Michael E. Mann
Michael E. Mann | |
---|---|
Temperature record of the past 1000 years Hockey stick graph Lead author on the IPCC Third Assessment Report | |
Awards | American Geophysical Union Fellow (2012)[1] Hans Oeschger Medal (2012)[2] AAAS Public Engagement with Science Award (AAAS)[1] AGU Climate Communication Prize (2018)[3] Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2019)[4] Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2020)[5] |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Climatology |
Institutions | University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University, University of Virginia |
Website | michaelmann.net |
Michael Evan Mann (born 1965) is an American
As lead author of a paper produced in 1998 with co-authors Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes, Mann used advanced statistical techniques to find regional variations in a hemispherical climate reconstruction covering the past 600 years. In 1999 the same team used these techniques to produce a reconstruction over the past 1,000 years (MBH99), which was dubbed the "hockey stick graph" because of its shape. He was one of eight lead authors of the "Observed Climate Variability and Change" chapter of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Scientific Assessment Report published in 2001. A graph based on the MBH99 paper was highlighted in several parts of the report and was given wide publicity. The IPCC acknowledged that his work, along with that of the many other lead authors and review editors, contributed to the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, which was won jointly by the IPCC and Al Gore.
Mann was organizing committee chair for the National Academy of Sciences Frontiers of Science in 2003 and has received a number of honors and awards including selection by Scientific American as one of the fifty leading visionaries in science and technology in 2002. In 2012 he was inducted as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and was awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the European Geosciences Union. In 2013, he was elected a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society and awarded the status of distinguished professor in Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. In 2017, he was elected a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[8]
Mann is author of more than 200 peer-reviewed and edited publications. He has also published four books: Dire Predictions: Understanding Global Warming (2008), The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars (2012), together with co-author Tom Toles, The Madhouse Effect: How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet, Destroying Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy (2016) with Megan Herbert, The Tantrum That Saved the World (2018), and The New Climate War (2021). In 2012, the European Geosciences Union described his publication record as "outstanding for a scientist of his relatively young age". Mann is a co-founder and contributor to the climatology blog RealClimate.
Early life, undergraduate studies
Mann was born in 1965,[9] and brought up in Amherst, Massachusetts, where his father was a professor of mathematics at the University of Massachusetts.[10] He is of Jewish ancestry.[11] At school he was interested in math, science, and computing. In August 1984 he went to the University of California, Berkeley, to major in physics with a second major in applied math. His second-year research in the theoretical behaviour of liquid crystals used the Monte Carlo method applying randomness in computer simulations. Late in 1987, he joined a research team under Didier de Fontaine which was using similar Monte Carlo methodology to investigate the superconducting properties of yttrium barium copper oxide, modelling transitions between ordered and disordered phases.[12] He graduated with honors in 1989 with an A.B. in applied mathematics and physics.[2]
Doctoral and postgraduate studies
Mann then attended
In 1994, Mann participated as a graduate student in the inaugural workshop of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Geophysical Statistics Project aimed at encouraging active collaboration between statisticians, climatologists and atmospheric scientists. Leading statisticians participated, including Grace Wahba and Arthur P. Dempster.[14]
While still finishing his PhD research, Mann met UMass climate science professor Raymond S. Bradley and began research in collaboration with him and Park. Their research used paleoclimate proxy data from Bradley's previous work and methods Mann had developed with Park, to find oscillations in the longer proxy records. "Global Interdecadal and Century-Scale Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries" was published by Nature in November 1995.[15]
Another study by Mann and Park raised a minor technical issue with a climate model about human influence on climate change: this was published in 1996. In the context of the controversy over the IPCC Second Assessment Report the paper was praised by those opposed to action on climate change, and the conservative organization Accuracy in Media claimed that it had not been publicized due to media bias. Mann defended his PhD thesis on A study of ocean-atmosphere interaction and low-frequency variability of the climate system in the spring of 1996,[16][17] and was awarded the Phillip M. Orville Prize for outstanding dissertation in the earth sciences in the following year. He was granted his PhD in geology and geophysics in 1998.[2]
Postdoctoral research: the hockey stick graph
From 1996 to 1998, after defending his PhD thesis at Yale, Mann carried out paleoclimatology research at the University of Massachusetts Amherst funded by a United States Department of Energy postdoctoral fellowship. He collaborated with Raymond S. Bradley and Bradley's colleague Malcolm K. Hughes, a Professor of Dendrochronology at the University of Arizona, with the aim of developing and applying an improved statistical approach to climate proxy reconstructions. He taught a course in Data Analysis and Climate Change in 1997 and became a research assistant professor the following year.[2][18]
The first truly quantitative reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere temperatures had been published in 1993 by Bradley and Phil Jones, but it and subsequent reconstructions compiled averages for decades, covering the whole hemisphere. Mann wanted temperatures of individual years showing differences between regions, to find spatial patterns showing natural oscillations and the effect of events such as volcanic eruptions. Sophisticated statistical methods had already been applied to dendroclimatology, but to get wider geographical coverage these tree ring records had to be related to sparser proxies such as ice cores, corals and lake sediments. To avoid giving too much weight to the more numerous tree data, Mann, Bradley and Hughes used the statistical procedure of principal component analysis to represent these larger datasets in terms of a small number of representative series and compare them to the sparser proxy records. The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the instrumental temperature record for comparison with the proxy series, enabling validation of the reconstruction. They chose the period 1902–1980 for calibration, leaving the previous 50 years of instrumental data for validation. This showed that the statistical reconstructions were only skillful (statistically meaningful) back to 1400.[19]
Their study highlighted interesting findings, such as confirming anecdotal evidence that there had been a strong
In May 1998, Jones, Briffa and colleagues published a reconstruction going back a thousand years, but not specifically estimating uncertainties. As Bradley recalls, Mann's initial reaction to the paper was "Look at this. This is rubbish. You can't do this. There isn't enough information. There's too much uncertainty." Bradley suggested using the MBH98 methodology to go further back. Within a few weeks, Mann responded that to his surprise, "There is a certain amount of skill. We can actually say something, although there are large uncertainties."[23][24] Mann carried out a series of statistical sensitivity tests on 24 long term datasets, in which he statistically "censored" each proxy in turn to see the effect its removal had on the result. He found that a dataset which would otherwise have been reliable diverged from 1800 until around 1900, suggesting that it had been affected for that time by the CO2 "fertilisation effect". Using this dataset corrected in comparisons with other tree series, their reconstruction passed the validation tests for the extended period, but they were cautious about the increased uncertainties involved.[25]
The Mann, Bradley and Hughes reconstruction covering 1,000 years (MBH99) was published by Geophysical Research Letters in March 1999 with the cautious title Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations.[24][26] Mann said that "As you go back farther in time, the data becomes sketchier. One can't quite pin things down as well, but, our results do reveal that significant changes have occurred, and temperatures in the latter 20th century have been exceptionally warm compared to the preceding 900 years. Though substantial uncertainties exist in the estimates, these are nonetheless startling revelations."[27] When Mann gave a talk about the study to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman nicknamed the graph the "hockey stick".[24]
Career
University positions
In 1999, Mann secured a position as a tenure-track assistant professor in the department of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia. He left Virginia in 2005 to become an associate professor in the department of meteorology (with joint appointments in department of geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute) at Pennsylvania State University, where he was also appointed the director of its Earth System Science Center. He was promoted to full professor in 2009 and to "Distinguished Professor of Meteorology" in 2013.[2]
IPCC Third Assessment Report
Before the publication of MBH98, Mann had been nominated to be an author on the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Late in 1998 he heard that he had been selected as a lead author for the "observations" chapter of the Working Group I report. He was to work with the numerous contributing authors in preparing an assessment of the state of knowledge of the paleoclimate record, starting by soliciting input from the leading experts in that field.[28]
Mann was one of eight lead authors of the "Observed Climate Variability and Change" chapter of the report, working under the two co-ordinating lead authors for the chapter. The report was published in 2001.[29]
Research
Mann continued his interest in improving methodology to find patterns in high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions: he was the lead author with Bradley and Hughes on a study of long term variability in the
The original MBH98 and MBH99 papers avoided undue representation of large numbers of tree ring proxies by using a
In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments. This study indicated that that Northern Hemisphere late 20th century warmth had no precedent for roughly 2,000 years, dwarfing Medieval warmth, but proxy data was still too sparse to evaluate the Southern Hemisphere.[32]
More recently, Mann's areas of research have included hurricanes and climate change, and climate modelling.[33] His work using comparisons with the results of climate models indicated that cooling from large volcanoes was not fully shown by tree ring reconstructions, and suggested that in extreme cases cooling caused by eruptions could result in trees showing no growth, and hence no tree ring for that year. The result would be that tree ring reconstructions could understate climate variability, and there has been scientific debate about the methodology and validity of these findings.[34]
A paper published in April 2014 by Mann and co-authors set out a new method of defining the
In 2018, Mann explained that the west Antarctic ice sheet may lose twice as much ice by the end of the century as previously thought, which also doubles the projected rise in sea level from three feet to more than six feet.[36]
In 2020, Mann raised the hypothesis that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), hitherto regarded as internal oscillations of the climate system, are due to climatic noise and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols.[37]
Controversy over hockey stick graph
Figures based on the northern hemisphere mean temperatures graph from MBH99 were prominently featured in the IPCC Third Assessment Report of 2001, and became the focus of controversy when some individuals and groups disputed the data and methodology of this reconstruction.[38]
The 2006
CRU email controversy
In November 2009, hackers obtained a large number of emails exchanged among researchers at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and with other scientists, including Mann. The release of their correspondence on the Internet sparked the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, commonly known as "Climategate",[44][45] in which extracts from emails were publicized to raise accusations against the scientists. A series of investigations cleared the scientists of wrongdoing. Detailed analysis by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that the critics made unsupported accusations of falsification and manipulation or destruction of data and were commonly mistaken about the scientific issues.[46][47]
Mann was specifically cleared by several inquiries. Pennsylvania State University (PSU) commissioned two reviews related to the emails and his research, which reported in February and July 2010. They cleared Mann of misconduct, stating there was no substance to the allegations, but criticized him for sharing unpublished manuscripts with third parties.[48][49]
The EPA gave detailed consideration to petitions with allegations against Mann from lobbyists including the Southeastern Legal Foundation, Peabody Energy, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, and the Ohio Coal Association: the EPA found their claims were not supported by the evidence.[46][50]
At the request of Senator
Attorney General of Virginia's investigative demand
Based on the CRU email leak, Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli initiated a Civil Investigative Demand against the University of Virginia to obtain documentation relating to Mann's work at the university. The demand sparked widespread academic condemnation as a "blatantly political" attempt to intimidate and silence Mann,[54] and was denied in August 2010 by a judge for failure to state sufficient cause.[55][56] Cuccinelli tried to re-open his case by issuing a revised subpoena,[57] and appealed the case to the Virginia Supreme Court. The case was defended by the university, and the court ruled that Cuccinelli did not have the authority to make these demands. The decision, seen as supporting academic freedom, was welcomed by the Union of Concerned Scientists.[58]
In October 2010, Mann wrote an op-ed in The Washington Post in which he described several past, present and projected attacks on climate science and scientists by politicians, drawing a link between them and "the pseudo-science that questioned the link between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, and the false claims questioning the science of acid rain and the hole in the ozone layer." Saying they were "not good-faith questioning of scientific research [but] anti-science", he called for all his fellow scientists to stand against the attacks.[59]
Mann was a supporter of Democratic candidate
Defamation lawsuits
- Lawsuit against Tim Ball, the Frontier Centre and interviewer
In 2011, the Frontier Centre for Public Policy think tank interviewed Tim Ball and published his allegations about Mann and the CRU email controversy. Mann promptly sued for defamation[62] against Ball, the Frontier Centre and its interviewer.[63] In June 2019, the Frontier Centre apologized for publishing, on its website and in letters, "untrue and disparaging accusations which impugned the character of Dr. Mann". It said that Mann had "graciously accepted our apology and retraction".[64] This did not settle Mann's claims against Ball, who remained a defendant.[65] On March 21, 2019, Ball applied to the court to dismiss the action for delay; this request was granted at a hearing on August 22, 2019, and court costs were awarded to Ball. The actual defamation claims were not judged, but instead, the case was dismissed due to delay, for which Mann and his legal team were held responsible.[66]
- Lawsuit against National Review, the CEI, Mark Steyn and Rand Simberg
As attacks on the work and reputation of climatologists continued, Mann discussed with colleagues the need for a strong response when they were slandered or libeled. In July 2012,[67] Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) blogger Rand Simberg accused Mann of "deception" and "engaging in data manipulation" and alleged that the Penn State investigation that had cleared Mann was a "cover-up and whitewash" comparable to the recent Jerry Sandusky sex scandal, "except that instead of molesting children, he has molested and tortured data". The CEI blog editor then removed the sentence as "inappropriate", but a National Review blog post by Mark Steyn cited it and alleged that Mann's hockey stick graph was "fraudulent".[68][69]
Mann asked CEI and National Review to remove the allegations and apologize, or he would take action.[67] The CEI published further insults, and National Review editor Rich Lowry responded in an article headed "Get Lost" with a declaration that, should Mann sue, the discovery process would be used to reveal and publish Mann's emails. Mann's lawyer filed the defamation lawsuit with the DC Superior Court in October 2012.[68][70] Defendants were the National Review, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, Mark Steyn and Rand Simberg.[71][70]
Before the case could go to discovery, CEI and National Review filed a court motion to dismiss it under anti-SLAPP legislation, with the claim that they had merely been using exaggerated language which was acceptable against a public figure. In July 2013, the judge ruled against this motion,[72][73] and when the defendants took this to appeal a new judge also denied their motion to dismiss, in January 2014. National Review changed its lawyers, and Steyn decided to represent himself in court.[67][74] Journalist Seth Shulman, at the Union of Concerned Scientists, welcomed the judge's statement that accusations of fraud "go to the heart of scientific integrity. They can be proven true or false. If false, they are defamatory. If made with actual malice, they are actionable."[75]
The defendants again appealed the decision. In August 2014, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press with 26 other organizations filed an amicus brief in the D.C. appeals court, arguing that the comments at issue were constitutionally protected under the First Amendment as opinion.[76][77] Steyn chose to be represented by attorney Daniel J. Kornstein.[78] On December 22, 2016, the D.C. appeals court ruled that Mann's case against Simberg and Steyn could go ahead. A "reasonable jury" could find against the defendants, and though the context should be considered, "if the statements assert or imply false facts that defame the individual, they do not find shelter under the First Amendment simply because they are embedded in a larger policy debate".[79][80] A counterclaim Steyn filed through his attorneys on March 17, 2014, was dismissed with prejudice by the D.C. court on August 29, 2019, leaving Steyn to pay litigation costs.[81]
The defendants filed for
On March 19, 2021, the DC Superior Court ruled that "Steyn’s actual malice cannot be imputed" to National Review, when the post was not reviewed by them before publication and was posted by someone who was not their employee. It therefore granted National Review summary judgment dismissing Mann's case against the publishers.[83][84]
The lawsuit against writers Mark Steyn and Rand Simberg, filed in 2012, went to trial on January 18, 2024.[85][86] On February 8, 2024 Michael Mann was awarded punitive damages of $1000 against Simberg and $1 million against Steyn.[87] Mann commented "I hope this verdict sends a message that falsely attacking climate scientists is not protected speech".[88]
Awards and honors
Mann's dissertation was awarded the Phillip M. Orville Prize in 1997 as an "outstanding dissertation in the earth sciences" at Yale University. His co-authorship of a scientific paper published by
The IPCC presented Mann, along with all other "scientists that had contributed substantially to the preparation of IPCC reports", with a personalized certificate "for contributing to the award of the Nobel Peace Prize for 2007 to the IPCC", celebrating the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize to the IPCC and to Al Gore.[90][91][92][93]
In 2012, he was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union[1] and awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the European Geosciences Union for "his significant contributions to understanding decadal-centennial scale climate change over the last two millennia and for pioneering techniques to synthesize patterns and northern hemispheric time series of past climate using proxy data reconstructions."[7][89]
Following election by the American Meteorological Society he became a new Fellow of the society in 2013.[94] In January 2013 he was designated with the status of distinguished professor in Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences.[95]
In September 2013, Mann was named by
On April 28, 2014, the National Center for Science Education announced that its first annual Friend of the Planet award had been presented to Mann and Richard Alley.[100] In the same year, Mann was named as a Highly Cited Researcher by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). In 2015 he was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 2016 he was elected Vice Chair of the Topical Group on Physics of Climate (GPC) at the American Physical Society (APS).[89]
On June 19, 2017, Climate One at the Commonwealth Club of California said that he would be honored with the 7th annual Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Science Communication.[101]
He received the James H. Shea Award from the National Association of Geoscience Teachers for his "exceptional contribution in writing or editing Earth science materials for the general public or teachers of Earth science."[102]
On February 8, 2018, the Center for Inquiry announced that Mann had been elected as a 2017 Fellow of its Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[8]
On February 14, 2018, the American Association for the Advancement of Science announced that Mann was chosen to receive the 2018 Public Engagement with Science award.[103]
On September 4, 2018, the American Geophysical Union announced Mann as the 2018 recipient of its Climate Communication Prize.[104]
On February 12, 2019, Mann and Warren Washington were named to receive the 2019 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.[105]
In April 2020, he was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences.[5] Along with Antonella Santuccione Chadha, he also received the World Sustainability Award from the MDPI Sustainability Foundation.[106]
In 2022, the American Physical Society recognized Mann with the Leo Szilard Lectureship Award "for distinguished contributions to the public's understanding of climate science controversies, and to how our individual and collective actions can mitigate climate change."[107]
In 2023 the American Humanist Association gave Mann their 2023 Humanist of the Year award.[108]
Public outreach
Mann, along with Gavin Schmidt, Stefan Rahmstorf, and others, co-founded the RealClimate website, launched in December 2004. The website's purpose is to provide a site for commentaries by working climate scientists, "for interested public and journalists".[109]
After repeated attacks against his and his colleagues' academic work and being "hounded by elected officials, threatened with violence, and more", Mann decided to "enter the fray" and "speak out about the very real implications of our research."[110] Mann has engaged with the public through film, television, radio, the press, and talks.[2] The Patriot-News reported in 2014, "The professor operates active Twitter and Facebook accounts. In several weeks, he'll take part in an "Ask Me Anything" session on Reddit. For him, it's about engaging with the community."[111]
Mann serves on the advisory board of
Since 2013, Mann has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.[115]
In July 2018, Mann commented on recent
Publications
Mann has been organizing committee chair for the
Selected publications
- Mann, M.E.; Lees J.M. (1996). "Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series". Climatic Change. 33 (3): 409–445. S2CID 153423451. Archived from the original(PS) on August 17, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
- —; Bradley R.S.; Hughes M.K. (1998). "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries" (PDF). Nature. 392 (6678): 779–787. S2CID 129871008.
- —; Bradley, R.S.; Hughes, M.K. (1999). "Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (6): 759–762. .
- —; Bradley, R. S.; Hughes, M. K. (2000). "Long-term variability in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and associated teleconnections" (PDF). In Diaz, Henry F.; Markgraf, Vera (eds.). El Niño and the southern oscillation : multiscale variability and global and regional impact. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–413. ISBN 978-0-521-62138-0.
- Shindell D.T.; Schmidt G.A.; —; Rind D.; Waple A. (2001). "Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum" (PDF). Science. 294 (5549): 2149–2152. S2CID 1545207.
- —; Jones, P.D. (2003). "Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 30 (15): 1820–1823. S2CID 5942198.
- — (2009). "Defining Dangerous Anthropogenic Interference". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 (11): 4065–4066. PMID 19276105.
- — (2015). "The Serengeti strategy: How special interests try to intimidate scientists, and how best to fight back". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 71 (1). Sage: 33–45. S2CID 145469167.
- —; Rahmstorf, Stefan (March 27, 2017). "Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events". PMID 28345645.
Books
- Mann, Michael; Kump, Lee R. (2008). Dire predictions: understanding global warming. ISBN 978-0-7566-3995-2.
- — (2012). ISBN 978-0-231-15254-9.
- —; Kump, Lee R. (2015). Dire predictions: understanding global warming (2nd ed.). DK. ISBN 978-1-4654-3364-0.
- —; Toles, Tom (2016). The Madhouse Effect : How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet, Destroying Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-17786-3.[118] ("A preview of The Madhouse Effect". National Center for Science Education. Retrieved September 1, 2016.)
- —; Herbert, Megan (2018). The Tantrum That Saved The World. World Saving Books. ISBN 978-90-828110-0-1.
- — (2021). ISBN 978-1-541-75822-3.
- — (2023). Our Fragile Moment: How Lessons from Earth's Past Can Help Us Survive the Climate Crisis. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541702899.
Selected editorials and opinion articles
- "Approving Keystone XL could be the biggest mistake of Obama's presidency" by Michael Mann, The Guardian, January 31, 2014.
- "If You See Something, Say Something", The New York Times, January 17, 2014.
- "The Single Shining Hope to Stop Climate Change". Time. April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Fellows Search Results". American Geophysical Union. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mann, Michael E. (2013). "Curriculum Vitae". Penn State, Dept. of Meteorology. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
- ^ "Mann receives 2018 AGU Climate Communication Prize". news.psu.edu. Penn State University. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
- ^ "Michael Mann awarded the 2019 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement". news.psu.edu. Penn State University. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ a b "2020 NAS Election". National Academy of Sciences.
- ^ "A Conversation With Michael E. Mann". earth.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
- ^ a b "EGU – Awards & Medals – Hans Oeschger Medal – Michael Mann". egu.eu. European Geosciences Union. 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
- ^ a b "Center for Inquiry News: Cause & Effect: The CFI Newsletter – No. 99". www.centerforinquiry.net. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-59237-119-8.
- ^ Lawrence N. Mann at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- ^ MichaelEMann (February 13, 2018). "MichaelEMann on Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
As someone of Jewish ancestry, I'm truly horrified that anyone could be so cynical and insensitive
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 5–6
- S2CID 4351411.
- U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 765–766. Retrieved August 1, 2010. (PDF).
- S2CID 30872107.
- OCLC 54219996.
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 1–2, 41, 265–266
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 41–42
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 40–48
- ^ Mann 2012, p. 48
- S2CID 129871008.
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 48–50
- S2CID 2227769.
- ^ a b c Monastersky, Richard (September 8, 2006). "Climate Science on Trial – Research". The Chronicle of Higher Education. p. 10. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 50–53
- .
- UMass Amherst Office of News & Information. March 3, 1999. Archived from the originalon June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ Mann 2012, p. 53
- ISBN 978-0-521-80767-8.
- ^ Mann, Bradley & Hughes 2000
- ^ Mann 2012, pp. 104–105, 306
- ^ Mann & Jones 2003.
- ^ Mann, Michael E. "Research Findings". www.meteo.psu.edu. Penn State University. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ^ Johnson, Scott K. (February 4, 2013). "Tree ring history spurs actual climate science debate". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- doi:10.1002/2014GL059233. pdf
- ^ Mann, Michael E. (May 7, 2018). "Climate Scientist Won't Back Down Despite Threats, Harassment". KQED Science. KQED. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
- PMID 31900412. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Pearce, Fred (February 9, 2010). "Part three: Hockey stick graph took pride of place in IPCC report, despite doubts | Environment". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-309-10225-4.
- PMID 16810211.
- ^ Warner, Frank (January 3, 2010). "Penn State climate professor: 'I'm a skeptic'". The Morning Call. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
And in a wide-ranging interview, Mann says that not all global warming science is settled. It's not yet certain, for example, that the heat is reducing the world population of polar bears or that it increases the number of hurricanes, he said.
- S2CID 16524970.
- ^ Pearce, Fred (February 9, 2010). "Part four: Climate change debate overheated after sceptics grasped 'hockey stick' | Environment". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Fischer, Douglas; The Daily Climate (July 1, 2010). "Climategate Scientist Cleared in Inquiry, Again". Scientific American. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ Carrington, Damian (May 20, 2014). "'Climategate' had only fleeting effect on global warming scepticism". The Guardian. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ a b "Scientists' 'Climategate' e-mails 'just discussions'". BBC News. August 6, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ^ a b c Efstathiou, Jim Jr. (August 22, 2011). "Climate-Change Scientist Cleared in Closing of U.S. Data-Altering Inquiry". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ^ The Pennsylvania State University. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 13, 2010.
- The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010. The allegations were of "manipulating data, destroying records and colluding to hamper the progress of scientific discourse around the issue of anthropogenic global warming from approximately 1998."
- ^ "Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act / Regulatory Initiatives / Climate Change / U.S. EPA". epa.gov. Environmental Protection Agency. July 29, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- ^ Zinser, Todd J., Inspector General of the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, in a letter to Sen. Inhofe, February 18, 2011, wrote, "We found no evidence in the CRU emails that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data comprising the GHCN-M dataset."
- Office of Inspector General.
- ^ "Climate scientist cleared of research misconduct". physicsworld.com. Institute of Physics. August 30, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
- ^ Walker, Julian (May 19, 2010). "Academics fight Cuccinelli's call for climate-change records". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ "A judge puts a damper on Mr. Cuccinelli's U-Va. witch hunt". The Washington Post. August 31, 2010.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Brendan (August 30, 2010). "Court sets aside Cuccinelli investigation of UVA climate scientist". C-Ville Weekly. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
- ^ Rubin, Rebecca (October 6, 2010). "Cuccinelli orders new investigation". The Cavalier Daily.
- ^ Kumar, Anita (March 2, 2012). "Va. Supreme Court tosses Cuccinelli's case against former U-Va. climate change researcher – Virginia Politics". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
Goldenberg, Suzanne (March 2, 2012). "Virginia court rejects sceptic's bid for climate science emails : Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved March 2, 2012. - ^ Mann, Michael (October 8, 2010). "Get the anti-science bent out of politics". The Washington Post.
- ^ Sykes, Ed (July 1, 2013). "McAuliffe, Mann Encourage Science & Technology Innovation". NBC29 WVIR Charlottesville, VA News, Sports and Weather. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
- ^ Hutchins, J. Reynolds (July 1, 2013). "Ex-UVa professor Mann stumps with McAuliffe in Charlottesville". The Daily Progress. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
- ^ Greer, Darryl (March 28, 2011). "Prof Claims Climate-Denier Defamed Him". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
- ^ Michael Mann v. Timothy Ball, Frontier Centre, John Doe, VLC-SS-111913 (BCSC 2011).
- ^ "Retraction and Apology to Michael Mann". Frontier Centre For Public Policy. June 7, 2019. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
- National Observer)
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- ^ "Decisions". williamslopatto.com. Williams Lopatto PLLC. August 29, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019. – August 29th, 2019: Order Granting Motion to Dismiss the Counterclaims of Counter-Plaintiff Steyn
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The two conservative commentators accused of defamation mounted separate defenses, and both continued to disparage Mann during the first day of this long-anticipated trial... Back in 2022, Williams said Mann received about $3.5 million in funding a year. Today, that number is at $500,000, which Williams claimed is a direct result of Steyn and Simberg's attacks on Mann and his personal and professional reputation.
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- ^ The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the IPCC as an organization, and the prize was not an award to any individual involved with the IPCC.
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personalized certificates .... were sent to coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors, Bureau members, staff of the technical support units and staff of the secretariat from the IPCC's inception in 1988 until the award of the prize in 2007
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Mann, Michael E. (October 25, 2012). "Timeline Photos: Facebook". facebook. Retrieved October 28, 2012. - ^ Bralower, Timothy; Rosenhoover, Christie (2007). "Nobel Prize Comes to Geosciences" (PDF). Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
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"2013 AMS Honorary Members, Awards, Lecturers and Fellows" (PDF). American Meteorological Society. 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012. - ^ "Chen and Mann named distinguished professor in EMS". Penn State Live. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
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- PMID 15616516.
- ^ Mann, Michael E. (January 17, 2014). "If You See Something, Say Something". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
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- S2CID 203994009.
Sources
- Mann, Michael (2012). ISBN 978-0-231-15254-9.
External links
- Mann's home page, Pennsylvania State University
- Michael E. Mann at IMDb
- Michael E. Mann on the Muck Rack journalist listing site
- "EPA Climate Lecture with Professor Michael Mann (on 15th November 2021)". YouTube. EPA Ireland. November 18, 2021.
- "Michael E. Mann: The New Climate War". YouTube. UH Better Tomorrow Speaker Series. January 13, 2022.