Miami Beach, Florida
Miami Beach | ||
---|---|---|
City of Miami Beach | ||
Commissioners[2]
| ||
• FIPS code | 12-45025[6] | |
GNIS feature ID | 286750[7] | |
Website | miamibeachfl.gov |
Miami Beach is a coastal
In 1979, Miami Beach's
The Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the East, Lenox Court on the West, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Canal to the North. The movement to preserve the Art Deco District's architectural heritage was led by former interior designer Barbara Baer Capitman, who now has a street in the District named in her honor.
History
In 1870, father and son Henry and Charles Lum purchased land on Miami Beach for 75 cents an acre. The first structure to be built on this uninhabited oceanfront was the Biscayne House of Refuge, constructed in 1876 by the
Miami Beach then initiated the planting of a coconut plantation along its shore in the 1880s, led by New Jersey entrepreneurs Ezra Osborn and Elnathan T. Field, but the venture failed.[11] One of the investors in the project was agriculturist John S. Collins, who achieved success by buying out other partners and planting different crops, notably avocados, on the land that would later become Miami Beach. In fact, the pine trees on today's Pinetree Drive served as an erosion buffer for Collins' plantations.[12] Meanwhile, across Biscayne Bay, the City of Miami was established in 1896 with the arrival of the railroad and developed further as a port when the shipping channel of Government Cut was created in 1905, cutting off Fisher Island from the south end of the Miami Beach peninsula.
Collins' family members saw the potential in developing the beach as a resort. This effort got underway in the early years of the 20th century by the Collins/Pancoast family, the Lummus brothers, both bankers from Miami, and Indianapolis entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher. Until then, the beach here was only the destination for day-trips by ferry from Miami, across the bay. By 1912, Collins and Pancoast were working together to clear the land, plant crops, supervise the construction of canals to get their avocado crop to market and set up the Miami Beach Improvement Company.[13] There were bathhouses and food stands, but no hotel until Brown's Hotel was built in 1915 (still standing, at 112 Ocean Drive). Much of the interior landmass at that time was a tangled jungle of mangroves. Clearing it, deepening the channels and water bodies, and eliminating native growth almost everywhere in favor of landfill for development, was expensive. Once a 1600-acre, jungle-matted sand bar three miles out in the Atlantic, it grew to 2,800 acres when dredging and filling operations were completed.[14]
With loans from the Lummus brothers, Collins had begun work on a 2½-mile-long wooden bridge, the world's longest wooden bridge at the time, to connect the island to the mainland. When funds ran dry and construction work stalled, Indianapolis millionaire and recent Miami transplant Fisher intervened, providing the financing needed to complete the Collins Bridge the following year in return for a land swap deal.[13] That transaction kicked off the island's first real estate boom. The Collins Bridge cost over $150,000[15] and opened on June 12, 1913.[16] Fisher helped by organizing an annual speed boat regatta, and by promoting Miami Beach as an Atlantic City-style playground and winter retreat for the wealthy. By 1915, Lummus, Collins, Pancoast, and Fisher were all living in mansions on the island, three hotels and two bathhouses had been erected, an aquarium built, and an 18-hole golf course landscaped.
The Town of Miami Beach was chartered on March 26, 1915; it grew to become a City in 1917. Even after the town was incorporated in 1915 under the name of Miami Beach, many visitors thought of the beach strip as Alton Beach, indicating just how well Fisher had advertised his interests there. The Lummus property was called Ocean Beach, with only the Collins interests previously referred to as Miami Beach.[17] In 1925, the Collins Bridge was replaced by the Venetian Causeway, described as "a series of drawbridges and renamed the Venetian Causeway".[15]
Carl Fisher was the main promoter of Miami Beach's development in the 1920s as the site for wealthy industrialists from the north and Midwest to and build their winter homes here. Many other Northerners were targeted to vacation on the island. To accommodate the wealthy tourists, several grand hotels were built, among them: The
Carl Fisher brought Steve Hannagan to Miami Beach in 1925 as his chief publicist.[19] Hannagan set-up the Miami Beach News Bureau and notified news editors that they could "Print anything you want about Miami Beach; just make sure you get our name right."[20] The News Bureau sent thousands of pictures of bathing beauties and press releases to columnists like Walter Winchell and Ed Sullivan.[20] One of Hannagan's favorite venues was a billboard in Times Square, New York City, where he ran two taglines: "'It's always June in Miami Beach' and 'Miami Beach, Where Summer Spends the Winter.'"[21]
Anti-semitism was rampant in the 1920s and into the 30s. Developer Carl Fisher would sell property only to gentiles so Jews were required to live south of Fifth Street. As recently as the 1930s, hotels refused to accept Jews.[22] As the 1930s developed, the "dismantling on Miami Beach of restrictive barriers to Jewish ownership of real estate" was underway; many Jews bought properties from others.[23]
By the 1940s and 50s, an increasing number of Jewish families built hotels. The first "skyscraper" was the 18-story Lord Tarleton Hotel built in 1940 by Samuel Jacobs. The Jewish mobster Meyer Lansky, who ran some "carpet joints" (gambling operations) in Florida by 1936,[24] and eventually controlled casinos in Cuba and Las Vegas, retired in Miami and died in Miami Beach.[25][26]
During World War II, Jewish doctors were not granted staff privileges at any area hospitals so the community built Mount Sinai Medical Center on Miami Beach.[23] The North Shore Jewish Center was built in 1951 and became Temple Menorah after an expansion in 1963.[27]
Post–World War II economic expansion brought a wave of immigrants to South Florida from the Northern United States, which significantly increased the population in Miami Beach within a few decades. After Fidel Castro's rise to power in 1959, a wave of Cuban refugees entered South Florida and dramatically changed the demographic make-up of the area. In 2017, one study named zip code 33109 (Fisher Island, a 216-acre island located just south of Miami Beach), as having the 4th most expensive home sales and the highest average annual income ($2.5 million) in 2015.[28]
The sun and warm climate attracted many Jewish families and retirees. One estimate states that "20,000 elderly Jews" were part of the population of the beach in the late 1970s".[29] In a 2017 interview, a demographer from the University of Miami estimated that there "might have been as many as 70,000 Jews in Miami Beach at one point" declining to "around 19,000 in 2014". The decline was motivated partly by "increasing prices during the art deco movement and an increase in crime and changing cultural demographics".[30]
In 1980 however, 62 percent of the population of Miami Beach was still Jewish. During the 1980s many of the Jewish citizens left and moved to "Delray Beach, Lake Worth and Boca Raton".[31] During the 1990s, South Beach transformed into a home of the fashion industry and celebrities.[32] In 1999, there were only 10,000 Jewish people living in Miami Beach.[33][34]
Timeline
Timeline of Miami Beach, Florida
- 1896 – City of Miami founded with the recent arrival extension Henry Flagler's FEC railroad.
- 1905 – Government Cut manmade shipping channel created separating Miami Beach and Fisher Island.
- 1912 – Miami Beach Improvement Company founded.[17]
- 1913 – Collins Bridge (now Venetian Causeway), first bridge between Miami and Miami Beach, built.[35]
- 1915
- Miami Beach incorporated.[36]
- John Newton Lummus becomes first mayor of Miami Beach.[17]
- Brown's Hotel first hotel built in Miami Beach, still standing today at 112 Ocean Drive.
- 1920
- Population: 644.
- County Causeway (now MacArthur Causeway) connecting Miami and Miami Beach opens.
- 1925
- Venetian Causeway opens.
- Miami Beach becomes an island when the Haulover cut opens in April connecting the ocean to the bay just north of Bal Harbour, Florida
- 1926
- Miami Beach sustains significant damage from 1926 Miami hurricane
- 1928
- Al Capone buys property in Miami Beach.[35]
- 1928 – 79th Street Causeway built to connect Miami Beach to Hialeah Park Race Track.[37]
- 1930 – Population: 6,494.
- 1935 – Many of the famous Art Deco hotels along current day Ocean Drive are built between 1935 and 1941 before the onset of WWII ends construction. Colony (1935), Savoy Plaza (1935), The Tides (1936), Surf Hotel (1936), Beacon (1936), Cavalier (1936), Leslie (1937), Park Central (1937), Barbizon (1937), Waldorf Towers (1937), Victor (1937), Clevelander (1938), Crescent (1938), Carlyle (1939), Cardozo (1939), Winterhaven (1939), Bentley (1939), Breakwater (1939), Imperial (1939), Majestic (1940), Avalon (1941), Betsy Ross Hotel (1941), St. Charles (1941), Clyde Hotel (1941).
- 1937 – WKAT radio begins broadcasting.[38]
- 1940 – Population: 28,012.
- 1954 – Fontainebleau Hotelin business.
- 1958 – Miami Beach Convention Center opens.
- 1959 – Miami International Airport dedicated near Miami Beach.[39]
- 1960 – Population: 63,145.
- 1961 – The Julia Tuttle Causewaybetween Miami and Miami Beach opens.
- 1968 – August: 1968 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
- 1971 – Annual South Florida Auto Showbegins.
- 1972 – July: 1972 Democratic National Convention held in Miami Beach.
- 1972 – August: 1972 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
- 1973 – February: A mentally ill man firebombs a crowded cafeteria on Collins Avenue, killing three people and injuring about 130.
- 1977 – September: 35th World Science Fiction Convention held in Miami Beach.
- 1979 – Much of Miami South Beach area becomes a historic preservation zone.
- 1984 – Popular NBC TV show Miami Vice filmed in many locations in Miami and Miami Beach for five seasons between 1984 and 1989.
- 1997 – July 15: Fashion designer Gianni Versace killed at Casa Casuarina.[35]
- 2000 – Blue and Green Diamond hi-rises built.
- 2001 – Murano at Portofino hi-rise built.
- 2002
- 2004 – ICONhi-rise built.
- 2007 – Matti Herrera Bower becomes mayor.
- 2010 – Population: 87,779.[41][42]
- 2011 – November 1: Miami Beach mayoral election, 2011held; Bower stays in office.
- 2013 – Philip Levine becomes mayor.
- 2015 – November 3: Miami Beach mayoral election, 2015held; Levine stays in office.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.7 sq mi (48.5 km2), of which 7.0 sq mi (18.2 km2) is land and 11.7 sq mi (30.2 km2) (62.37%) is water.
Elevation and tidal flooding
Miami Beach encounters tidal flooding of certain roads during the annual king tides,[43] though some tidal flooding has been the case for decades,[44] as the parts of the western side of South Beach[45] are at virtually 0 ft (0 m) above normal high tide,[46] with the entire city averaging only 4.4 ft (1.3 m) above mean sea level (AMSL).[47] However, a recent study by the University of Miami showed that tidal flooding became much more common from the mid-2000s.[48] The fall 2015 king tides exceeded expectations in longevity and height.[49] Traditional sea level rise and storm mitigation measures including sea walls and dykes, such as those in the Netherlands and New Orleans, may not work in South Florida due to the porous nature of the ground and limestone beneath the surface.[45]
In addition to present difficulty with below-grade development, some areas of southern Florida, especially Miami Beach, are beginning to engineer specifically for
On the other hand, some worry that the city is moving too quickly with untested solutions. Others yet have voiced concerns that the plan protects big-money interests in Miami Beach.[52] Pump failures such as during construction or power outages, including a Tropical Storm Emily-related rain flood on August 1, 2017, can cause great unexpected flooding. Combined with the higher roads and sidewalks, this leaves unchanged properties relatively lower and prone to inundation.[53]
Neighborhoods
South Beach
- Belle Isle
- City Center
- Di Lido Island
- Flagler Monument Island
- Flamingo/Lummus
- Hibiscus Island
- Palm Island
- Rivo Alto Island
- San Marino Island
- Star Island
- South of Fifth
Mid-Beach
- Oceanfront
- Bayshore
- Nautilus
North Beach
- Biscayne Point
- Isle of Normandy
- La Gorce
- North Shore
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Miami Beach has a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Like much of Florida, there is a marked wet and dry season in Miami Beach. Rainfall amounts to about 1,700 millimeters (67 inches) per year.[54] The tropical rainy season runs from May through October, when showers and late day thunderstorms are common. The dry season is from November through April, when few showers, sunshine, and low humidity prevail. The island location of Miami Beach, however, creates fewer convective thunderstorms, so Miami Beach receives less rainfall in a given year than neighboring areas such as Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Proximity to the moderating influence of the Atlantic gives Miami Beach lower high temperatures and higher lows than inland areas of Florida. Miami Beach is in hardiness zone 11a, with an annual mean minimum temperature of 43 °F (6 °C). Miami Beach has never reported temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).
Miami Beach's location on the
Climate data for Miami Beach, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–2022 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 87 (31) |
89 (32) |
92 (33) |
95 (35) |
98 (37) |
97 (36) |
98 (37) |
98 (37) |
96 (36) |
95 (35) |
92 (33) |
89 (32) |
98 (37) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 82.5 (28.1) |
83.1 (28.4) |
85.0 (29.4) |
87.1 (30.6) |
89.0 (31.7) |
91.1 (32.8) |
91.9 (33.3) |
92.6 (33.7) |
91.1 (32.8) |
89.3 (31.8) |
85.6 (29.8) |
83.0 (28.3) |
93.9 (34.4) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 73.6 (23.1) |
74.8 (23.8) |
76.5 (24.7) |
79.6 (26.4) |
82.7 (28.2) |
86.0 (30.0) |
87.8 (31.0) |
88.1 (31.2) |
87.0 (30.6) |
83.7 (28.7) |
78.9 (26.1) |
76.1 (24.5) |
81.2 (27.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 67.4 (19.7) |
69.0 (20.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
74.7 (23.7) |
78.2 (25.7) |
81.3 (27.4) |
82.9 (28.3) |
83.1 (28.4) |
82.1 (27.8) |
79.0 (26.1) |
73.8 (23.2) |
70.3 (21.3) |
76.1 (24.5) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 61.2 (16.2) |
63.3 (17.4) |
65.2 (18.4) |
69.8 (21.0) |
73.6 (23.1) |
76.5 (24.7) |
78.0 (25.6) |
78.1 (25.6) |
77.2 (25.1) |
74.4 (23.6) |
68.6 (20.3) |
64.6 (18.1) |
70.9 (21.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 45.5 (7.5) |
49.4 (9.7) |
53.0 (11.7) |
59.8 (15.4) |
67.0 (19.4) |
70.7 (21.5) |
73.0 (22.8) |
72.7 (22.6) |
72.5 (22.5) |
65.6 (18.7) |
56.6 (13.7) |
50.9 (10.5) |
42.8 (6.0) |
Record low °F (°C) | 32 (0) |
34 (1) |
32 (0) |
46 (8) |
58 (14) |
58 (14) |
66 (19) |
67 (19) |
67 (19) |
54 (12) |
39 (4) |
32 (0) |
32 (0) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.33 (59) |
2.27 (58) |
2.47 (63) |
3.44 (87) |
4.94 (125) |
7.76 (197) |
5.98 (152) |
7.51 (191) |
8.45 (215) |
6.49 (165) |
3.29 (84) |
2.25 (57) |
57.18 (1,452) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.8 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 13.5 | 12.3 | 13.4 | 14.5 | 11.6 | 7.6 | 5.9 | 111.6 |
Source: NOAA[55][56] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1920 | 644 | — | |
1930 | 6,494 | 908.4% | |
1940 | 28,012 | 331.4% | |
1950 | 46,282 | 65.2% | |
1960 | 63,145 | 36.4% | |
1970 | 87,072 | 37.9% | |
1980 | 96,298 | 10.6% | |
1990 | 92,639 | −3.8% | |
2000 | 87,933 | −5.1% | |
2010 | 87,779 | −0.2% | |
2020 | 82,890 | −5.6% | |
2022 (est.) | 80,017 | −3.5% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[57] 1920–1970[58] 1980[59] 1990[60] 2000[61] 2010[62] 2020[4] 2022[5] |
Historical demographics | 2020[4] | 2010[62] | 2000[61] | 1990[60] | 1980[59] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic) | 40.1% | 40.5% | 40.9% | 48.3% | 76.2% |
Hispanic or Latino | 50.6% | 53.0% | 53.4% | 46.8% | 22.2% |
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
|
2.7% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 0.7% |
Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic)
|
2.0% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.9% |
Native American (non-Hispanic) | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | |
Some other race (non-Hispanic)
|
1.0% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | |
Two or more races (non-Hispanic) | 3.5% | 1.1% | 1.1% | N/A | N/A |
Population | 82,890 | 87,779 | 87,933 | 92,639 | 96,298 |
Demographic characteristics | 2020[63][64][65] | 2010[66][67][68] | 2000[69][70][71] | 1990[60] | 1980[59] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Households | 63,543 | 67,499 | 59,723 | 49,305 | 55,685 |
Persons per household | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.47 | 1.88 | 1.73 |
Sex Ratio | 105.9 | 109.9 | 105.0 | 87.3 | 74.7 |
Ages 0–17 | 13.8% | 12.8% | 13.4% | 14.1% | 8.7% |
Ages 18–64 | 67.2% | 71.0% | 67.3% | 55.8% | 39.6% |
Ages 65 + | 19.0% | 16.2% | 19.2% | 30.1% | 51.8% |
Median age | 44.0 | 40.3 | 39.0 | 44.3 | 66.0 |
Population | 82,890 | 87,779 | 87,933 | 92,639 | 96,298 |
Economic indicators | |||
---|---|---|---|
2017–21 American Community Survey | Miami Beach | Miami-Dade County | Florida |
Median income[72] | $39,456 | $32,513 | $34,367 |
Median household income[73] | $59,162 | $57,815 | $61,777 |
Poverty Rate[74] | 14.0% | 15.7% | 13.1% |
High school diploma[75] | 89.9% | 82.5% | 89.0% |
Bachelor's degree[75] | 49.6% | 31.7% | 31.5% |
Advanced degree[75] | 22.0% | 11.9% | 11.7% |
Language spoken at home[a] | 2015[b] | 2010[c] | 2000[78] | 1990[79] | 1980[80] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | 30.8% | 32.3% | 32.5% | 39.6% | 54.6% |
Spanish Creole
|
55.5% | 54.4% | 54.4% | 46.5% | 23.0% |
French or Haitian Creole | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 2.3% | 1.0% |
Portuguese Creole
|
N/A[note 1] | 2.0% | 3.4% | 1.2% | N/A[note 1] |
Yiddish | N/A[note 1] | 0.1% | 0.8% | 3.1% | N/A[note 1] |
Other Languages | 11.3% | 8.9% | 6.9% | 7.3% | 21.4% |
Nativity | 2015[note 2] | 2010[note 3] | 2000[85][86] | 1990[87][79] | 1980[80] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% population native-born | 45.4% | 48.0% | 44.5% | 48.7% | 51.3% |
... born in the United States | 44.3% | 44.6% | 40.7% | 44.8% | 50.0% |
... born in Puerto Rico or Island Areas | 1.1% | 1.9% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 1.3% |
... born to American parents abroad | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.0% | |
% population foreign-born[note 4] | 53.0% | 52.0% | 55.5% | 51.3% | 48.7% |
... born in Cuba | 14.8% | 14.7% | 17.5% | 18.0% | 10.7% |
... born in Russia | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 1.9%[d] | 9.3%[d] |
... born in Poland | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 2.1% | 5.9% |
... born in Colombia | 4.1% | 4.0% | 5.9% | 3.4% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in Argentina | 4.1% | 3.4% | 4.4% | 1.6% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in Brazil | 2.1% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 1.2% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in Peru | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 1.6% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in Guatemala | 1.0% | 2.6% | 0.4% | 0.5% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in Honduras | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.2% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in Venezuela | 3.4% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 0.7% | N/A[note 1] |
... born in other countries | 18.6% | 18.0% | 17.5% | 19.1% | 22.8% |
As of 2010[update], those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 53.0% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 53.0%, 20.0% were
As of 2010[update], those of African ancestry accounted for 4.4% of Miami Beach's population, which includes
As of 2010[update], those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 40.5% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 40.5%, 9.0%
As of 2010[update], those of Asian ancestry accounted for 1.9% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 1.9%, 0.6% were
In 2010, 2.8% of the population considered themselves to be of only
As of 2010[update], there were 67,499 households, while 30.1% were vacant. 13.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 61.1% were non-families. 49.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older (4.0% male and 8.0% female.) The average household size was 1.84 and the average family size was 2.70.[89][92]
Economy
Tourism
The City of Miami Beach accounts for more than half of tourism to Miami Dade County. Of the 15.86 million people staying in the county in 2017, 58.5% lodged in Miami Beach. Resort taxes account for over 10% of the city's operating budget, providing $83 million in the fiscal year 2016–2017. On average, the city's resort tax revenue grows by three to five percent annually. Miami Beach hosts 13.3 million visitors each year. In fiscal year 2016/2017, Miami Beach had over 26,600 hotel rooms. Average occupancy in fiscal year 2015/2016 was 76.4% and 78.5% in fiscal year 2016/2017.
The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority
The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority is a seven-member board, appointed by the City of Miami Beach Commission. The authority, established in 1967 by the State of Florida legislature, is the official marketing and public relations organization for the city, to support its tourism industry.[96]
Arts and culture
Miami Beach, particularly Ocean Drive of what is now the Art Deco District, was also featured prominently in the 1983 feature film Scarface and the 1996 comedy The Birdcage.
Lincoln Road, running east–west parallel between 16th and 17th Streets, is a nationally known spot for outdoor dining and shopping and features galleries of well known designers, artists and photographers such as Romero Britto, Peter Lik, and Jonathan Adler.[citation needed] In 2015, the Miami Beach residents passed a law forbidding bicycling, rollerblading, skateboarding and other motorized vehicles on Lincoln Road during busy pedestrian hours between 9:00 am and 2:00 am.[100]
Points of interest
- Bass Museum
- Eden Roc Miami Beach Hotel
- The Fillmore Miami Beach (originally the Miami Beach Municipal Auditorium)
- Flagler Monument Island
- Fontainebleau Hotel
- Versace Mansion (Casa Casuarina)
- Holocaust Memorial
- Jewish Museum of Florida
- Lincoln Road
- Miami Beach Architectural District
- Miami Beach Botanical Garden
- North Beach
- Ocean Drive
- South Beach
- South Pointe Park
- Wolfsonian-FIU Museum
- World Erotic Art Museum Miami
- The Setai Hotel
Historic preservation
By the 1970s, jet travel had enabled vacationers from the northern parts of the US to travel to the Caribbean and other warm-weather climates in the winter. Miami Beach's economy suffered. Elderly retirees, many with little money, dominated the population of South Beach.[101]
To help revive the area, city planners and developers sought to bulldoze many of the aging art deco buildings that were built in the 1930s. By one count, the city had over 800 art deco buildings within its borders.[101]
In 1976, Barbara Baer Capitman and a group of fellow activists formed the Miami Design Preservation League (MDPL) to try to halt the destruction of the historic buildings in South Beach.[101] After battling local developers and Washington DC bureaucrats, MDPL prevailed in its quest to have the Miami Beach Art Deco District named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. While the recognition did not offer protection for the buildings from demolition, it succeeded in drawing attention to the plight of the buildings.[102]
Due in part to the newfound awareness of the art deco buildings, vacationers, tourists and TV, and movie crews were drawn to South Beach. Investors began to rehabilitate hotels, restaurants and apartment buildings in the area.[103]
Despite the enthusiasm for the historic buildings by many, there were no real protections for historic buildings. As wrecking crews threatened buildings, MDPL members protested by holding marches and candlelight vigils. In one case, protestors stood in front of a hotel blocking bulldozers as they approached a hotel.[104]
After many years of effort, the Miami Beach city commission created the first two historic preservation districts in 1986. The districts covered Espanola Way and most of Ocean Drive and Collins Avenue in South Beach. The designation of the districts helped protect buildings from demolition and created standards for renovation.[105]
While some developers continued to focus on demolition, several investors like Tony Goldman and Ian Schrager bought art deco hotels and transformed them into world famous hot spots in the ‘80s and ‘90s. Among the celebrities that frequented Miami Beach were Madonna, Sylvester Stallone, Cher, Oprah Winfrey and Gianni Versace.[106]
Additional historic districts were created in 1992. The new districts covered Lincoln Road, Collins Avenue between 16th and 22nd Streets and the area around the Bass Museum.[107] In 2005, the city began the process of protecting the mid-century buildings on Collins Avenue between 43rd to 53rd Streets including the Fontainebleau and Eden Roc Hotels.[108] Several North Beach neighborhoods were designated as historic in 2018. A large collection of MiMo (Miami Modern) buildings can be found in the area.[109]
The arts
Each December, the City of Miami Beach hosts
The first Art Basel Miami Beach was held in 2002.[110] In 2016, about 77,000 people attended the fair.[111] The 2017 show featured about 250 galleries at the Miami Beach Convention Center.[112]
Miami Beach is home to the New World Symphony, established in 1987 under the artistic direction of Michael Tilson Thomas. In January 2011, the New World Symphony made a highly publicized move into the New World Center building designed by Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect Frank Gehry. Gehry is famous for his design of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. The new Gehry building offers Live Wallcasts™,[113] which allow visitors to experience select events throughout the season at the half-acre, outdoor Miami Beach SoundScape through the use of visual and audio technology on a 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) projection wall.
Miami beach is also home to Miami New Drama, the resident theater company at the historic Colony Theatre on Lincoln Road. The regional theater company was founded in 2016 by Venezuelan playwright and director, Michel Hausmann, and playwright, director, and Medal of the Arts winner,[114] Moises Kaufman.[115] In October 2016, Miami New Drama took over operations of the Colony Theatre,[116] and since then, the 417-seat Art Deco venue hosts Miami New Drama's theatrical season as well as other live events.[117]
The Miami City Ballet, a ballet company founded in 1985, is housed in a 63,000 sq ft (5,900 m2) building near Miami Beach's
The Miami Beach Festival of the Arts is an annual outdoor art festival that was begun in 1974.
Jewish community
Miami Beach is home to several
There are many
Miami Beach is home to the Holocaust Memorial of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation.
LGBT community
Miami Beach has been regarded as a
The passage of progressive civil rights laws,
Miami Beach Pride has gained prominence since it first started in 2009, there has been an increase in attendance every year. In 2013 there were more than 80,000 people who participated to now more than 130,000 people that participate in the festivities every year.[122] It has also attracted many celebrities such as Chaz Bono,[123] Adam Lambert,[124] Gloria Estefan, Mario Lopez, and Elvis Duran who were Grand Marshals for Pride Weekend from 2012 through 2016[122][125] respectively. There are over 125 businesses who are LGBT supportive that sponsor Miami Beach Pride.
Government
Miami Beach is governed by a ceremonial mayor and six commissioners. Although the mayor runs commission meetings, the mayor and all commissioners have equal voting power and are elected by popular election. The mayor serves for terms of two years with a term limit of three terms and commissioners serve for terms of four years and are limited to two terms. Commissioners are voted for citywide and every two years three commission seats are voted upon.
A city manager is responsible for administering governmental operations. An appointed city manager is responsible for administration of the city.[126] The City Clerk and the City Attorney are also appointed officials.
Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Miami Beach.
- North Beach Elementary
- Treasure Island Elementary
- South Pointe Elementary
- Mater Beach Academy
- Biscayne Elementary
- Fienberg/Fisher K–8 Center
- Nautilus Middle School
- Miami Beach Senior High School
Private schools include Rabbi Alexander S. Gross Hebrew Academy, St. Patrick Catholic School, Landow Yeshiva – Lubavitch Educational Center (Klurman Mesivta High School for Boys and Beis Chana Middle and High School for Girls), and Mechina High School.[citation needed] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates St. Patrick Catholic School in Miami Beach. The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Joseph School in Miami Beach.[127]
In the early history of Miami Beach, there was one elementary school and the Ida M. Fisher junior-senior high school.[128] The building of Miami Beach High was constructed in 1926, and classes began in 1928.[129]
Colleges and universities
The Florida International University School of Architecture has a sister campus at 420 Lincoln Road in South Beach, with classroom spaces for FIU architecture, art, music and theater graduate students.[130]
Other Colleges include:
- Johnson & Wales University (satellite campus closing at the end of the 2020–2021 school year.)[131]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Public Transportation in Miami Beach is operated by
Bicycling
Since the late 20th century, cycling has grown in popularity in Miami Beach. Due to its dense, urban nature, and pedestrian-friendly streets, many Miami Beach residents get around by bicycle.
In March 2011 a public
Notable people
- George Abbott, playwright, screenwriter, producer, and director
- George Ade (1866–1944), writer
- Moses Annenberg, newspaper publisher
- William "Billy" Milligan, first multi-personality man to successfully plead not guilty by reason of insanity
- Desi Arnaz (1917–1986), entertainer
- Shmuley Boteach (born 1966), Orthodox rabbi, radio and television host, and author[135]
- Walter Briggs, Sr., entrepreneur, owner of the Detroit Tigers
- Douglas Isaac Busch, photographer and teacher
- Barbara Baer Capitman, historic preservation activist, writer
- Al Capone (1899–1947), mobster
- David Caruso, actor and producer, star of NYPD Blue and CSI: Miami
- John S. Collins, horticulturist
- Kent Cooper, Associated Press
- James M. Cox, Governor of Ohio and presidential candidate
- Andrew Cunanan, serial killer
- Ron Dermer (born 1971), Israeli Ambassador to the US
- Harvey Firestone, Firestone Tires
- Carl Graham Fisher, developer of Miami Beach
- Frank Gannett, Gannett Media Corporation
- Jackie Gleason, comedian, actor. TV host (Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine 1964–1966, The Jackie Gleason Show 1966–1970)
- Tony Goldman, real estate developer
- American-Israelibasketball player
- Gabriel Heatter, radio commentator
- Jerry Herman, Broadway composer
- John D. Hertz, Hertz Rental Cars
- Nunnally Johnson, film director
- Josignacio, artist
- S.S. Kresge, retailer
- Meyer Lansky (1902–1983), mobster
- Albert Lasker, businessman
- Ring Lardner (1885–1933), writer
- Dan Le Batard, ESPN Radio & TV host
- Bernarr MacFadden, bodybuilder, owner of the Deauville Hotel
- Floyd Mayweather Jr., boxer
- Alex Omes, co-founder of Ultra Music Festival
- Yaxeni Oriquen-Garcia, IFBB professional bodybuilder
- James Cash Penney, department store magnate
- Irving Jacob Reuter, General Motors
- Grantland Rice, sportswriter
- Mark B. Rosenberg, political scientist who was the former President of Florida International University and former Chancellor of the State University System of Florida
- Ed Rubinoff (born 1935), tennis player
- Damon Runyon, newspaperman and writer
- Nicholas Schenck, MGM studios
- Dutch Schultz, mobster
- Robin Sherwood, actress
- Sid Tepper, Songwriter
- Gianni Versace (1946–1997), fashion designer
- Betty Viana-Adkins, IFBB professional bodybuilder
- Neal Walk (1948–2015), basketball player
- Albert Warner, Warner Brothers studio founder
- Garfield Wood, inventor
Sister cities
Miami Beach has 13
See also
- List of mayors of Miami Beach, Florida
- List of tallest buildings in Miami Beach
- Miami Beach Police Department
- Rosie the Elephant
Notes
- ^ Language spoken at home among residents at least five years old; only languages (or language groups) which at least 2% of residents have spoken at any time since 1980 are mentioned
- 2000 census
- 2000 census
- ^ a b Data from the 1980 census and 1990 census pertains to residents born anywhere in the Soviet Union, not just Russia
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Saint Joseph 8625 Byron Avenue Miami Beach, Florida 33141
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)[verification needed] - ^ "Historic Sister City Agreement Between Brampton and Miami Beach, Florida" (PDF). City of Brampton, Canada (Press release). October 3, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ "Miami Beach and Asmara: Sister Cities". Tesfanews.net. October 17, 2017.
Sources
- Carson, Ruby Leach (1955). "Forty Years of Miami Beach" (PDF). Tequesta. Historical Association of Southern Florida. ISSN 0363-3705. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 23, 2010 – via Florida International University.
- Hellmann, Paul T. (2006). "Florida: Miami Beach". Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.
Further reading
- Miami City Directory, including Miami Beach and Coconut Grove. R.L. Polk & Co.1919.
- Federal Writers’ Project (1939). "Miami Beach". Florida: a Guide to the Southernmost State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lavender, Abraham D. (2002). Miami Beach in 1920: The Making of a Winter Resort. Arcadia. ISBN 978-0-7385-2351-4.
- Bramson, Seth (2005). Miami Beach. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia. ISBN 9780738541747.
- Kennedy, Patricia (2006). Miami Beach. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738524818.
- Klepser, Carolyn (2014). Lost Miami Beach. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. ISBN 978-1-62584-959-5.
External links
- City of Miami Beach
- Photographs of Miami Beach From the State Library & Archives of Florida