Michael S. Hart

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other people named Michael Hart, see Michael Hart (disambiguation).
Michael S. Hart
University of Illinois
OccupationAuthor
Known forProject Gutenberg
Websitehart.pglaf.org

Michael Stern Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011)

e-book and the founder of Project Gutenberg (PG), the first project to make e-books freely available via the Internet.[1][2][3][4] He published e-books via ARPANET years before the Internet existed,[5][6] and later on BBS networks[7] and Gopher servers.[8]

Hart devoted his life after founding PG in 1971 to

digitizing and distributing literature from works in the public domain with free and expired copyrights. The first e-books[5][9] were typed in plain text format[6][7] and published as text files; other formats were made available later. Hart typed most of the early e-books himself; later, volunteers expanded the project.[5][10][11]

Early life

Michael Hart was born on March 8, 1947, in Tacoma, Washington. His father was an accountant and his mother, a former

University of Illinois, graduating in just two years with a degree in Human-Machine Interfaces.[12] He then attended but did not complete graduate school. He was also, briefly, a street musician.[13]

Project Gutenberg

Main article: Project Gutenberg

During Hart's time at the University of Illinois, the computer center gave Hart a user's account on its computer system; Hart's brother's best friend was the

e-mail.[7] Thus, to avoid crashing the e-mail system, he made the e-text
available for people to download.

This was the beginning of Project Gutenberg as the first

mirror sites
and mailing lists for the project. With this, the project was able to grow much more rapidly.

The mission statements for the project were:

"Encourage the Creation and Distribution of eBooks"
"Help Break Down the Bars of Ignorance and Illiteracy"
"Give As Many eBooks to As Many People As Possible"[7]

His overall outlook in the project was to develop in the least demanding format possible: as worded in The Chronicle of Higher Education, to him, open access meant "open access without proprietary displays, without the need for special software, without the requirement for anything but the simplest of connections."[8] His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and to do so by the end of the 20th century.[14]

Other activities

Hart was an author and his works are available free of charge on the

RepRap Project, which aims at creating a self-replicating machine.[6]

Hart was involved in an early effort in 1993 to develop a free and openly accessible "Internet Encyclopedia", called "Interpedia". However, the effort did not go beyond the planning stage.[15]

Personal life

Hart cobbled together a living with the money he earned as an adjunct professor and with grants and donations to Project Gutenberg.

home remedies, fixing his own house and car, and building computers, stereos, and other gear from discarded components.[1]

Hart died on September 6, 2011, of a heart attack at his home in Urbana, Illinois. He was 64.[3][16]

Writing style

Michael Hart's email messages and blog posts had equal line length paragraphs in monospaced font: he chose the wording in such a way that each line had the same number of characters.[10][18][19][20]

Sample writing from his last newsletter that was distributed in July 2011:[21] 

As many of you know, just 5 years ago or so Australia's
Parliament voted a resolution to resist those copyright
extensions that had recently taken place in the US, EU,
and other locations, but only a few years later tumbled
into line after a few rounds of economic warfare levied
upon them by The Mouse or other long copyright holders.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Michael S. Hart, Project Gutenberg
  2. ^ "Hobbes' Internet Timeline". Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  3. ^ a b Flood, Alison (8 September 2011). "Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64". The Guardian.
  4. ^ Grimes, William (8 September 2011). "Michael Hart, a Pioneer of E-Books, Dies at 64". The New York Times.
  5. ^ a b c d Schofield, Jack (14 September 2011). "More about Project Gutenberg's Michael Hart, RIP". ZDNet's Tech Industry.
  6. ^ a b c Moody, Glyn (8 September 2011), "Michael Hart (1947–2011): Prophet of Abundance", Open Enterprise (blog), UK: Computer World, archived from the original on 12 September 2011
  7. ^ a b c d e Hart, Michael S. (August 1992), The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg, Project Gutenberg
  8. ^
    Chronicle of Higher Education
    .
  9. ^ "Michael Hart". The News-Gazette. 8 September 2011.
  10. ^ a b c Kahle, Brewster (7 September 2011). "Michael Hart of Project Gutenberg Passes". Brewster Kahle's blog.
  11. ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 1998). "Michael Hart Builds A Digital Athenaeum". The Wired 25 - 6.11.
  12. ^ Poynder, Richard (9 March 2006). "Preserving the Public Domain: Interview with Michael Hart". Open and Shut?: The Basement Interviews. (in pdf)
  13. ^ "Michael Hart". The Economist. 24 September 2011.
  14. ISBN 0-8389-8081-3
    .
  15. ^ Reagle, Joseph M Jr (2005), "3.2", Wikipedia's Heritage: Vision, Pragmatics, and Happenstance
  16. ^ a b Langer, Emily (8 September 2011). "Project Gutenberg creator Michael S. Hart dies at 64". The Washington Post.
  17. ^ Schofield, Jack (13 September 2011). "Michael Hart obituary". The Guardian.
  18. ^ "Project Gutenberg Monthly Newsletter Archive, 2011".
  19. ^ "Michael Hart's Online Writings".
  20. ^ Snell, Jason (March–April 1995). "From Paper to the Internet: Project Gutenberg". InterText. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14.
  21. ^ Hart, Michael S. (20 July 2011). "gmonthly Project Gutenberg Monthly Newsletter".

External links

Selected interviews

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