Microaerophile
A microaerophile is a
The original definition of a microaerophile has been criticized for being too restrictive and not accurate enough compared to similar categories. The broader term microaerobe has been coined to describe microbes able to respire oxygen "within microoxic environments by using high-affinity terminal oxidase".[1]
Culture
Microaerophiles are traditionally cultivated in candle jars. Candle jars are containers into which a lit
Newer oxystat bioreactor methods allow for more precise control of gas levels in the microaerobic environment, using a probe to measure the oxygen concentration or redox potential in real time.[6] Ways to control oxygen intake include gas-generating packs and gas exchange.[4]
As oxystat bioreactors are expensive to buy and run, lower-cost solutions have been devised. For example, the Micro-Oxygenated Culture Device (MOCD) is a system involving ordinary flasks, oxygen-permeable tubes, sensors, and water pumps. Aeration is done by pumping the culture medium through the tubes.[1]
Examples
A wide variety of microaerobic conditions exist in the world: in human bodies, underwater, etc. Many bacteria from these sources are microaerobes, some of which are also microaerophiles.
- Some members of Campylobacterales are microaerophilic:
- Campylobacter species are microaerophilic.[4][7]
- Many members of Lactobacillus sensu lato (see Lactobacillaceae) are microaerophiles. As facultative anaerobes, they do survive anaerobic conditions, but grow better with a little oxygen.[9]
- Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense and Magnetospira sp. QH-2 are aquatic microaerophilic magnetotactic bacteria. The formation of magnetite in such bacteria in general require microaerobic conditions.[1]
See also
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
- Facultative anaerobe
- Fermentation
- Obligate aerobe
- Obligate anaerobe
- Oxygenation (environmental)
References
- ^ PMID 31001208.
- ISBN 0-471-49754-1.
- ISBN 0-697-29390-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-07-128735-7.
- PMID 24399385.
- PMID 23178703.
- PMID 330861.
- PMID 23015486.
- PMID 25922408.
External links