Michael Ventris
Michael Ventris University of Uppsala (1954) (1959) |
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Michael George Francis Ventris,
Early life and education
Ventris was born into a traditional army family. His grandfather, Francis Ventris, was a major-general and Commander of British Forces in China. His father, Edward Francis Vereker Ventris, was a lieutenant-colonel in the Indian Army,[2] who retired early due to ill health. Edward Ventris married Anna Dorothea (Dora) Janasz, who was from a wealthy Jewish and Polish paternal background. Michael Ventris was their only child.
The family moved to Switzerland for eight years, seeking a healthy environment for Colonel Ventris. Young Michael started school in Gstaad, where classes were taught in French and German. He soon was fluent in both languages and showing proficiency for Swiss German.[3] He was capable of learning a language within a matter of weeks, which allowed him to acquire fluency in a dozen languages. His mother often spoke Polish to him, and he was fluent by the age of eight. At this time, he was reading Adolf Erman's Die Hieroglyphen in German.
In 1931, the Ventris family returned home. From 1931 to 1935 Ventris was sent to Bickley Hill School in Bromley, Kent. His parents divorced in 1935. At this time, he secured a scholarship to Stowe School. At Stowe he learned some Latin and Ancient Greek.[3] He did not do outstanding work there – by then he was spending most of his spare time learning as much as he could about Linear B, some of his study time being spent under the covers at night with a torch.
When he was not boarding at school, Ventris lived with his mother, before 1935 in coastal hotels, and then in the avant garde Berthold Lubetkin's Highpoint modernist apartments in Highgate, north London. His mother's acquaintances, who frequented the house, included many sculptors, painters, and writers of the day. The flat was furnished with the works of Marcel Breuer.[4] The money for her artistic patronage came from Polish estates.
Young adult
Ventris's father died in 1938 and his mother, Dora, became administrator of the estate. With the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Dora lost her private income, and in 1940 her father died. Ventris lost his mother to clinical depression and an overdose of barbiturates. He never spoke of her, assuming instead an ebullient and energetic manner in whatever he decided to do, a trait which won him numerous friends.
A friend of the family, Russian sculptor Naum Gabo, took Ventris under his wing. Ventris later said that Gabo was the most family he had ever had. It may have been at Gabo's house that he began the study of Russian.
He decided on architecture as a career, and enrolled in the
Ventris did not complete his architecture studies, being conscripted in 1942. He chose the
Architect and palaeographer
After the war he worked briefly in Sweden, learning enough Swedish to communicate with scholars.[3] Then he came home to complete his architectural education with honours in 1948[9] and settled down with Lois working as an architect. He designed schools for the Ministry of Education. He and his wife personally designed their family home, 19 North End, Hampstead.[10][11] Ventris and his wife had two children: a son, Nikki (1942–1984), and a daughter, Tessa (born 1946).[12]
Ventris continued with his efforts on Linear B, discovering in 1952 that it was an archaic form of Greek.
Decipherment
At the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologist Arthur Evans began excavating an ancient site at Knossos, on the island of Crete. In doing so he uncovered a great many clay tablets inscribed with two unknown scripts, Linear A and Linear B. Evans attempted to decipher both in the following decades, with little success.
In 1936, Evans hosted an exhibition on Cretan archaeology at
In 1940, the 18-year-old Ventris had an article "Introducing the Minoan Language" published in the American Journal of Archaeology.[13] Ventris's initial theory was that Etruscan and Linear B were related and that this might provide a key to decipherment. Although this proved incorrect, it was a link he continued to explore until the early 1950s.
Shortly after Evans died,
Shortly before World War II, American archaeologist Carl Blegen discovered a further 600 or so tablets of Linear B in the Mycenaean palace of Pylos on the Greek mainland. Photographs of these tablets by archaeologist Alison Frantz facilitated Ventris's later decipherment of the Linear B script.[14]
In 1948 Sir John Myres invited a group of academics to help him transcribe Linear B material. Amongst them were Dr. Kober and Ventris. Although they did not collaborate further, Kober's work was essential in providing the foundational understanding from which Ventris built his theories on Linear B.[15][16]
Comparing the Linear B tablets discovered on the Greek mainland, and noting that certain symbol groups appeared only in the Cretan texts, Ventris made the inspired guess that those were place names on the island. This proved to be correct. Armed with the symbols he could decipher from this, Ventris soon unlocked much of the text and determined that the underlying language of Linear B, a syllabic script, was in fact Greek. On 1 July 1952, Ventris announced his preliminary findings on a BBC radio talk which was heard by John Chadwick, a classicist at the University of Cambridge who had been involved in code breaking at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. The two men began to collaborate on further research into deciphering Linear B. In 1953 further Linear B tablets were discovered at ancient Mycenae and ancient Pylos on the Greek mainland, with one of the tablets (PY Ta 641) showing a pictographic tripod cauldron next to Linear B symbols which were translated by Ventris and Chadwick as "ti-ri-po-de", tripod being a Greek word. This led to wider international collaboration with other classical scholars and between 1953 and 1956 Ventris and Chadwick published joint papers.[17] This overturned Evans's theories of Minoan history by establishing that Cretan civilization, at least in the later periods associated with the Linear B tablets, had been part of Mycenean Greece.
Death and legacy
Ventris was awarded an
On September 6th, 1956, the 34-year-old Ventris, who lived in Hampstead, drove to his in-laws home late at night, claiming he wanted to retrieve his wallet.[18] On the way home, he died instantly in a collision in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, after striking a parked lorry.[19] The lorry was parked in a lay-by, a rest stop on the side of the road.[20] The coroner's verdict was accidental death.[21] But friends and colleagues speculated about the circumstances. Some wondered if the lorry driver forgot to put his lights on. (The lorry driver denied this.) Others speculated that perhaps he suffered a heart attack. (His son Nikki would die of a heart attack in his forties.) Some even wondered if he'd committed suicide, as he'd seemed despondent and depressed lately. In 1959 Ventris was posthumously awarded the British Academy's Kenyon Medal.
Initially there was some academic scepticism about the decipherment, continuing into the 1960s.[22] Today the Mycenaean Greek attribution is universally accepted by academics.
An English Heritage blue plaque commemorates Ventris at his home in North End, Hampstead[23] and a street in Heraklion, the capital of the Greek island of Crete, was named in his honor.[24]
The Ventris crater on the far side of the Moon was named in his honor by the IAU in 1970.[25]
Bibliography
- Ventris, M. G. F. Introducing the Minoan Language, essay article in American Journal of Archaeology XLIV/4 October–December 1940.
- Ventris, Michael (1950). The languages of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations: mid-century report. London: Michael Ventris.
- —— (1951). A preliminary analysis of the language contained in the Mycenaean Archives from Pylos in Messenia.
- ——; Chadwick, John (1953). "Evidence for Greek Dialect in the Mycenaean Archives". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 73: 84–103. S2CID 163873642.
- —— (1954). King Nestor's Four-handled Cups: Greek Inventories in the Minoan Script. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
- Ventris, Michael The Journal of Hellenic Studies Volume LXXVI 1956 p. 146 Review of two Russian language works by V. I. Georgiev.
- ——; Chadwick, John (1956A). Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Second edition (1974). ISBN 0-521-08558-6.
- —— (1956B). Mycenaean furniture on the Pylos tablets. Uppsala: Eranos förlag.
- ——; Sacconi, Anna (1988). Work notes on Minoan language research and other unedited papers. Incunabula Graeca, 90. Roma: Edizioni dell'Ateneo.
See also
- Emmett Bennett
References
- ^ "Cracking the code: the decipherment of Linear B 60 years on". University of Cambridge. 13 October 2012.
- ^ Great Britons: Twentieth-century lives, Harold Oxbury, 1985
- ^ a b c Chadwick 1990, p. 2.
- ^ "Desk by Marcel Breuer". Art Fund. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ Administrator (5 September 2013). "The Life of Michael Ventris". www.classics.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Royal Air Force (Volunteer Reserve) (RAF(VR)) Officers 1939–1945". Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Robinson 2002, pp. 45–7
- ^ Palaima 2000, p. 1.
- ^ Oxbury, Harold (1985). Great Britons: twentieth-century lives. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 338.
- ^ a b Chadwick 1990, p. 3.
- ^ "Designs for the architects' house and garden, 19 North End, Hampstead, London: site plan and floor plans". RIBApix. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ ohk (2006), The Ventris Papers (PDF), School of Advanced Studies, University of London
- ^ Robinson 2002, pp. 32–3
- ^ McCredie, James R. (June 2000). "Biographical Memoirs: Alison Frantz" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 144 (2): 213–217. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ Chadwick, John (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- required.)
- ^ Fox, Margalit. Riddle of the Labyrinth.
- ^ Chadwick, John. The decipherment of Linear B. p. 3.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew. The man who deciphered Linear B. pp. 150–152.
- ^ Robinson 2002, p. 151
- ^ Linear B Decipherment Controversy Re-Examined, The. Retrieved 9 May 2023 – via sunypress.edu.
- ^ "VENTRIS, MICHAEL (1922–1956)". English Heritage. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Ο ιδιοφυής νεαρός Μάικλ Βέντρις…". Εφημερίδα ΑΜΑΡΥΣΙΑ (in Greek). 23 November 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ Ventris, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
Further reading
- ISBN 0-521-39830-4.
- ISBN 978-0062228833.
- ISBN 0-500-51077-6.
- ISBN 0-9649410-4-X.
External links
- BBC (2005). Michael Ventris Videos. OVGuide. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- "Michael Ventris Papers" (PDF). Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory (PASP), Classics Department, University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- Engels, Tom. "Michael Ventris: Decipherer of Linear B". 66South.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2012.