Mezzo-soprano
Voice type |
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Female |
Male |
A mezzo-soprano or mezzo (English:
History
While mezzo-sopranos typically sing secondary roles in operas, notable exceptions include the title role in
Typical roles for mezzo-sopranos include the stereotypical triad associated with contraltos of "witches, bitches, and britches": witches, nurses, and wise women, such as Azucena in
Vocal range
The vocal range of the mezzo-sopranos lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a heavier, darker tone than sopranos. The mezzo-soprano voice resonates in a higher range than that of a contralto. The terms Dugazon and Galli-Marié are sometimes used to refer to light mezzo-sopranos, after the names of famous singers. Usually men singing within the female range are called countertenors since there is a lighter more breathy tonal (falsetto) quality difference.[4] In current operatic practice, female singers with very low tessituras are often included among mezzo-sopranos, because singers in both ranges are able to cover the other, and true operatic contraltos are very rare.[1]
Subtypes and roles in opera
Within the mezzo-soprano voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories: coloratura mezzo-soprano, lyric mezzo-soprano, and dramatic mezzo-soprano.
Coloratura
A coloratura mezzo-soprano has a warm lower register and an agile high register. The roles they sing often demand not only the use of the lower register but also leaps into the upper tessitura with highly ornamented, rapid passages. They have a range from approximately the G below middle C (G3, 196 Hz) to the B two octaves above middle C (B5, 988 Hz). Some coloratura mezzo-sopranos can sing up to high C (C6, 1047 Hz) or high D (D6, 1175 Hz), but this is very rare.[1] What distinguishes these voices from being called sopranos is their extension into the lower register and warmer vocal quality. Although coloratura mezzo-sopranos have impressive and at times thrilling high notes, they are most comfortable singing in the middle of their range, rather than the top.[3]
Many of the hero roles in the operas of Handel and Monteverdi, originally sung by male castrati, can be successfully sung today by coloratura mezzo-sopranos. Rossini demanded similar qualities for his comic heroines, and Vivaldi wrote roles frequently for this voice as well. Coloratura mezzo-sopranos also often sing lyric-mezzo-soprano roles or soubrette roles.[2]
Coloratura mezzo-soprano roles in operas (*denotes a lead role):
- Angelina (Cenerentola), La Cenerentola (Rossini)*
- Ariodante, Ariodante (Handel)*
- Baba the Turk, The Rake's Progress (Stravinsky)
- Griselda, Griselda (Vivaldi)*
- Isabella, L'italiana in Algeri (Rossini)*
- Isolier, Le comte Ory (Rossini)*
- Julius Caesar, Giulio Cesare (Handel)*
- Orsini, Lucrezia Borgia (Donizetti)
- Romeo, I Capuleti e i Montecchi (Vincenzo Bellini)*
- Ruggiero, Alcina (Handel)*
- Rosina, The Barber of Seville (Rossini)*
- Serse, Serse (Handel)*
- Tancredi, Tancredi (Rossini)*
Lyric
The lyric mezzo-soprano has a range from approximately the G note below middle C (G3, 196 Hz) to the A two octaves above middle C (A5, 880 Hz).
Lyric mezzo-soprano roles in operas (*denotes a lead role):
- Adalgisa, Norma (Bellini)
- Ariadne, The Minotaur (Birtwistle)
- Carmen, Carmen (Bizet)*
- Charlotte, Werther (Massenet)*
- The Composer, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)
- Dido, Dido and Aeneas (Purcell)*
- Floßhilde, Das Rheingold, Götterdämmerung (Richard Wagner)
- Hänsel, Hansel and Gretel (Humperdinck)*
- Jo, Little Women (Mark Adamo)
- Marguerite, La damnation de Faust (Berlioz)*
- Meg, Little Women (Mark Adamo)
- Mignon, Mignon (Ambroise Thomas)*
- Miranda, The Tempest (Thomas Adès)
- Mother, Amahl and the Night Visitors (Menotti)*
- Nancy, Britten)
- Nicklausse, The Tales of Hoffmann (Offenbach)
- Octavian, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)*
- Orlofsky, Die Fledermaus (Johann Strauss II)
- The Pilgrim, L'Amour de loin (Kaija Saariaho)*
- Puck, Oberon (Weber)
- Sesto, Giulio Cesare (Handel)
- Siebel, Faust (Gounod)
- Sorceress, Dido and Aeneas (Purcell)
- Stephano, Roméo et Juliette (Charles Gounod)
- Suzuki, Madama Butterfly (Puccini)
- Tisbe, La Cenerentola (Rossini)
Dramatic
A dramatic mezzo-soprano has a strong medium register, a warm high register and a voice that is broader and more powerful than the lyric and coloratura mezzo-sopranos. This voice has less vocal facility than the coloratura mezzo-soprano. The range of the dramatic mezzo-soprano is from approximately the F below middle C (F3, 175 Hz) to the G two octaves above middle C (G5, 784 Hz).[1] The dramatic mezzo-soprano can sing over an orchestra and chorus with ease and was often used in the 19th century opera, to portray older women, mothers, witches and evil characters. Verdi wrote many roles for this voice in the Italian repertoire and there are also a few good roles in the French Literature. The majority of these roles, however, are within the German Romantic repertoire of composers like Wagner and Richard Strauss. Like coloratura mezzos, dramatic mezzos are also often cast in lyric mezzo-soprano roles.[3]
Dramatic mezzo-soprano roles in operas (*denotes a lead role):
- Azucena, Il trovatore (Verdi)*
- Amneris, Aida (Verdi)*
- Adelaide, Arabella (Richard Strauss)
- Brangäne, Tristan und Isolde (Richard Wagner)
- The Countess, The Queen of Spades (Tchaikovsky)
- Dalila, Samson and Delilah (Saint-Saëns)*
- Dido, Les Troyens (Berlioz)*
- Dorabella, Mozart)
- Eboli, Don Carlos (Verdi)
- Fricka, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre (Wagner)
- Gertrud, Hansel and Gretel (Humperdinck)
- The Gingerbread Witch, Hansel and Gretel (Humperdinck)
- Herodias, Salome (Richard Strauss)
- Judith, Bluebeard's Castle (Bartók)*
- Klytämnestra, Elektra (Richard Strauss)
- Laura, La Gioconda (Ponchielli)
- Marina, Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky)
- Ortrud, Lohengrin (Wagner)
- Princess de Bouillon, Adriana Lecouvreur (Cilea)
- Venus, Tannhäuser (Wagner)
- Waltraute, Die Walküre, Götterdämmerung (Wagner)
- Zweite Dame (Second Lady), The Magic Flute (Mozart)
- Zweite Norn (Second Norn), Götterdämmerung (Wagner)
Gilbert and Sullivan and operetta
All of Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas have at least one mezzo-soprano character. Notable operetta roles are:
- The Lady Angela, Patience (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Constance, The Sorcerer (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Cousin Hebe, H.M.S. Pinafore (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Edith, The Pirates of Penzance (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Iolanthe, Iolanthe (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Mad Margaret, Ruddigore (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Melissa, Princess Ida (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Pitti-Sing, The Mikado (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Phoebe Meryll, The Yeomen of the Guard (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- The Lady Saphir, Patience (Gilbert and Sullivan)
- Tessa, The Gondoliers (Gilbert and Sullivan)
See also
- Category of mezzo-sopranos
- Fach, the German system for classifying voices
- Voice classification in non-classical music
- List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-253-20378-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-877761-03-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-877761-64-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-8614-3.
Further reading
- Peckham, Anne (2005). Vocal Workouts for the Contemporary Singer. Berklee Press. ISBN 978-0-87639-047-4.
- Smith, Brenda (2005). Choral Pedagogy. Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-043-6.
External links
- Media related to Mezzo-sopranos at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of Mezzo-soprano at Wiktionary
- Mezzo-soprano voices with video examples