Micro black hole
Micro black holes, also called mini black holes or quantum mechanical black holes, are hypothetical tiny (<1
It is possible that such black holes were created in the high-density environment of the early Universe (or Big Bang), or possibly through subsequent phase transitions (referred to as primordial black holes). They might be observed by astrophysicists through the particles they are expected to emit by Hawking radiation.[3]
Some hypotheses involving additional space
Minimum mass of a black hole
In an early speculation,
Some extensions of present physics posit the existence of extra dimensions of space. In higher-dimensional spacetime, the strength of gravity increases more rapidly with decreasing distance than in three dimensions. With certain special configurations of the extra dimensions, this effect can lower the Planck scale to the TeV range. Examples of such extensions include
All this assumes that the theory of
Stability
Hawking radiation
In 1975, Stephen Hawking argued that, due to quantum effects, black holes "evaporate" by a process now referred to as Hawking radiation in which elementary particles (such as photons, electrons, quarks and gluons) are emitted.[3] His calculations showed that the smaller the size of the black hole, the faster the evaporation rate, resulting in a sudden burst of particles as the micro black hole suddenly explodes.
Any primordial black hole of sufficiently low mass will
While Hawking radiation is sometimes questioned,[12] Leonard Susskind summarizes an expert perspective in his book The Black Hole War: "Every so often, a physics paper will appear claiming that black holes don't evaporate. Such papers quickly disappear into the infinite junk heap of fringe ideas."[13]
Conjectures for the final state
Conjectures for the final fate of the black hole include total evaporation and production of a
Primordial black holes
Formation in the early Universe
Production of a black hole requires concentration of mass or energy within the corresponding Schwarzschild radius. It was hypothesized by Zel'dovich and Novikov first and independently by Hawking that, shortly after the Big Bang, the Universe was dense enough for any given region of space to fit within its own Schwarzschild radius. Even so, at that time, the Universe was not able to collapse into a singularity due to its uniform mass distribution and rapid growth. This, however, does not fully exclude the possibility that black holes of various sizes may have emerged locally. A black hole formed in this way is called a primordial black hole and is the most widely accepted hypothesis for the possible creation of micro black holes. Computer simulations suggest that the probability of formation of a primordial black hole is inversely proportional to its mass. Thus, the most likely outcome would be micro black holes.[citation needed]
Expected observable effects
A primordial black hole with an initial mass of around 1012 kg would be completing its evaporation today; a less massive primordial black hole would have already evaporated.
Human-made micro black holes
Feasibility of production
In familiar three-dimensional gravity, the minimum energy of a microscopic black hole is 1016
However, in some scenarios involving extra dimensions of space, the Planck mass can be as low as the TeV range. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has a design energy of 14 TeV for proton–proton collisions and 1,150 TeV for Pb–Pb collisions. It was argued in 2001 that, in these circumstances, black hole production could be an important and observable effect at the LHC[4][5][6][7][22] or future higher-energy colliders. Such quantum black holes should decay emitting sprays of particles that could be seen by detectors at these facilities.[4][5] A paper by Choptuik and Pretorius, published in 2010 in Physical Review Letters, presented a computer-generated proof that micro black holes must form from two colliding particles with sufficient energy, which might be allowable at the energies of the LHC if additional dimensions are present other than the customary four (three spatial, one temporal).[23][24]
Safety arguments
Hawking's calculation
Black holes in quantum theories of gravity
It is possible, in some theories of
Virtual micro black holes were proposed by Stephen Hawking in 1995[27] and by Fabio Scardigli in 1999 as part of a Grand Unified Theory as a quantum gravity candidate.[28]
See also
- Black hole electron
- Black hole starship
- Black holes in fiction
- ER=EPR
- Kugelblitz (astrophysics)
- Strangelet
Notes
- ^ The Schwarzschild radius of a 1012 kg black hole is approximately 148 fm (1.48×10−13 m), which is much smaller than an atom but larger than an atomic nucleus.
References
- ^ PMID 15882021.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 55539246.
- ^ S2CID 1203487.
- ^ S2CID 119375071.
- ^ a b Johnson, George (September 11, 2001). "Physicists Strive to Build A Black Hole". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
- ^ a b "The case for mini black holes". CERN Courier. November 2004.
- .
- .
- ^ Hawking, Stephen. "New doomsday warning". MSNBC.
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- S2CID 16668175.
- ISBN 978-0-316-01640-7.
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- S2CID 17011869.
- ^ McKee, M. (30 May 2006). "Satellite could open door on extra dimension". New Scientist.
- ^ "Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope: "Mini" black hole detection". Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- S2CID 118604599.
- )
- ^ Cain, Fraser (20 June 2007). "Are Microscopic Black Holes Buzzing Inside the Earth?". Universe Today.
- ^ O’Callaghan, Jonathan (29 September 2021). "Lunar craters could reveal past collisions with ancient black holes". New Scientist. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
- ^ Schewe, Phil; Riordon, James; Stein, Ben (September 26, 2001). "The Black Hole of Geneva". Bulletin of Physics News. Vol. 558. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2005-02-10.
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Bibliography
- Page, Don N. (15 January 1976). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole". Physical Review D. 13 (2): 198–206. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198: first detailed studies of the evaporation mechanism)
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: CS1 maint: postscript (link - Carr, B. J.; Hawking, S. W. (1 August 1974). "Black holes in the early universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 168 (2): 399–415. doi:10.1093/mnras/168.2.399: links between primordial black holes and the early universe)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link - A. Barrau et al., Astron. Astrophys. 388 (2002) 676, Astron. Astrophys. 398 (2003) 403, Astrophys. J. 630 (2005) 1015 : experimental searches for primordial black holes thanks to the emitted antimatter
- A. Barrau & G. Boudoul, Review talk given at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics TH2002 : cosmology with primordial black holes
- A. Barrau & J. Grain, Phys. Lett. B 584 (2004) 114 : searches for new physics (quantum gravity) with primordial black holes
- P. Kanti, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A19 (2004) 4899 : evaporating black holes and extra dimensions
- D. Ida, K.-y. Oda & S.C.Park, [1]: determination of black hole's life and extra dimensions
- Sabine Hossenfelder: What Black Holes Can Teach Us, hep-ph/0412265
- L. Modesto, PhysRevD.70.124009: Disappearance of Black Hole Singularity in Quantum Gravity
- P. Nicolini, A. Smailacic, E. Spallucci, j.physletb.2005.11.004: Noncommutative geometry inspired Schwarzschild black hole
- A. Bonanno, M. Reuter, PhysRevD.73.083005: Spacetime Structure of an Evaporating Black Hole in Quantum Gravity
- Fujioka, Shinsuke; et al. (18 October 2009). "X-ray astronomy in the laboratory with a miniature compact object produced by laser-driven implosion". Nature Physics. 5 (11): 821–825. S2CID 56423571.: X-ray astronomy in the laboratory with a miniature compact object produced by laser-driven implosion
- Harrison, B. K.; Thorne, K. S.; Wakano, M.; Wheeler, J. A. Gravitation Theory and Gravitational Collapse, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 pp. 80–81
External links
- Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes
- Mini Black Holes Might Reveal 5th Dimension – Ker Than. Space.com June 26, 2006 10:42am ET
- Doomsday Machine Large Hadron Collider? – A scientific essay about energies, dimensions, black holes, and the associated public attention to CERN, by Norbert Frischauf (also available as Podcast)