Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)

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Miao Rebellion 1795–1806
Part of the
Miao Rebellions

Battle of Lancaoping (1795)
Date1795–1806
Location
Hunan and Guizhou provinces of China
Result Qing dynasty victory
Belligerents
Qing dynasty Miao
Commanders and leaders
Qing dynasty Helin †
Qing dynasty Fukang'an †
Qing dynasty Fu Nai		 Shi Sanbao
Shi Liudeng
Strength
at least 20,000 soldiers

The Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806 (

Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
.

The term "Miao", as the anthropologist Norma Diamond explains, does not mean only the antecedents of today's Miao national minority; it is a term, which had been used by the Chinese to describe various indigenous, mountain tribes of Guizhou and other south-western provinces of China, which shared similar cultural traits.[1] They consisted of 40–60% population of the province.[2]

Background and causes

The Qing dynasty used tyranny rather than forced

tusi, upon whom the emperor bestowed titles, demanding only taxes and peace in their territories.[1]

However, Han Chinese immigration was forcing the original inhabitants out of the best lands; Guizhou's territory, although sparsely populated, consists mainly of high mountains, which offer little arable land.[3] The Chinese state "followed" the immigrants, establishing its structures, first military, then civil, and displacing semi-independent tusi with regular administration over time. This practice, called gaitu guiliu (改土归流), led to conflicts.[1][4]

The uprising was one of the long series dating back to

1735–36
, 1796–1806, and last and the largest in 1854–1873.

The uprising and its aftermath

A scene of the campaign against the Miao people in 1795

The previous rebellion of 1736 had been met with harsh measures, with the effect of the second half of the 18th century being relatively calm, i.e. the numerous local incidents were not enough to challenge governmental authority. However, the officials were unnerved by heterodox sects spreading their teachings among both Han and Miao. In 1795 the tensions reached the point of explosion and the Miaos, led by Shi Liudeng and Shi Sanbao, rose again.[2]

Hunan was the main area of fighting, with some taking place in Guizhou. The Qing dynasty sent banner troops, Green Standard battalions and mobilized local militias and self-defence units. The lands of rebellious Miao were confiscated, to punish them and to increase the power of state; this action, however, provoked further conflicts, because new Han landowners ruthlessly exploited their Miao tenants. On the pacified territories forts and military colonies were set up, and Miao and Chinese territories were separated by the wall with watchtowers. Still, it took eleven years to finally quell the rebellion.[2] Relocating Green Standard troops from Hubei to Hunan in 1795, to deal with the Miao, facilitated the White Lotus Rebellion, because of the diminished control in the northern province.[5]

Military action was followed by the policy of forced assimilation: traditional dress was forbidden and an

ethnic segregation policy enforced. Nevertheless, the deep causes of unrest remained unchanged and the tensions grew again, until in 1854 they exploded in the largest of Miao uprisings. Relatively few of Hunan Miao, "pacified" in 1795–1806, participated in the rebellions of the 1850s.[6]

Gallery

Notes

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-295-97528-8
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-415-21474-2
    .
  3. ISBN 0-8248-1589-0
    . Guizhou had an overall population density ... rather low ... Han encroachment on Miao land was considered to be a serious problem by almost all officials in the nineteenth century ... [Immigrants] intensified the competition for land, which was already scarce ... poor soil and mountainous terrain.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-21447-6
    .
  5. ISBN 0-674-74954-5
    .
  6. ISBN 0-8248-1589-0
    . Once again the measures taken against the Miao were draconian, but they were applied largely in western Hunan rather than in Guizhou. They included forced assimilation (e.g., the Miao were ordered to wear Chinese dress instead of tribal dress), ... and the construction of a long wall with manned watchtowers to insure that Miao and Han remained segregated ... it did achieve results in western Hunan, for very few of the Miao there participated in the rebellions of the Xianfeng-Tongzhi period.

Further reading

See also

  • White Lotus Rebellion
  • Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
  • Miao Rebellion (1735–36)
  • Miao Rebellions (Ming dynasty)
  • Dungan revolt (1895–1896)
  • Dungan revolt (1862–1877)
  • Nian rebellion
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