailed bat was described as a new species in 1824 by French zoologist Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Geoffroy placed it in the now-defunct genus Nyctinomus with a binomial name of Nyctinomus brasiliensis.[4] The holotype had been collected in Brazil.[5] Molecular sequence data indicate T. brasiliensis's closest relatives are the
Physical description
Mexican free-tailed bats are typically 9 cm (3.5 in) in length and weigh around 7–12 g (0.25–0.42 oz) with females tending to be slightly heavier than males by 1-2 grams for increased fat storage to use during gestation and nursing.[7] Their tails are almost half their total length and stretch beyond the
Range and ecology
The Mexican free-tailed bat ranges from the southern half of the continental United States through most of Mexico, and through most of Central America into South America. Their range in South America is less understood where they live in the eastern Brazilian highlands and coast, the northeastern Andes, the coast of Peru and northern Chile, and the center of Argentina.[7] They are absent in much of the Amazon rainforest. They are also found in the Caribbean, and are native to all of the Greater Antilles and 11 of the Lesser Antilles.[11] The largest known colony is found at Bracken Cave, north of San Antonio, Texas, with nearly 20 million bats; the bats from this colony congregate in huge numbers at altitudes between 180 and 1,000 m (590 and 3,280 ft), and even as high as 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
Habitat
Mexican free-tailed bats roost primarily in caves. However, they also roost in buildings of any type as long as they have access to openings and dark recesses in ceilings or walls.[7] The bats can make roosting sites of buildings regardless of "age, height, architecture, construction materials, occupancy by humans and compass orientation".[7] Caves, though, need to have enough wall and ceiling space to fit millions of bats.[7] Before buildings, free-tailed bats in the Southeastern United States probably roosted in the hollows of trees such as red mangrove, black mangrove, white mangrove, and cypress. However, most bats in Florida seem to prefer buildings and other man-made structures over natural roosts.[7] Caves in Florida tend to be occupied mostly by the southeastern myotis. Caves in Florida tend to have pools of water on the floor and the free-tailed bats do not need as much relative humidity as the southeastern myotis.[7]
Migration
Mexican free-tailed bats in southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western Arizona, and southeastern California come together to migrate southwest to southern California and
Bats ranging eastward from East Texas do not migrate, but local shifts in roost usage often occur seasonally.[7] Also, a regional population that ranges from Oregon to California, has a year-round residence.
Diet
Mexican free-tailed bats are primarily insectivores. They hunt their prey using echolocation. The bats eat
The onset of evening emergence from caves and the end of returns at dawn tend to correlate with sunset and sunrise, respectively, with dawn returns ending increasingly later in correlation to sunrise throughout the summer season. Reproductive females tended to emerge earlier in the evening and return later at dawn to gather the extra nutrients they require for reproduction and offspring care.
Health and mortality
One individual bat was recorded to have lived 8 years, based on dentition.[20] Predators of the bat include large birds such as red-tailed hawk, American kestrels, great horned owls, barn owls, and Mississippi kites.[7][21] Mammal predators include Virginia opossums, striped skunks, and raccoons.[7] Snakes such as eastern coachwhips and gopher snakes may also prey on them, but at a lesser extent. Certain types of beetles prey on neonate and juvenile bats that have fallen to the ground.[7] This species seems to have a low incidence of rabies, at least in the United States.[7] They do, however, contain certain pesticides.[7]
White-nose syndrome (WNS) caused by infection by the fungus P. destructans has increased in prevalence since 2006, mostly affecting species of bats that roost underground such as the little brown bat. The fungus, now suspected to have spread from accidental transportation by human cave workers, is thought to cause frequent arousals during bat hibernation, causing an individual to use fat stores much more quickly and die of starvation before the end of winter. WNS can affect T. brasiliensis, but has yet to be greatly introduced to their habitat due to their preference for more arid caves. WNS has low prevalence in the subtropical and tropical regions where T. brasiliensis resides.[22]
Certain chemicals in the fur of these bats have antimicrobial activity against common mammalian skin pathogens. The chemical nonanal is found in such a concentration that its antimicrobial activity can inhibit the growth of two fungal pathogens that cause ringworm (T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum), as well as Malassezia furfur, a yeast. Two other common skin disease-causing microbes that are inhibited by the hair's concentration of nonanal include S. aureus and acne. [23]
Behavior
Mexican free-tailed bats are nocturnal foragers and begin feeding after dusk. They travel 50 km in a quick, direct flight pattern to feed. This species flies the highest among bats, at altitudes around 3,300 m (10,800 ft).[3] Bats appear to be most active in late morning and afternoon between June and September.[24] Free-tailed bats are more active in warm weather.[25]
The species has been measured at a
Guano and ammonia
Among bats that roost in great, concentrated numbers, T. brasiliensis roosts produce large quantities of urine and guano; from 22 to 99 metric tons per cave and over 18,700 metric tons are produced annually. The concentrated waste generates high levels of toxic ammonia in the air of a cave. T. brasiliensis individuals have genetic adaptation for withstanding or countering these high levels of ammonia. The bats' content of CO2 and protein in respiratory mucus and CO2 dissolved in blood plasma increase with increasing levels of dissolved ammonia, providing the bats with a buffer against pH change. This allows the bats to filter out a large majority of inhaled ammonia before it reaches toxic levels in the blood. T. brasiliensis bats are thought to swarm in spiraling motions within caves to ventilate ammonia and renew the air.[7]
Echolocation
Mexican free-tailed bats use echolocation for navigation and detecting prey. Traveling calls are of a brief but constant frequency. However, they switch modulated frequency calls between 40 and 75 kHz if they detect something.[28] Typically, the frequency range of their echolocation is between 49 and 70 kHz, but can be between 25 and 40 kHz if something crosses their path while in flight.[28]
On 6 November 2014, Aaron Corcoran, a biologist at Wake Forest University, North Carolina, reported online in Science that his team and he had detected Mexican free-tailed bats emitting ultrasonic vocalizations that had the effect of jamming the echolocation calls of a rival bat species hunting moths. The 'jamming' call led to an increased chance of the rival missing its prey, which the Mexican free-tailed bat was then able to eat itself. Earlier researchers had discovered some 15 types of social calls made by Mexican free-tailed bats and reported that they could adjust their calls to avoid interfering with others in range of their calls.[29][30]
Mating and reproduction
During the breeding season, females aggregate into maternity roosts. The size of these roosts depends on the environment, with caves having the larger roosts. Mating can occur in an aggressive or passive form. In the aggressive form, the male controls the female's movements, keeping her away from the other bats in the roost.
Conservation
Though abundant and widespread, some local populations have prompted protection and conservation efforts. For instance, during the spring and summer, one of the largest Mexican free-tailed bat populations inhabits Cueva de la Boca, a cave near Monterrey, Mexico. In 2006, the Mexican environmental conservation NGO, Pronatura Noreste, purchased the property. Because of a reduction by more than 95% of the original 20 million bat population to 600,000, as a result of vandalism, pollution, and uncontrolled tourism, the organization decided to buy the property to place it under conservation. Other species of high ecological value that inhabit the cavern are also being protected. Similarly, Bat Conservation International bought Bracken Cave from private ownership in 1992. BCI planned to revert any land changes that were a result of farming or ranching in order to conserve the biodiversity and wildlife there. Preserving the land around Bracken Cave was important, as it is home to the world's largest bat colony, and any human encroachment would be detrimental to their population. BCI also protects the land from artificial light pollution, which can distress the bats.[35][36]
Economic importance
In
Hundreds of tons of guano were mined in Texas annually between 1900 and 1980. In the early 20th century, bat guano was Texas' largest mineral export, before oil. In 1863, a gun powder factory opened near San Antonio, the saltpeter of which was provided by local guano mines.[40]
See also
- Bat bomb, an experimental incendiary weapon that used Mexican free-tailed bats as a dispersal mechanism
References
- .
- ^ "Speedy Bat Smashes Speed Record". batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ JSTOR 1379076.
- ^ Geoffroy, I. (1824). "Par M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Lu á la Société d'histoire naturelle de Paris le vendredi 5 mars 1824" [By Mr. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Read at the Natural History Society of Paris on Friday, 5 March 1824]. Annales des sciences naturelles (in French). 1: 342–343.
- ^ Smith Miller, Gerrit; Rehn, James A. G. (1901). Systematic Results of the Study of North American Land Mammals to the Close of the Year 1900. Society of Natural History. p. 271.
- .
- ^ JSTOR 3504148.
- ^ "Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)". Archived from the original on 11 May 2000.
- ^ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Mexican_free-tailed_bat_%288006850693%29.jpg[bare URL image file]
- ^ Reid, F. (2006). A field guide to mammals of North America, north of Mexico. Vol. 4. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 136.
- ^ Baker, R. J., Genoways, H. H. (1978). "Zoogeography of Antillean bats", pp. 53–97 in Zoogeography in the Caribbean, F. B. Gill (ed.). Philadelphia: Acad
- JSTOR 3671136.
- JSTOR 3671136.
- S2CID 86220457.
- PMID 21669777.
- ^ Corrigan, Robert. Do Bats Control Mosquitoes? Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine texasmosquito.org
- ^ Animal Fact Sheet: Mexican Free-Tailed Bat. Desert Museum.
- ^ Lee, Y. F.; McCracken, G. F. (2001). "Timing and variation in the emergence and return of Mexican free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 40 (4): 309–316.
- PMID 6126307.
- ^ Gannon, M., A. Kurta, A. Rodriquez-Duran, M. Willig. (2005). Bats of Puerto Rico. Jamaica. The University of the West Indies Press.
- .
- PMID 22517743.
- .
- JSTOR 1381461.
- PMID 19002470.
- PMID 28018618.
- ^ Photopoulos, Julianna (9 November 2016). "Speedy bat flies at 160 km/h, smashing bird speed record". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
But not everyone is convinced. Graham Taylor at the University of Oxford says that errors in estimating bat speed by measuring the distance moved between successive positions could be huge. "So I think it would be premature to knock birds off their pedestal as nature's fastest fliers just yet," he says."These bats are indeed flying very fast at times, but this is based on their ground speed," says Anders Hedenström at the University of Lund in Sweden. "Since they did not measure winds at the place and time where the bats are flying, one can therefore not exclude that the top speeds are not bats flying in a gust."
- ^ S2CID 53174117.
- ^ Morell, Virginia (6 November 2014). "Holy blocked bat signal! Bats jam each other's calls". new.sciencemag.org. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- ^ Hogenboom, Melissa (7 November 2014). "Bats sabotage rivals' senses with sound in food race". BBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- ^ doi:10.1644/BME-004.
- JSTOR 1382150.
- S2CID 206572086.
- JSTOR 1382746.
- ^ "Bracken Cave Preserve – Texas Hill Country Region". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Preserving Bracken Cave and the largest bat colony in the world". batcon.org. Bat Conservation International.
- ^ "Congress Avenue Bridge". Congress Avenue Bridge Bat Colony. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Texas State Symbols". Texas State Library and Archives Commission.
- ^ "Senate Selects Bat as States Flying Mammal | Oklahoma Senate". oksenate.gov. 8 March 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Tuttle, Merlin D. (1995). "The lives of Mexican free-tailed bats". Bats Magazine. 12 (3). Bats Conservation International. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023.
External links
Tadarida brasiliensis
(Mexican free-tailed bat).
- "Tadarida brasiliensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
- Bat Conservation International: Mexican free-tailed bats webpage
- Animal Diversity – Tadarida brasiliensis
- ARKive.org: Images/videos of the Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)
- Washington Post.com: "Mexican Bats Find Cross-Border Benefactors"
- Untamed Science interview with a bat specialist at the Congress Street Bridge Colony
- Bat Conservation International website
- Pronatura Noreste Announces the Purchase of Cueva de la Boca
- World of Wonder – Texas Bat Colonies (1995) video from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image