Microdosing

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Microdosing, or micro-dosing, is a technique for studying the behaviour of

Less commonly, the term "microdosing" is also sometimes used to refer to precise dispensing of small amounts of a drug substance (e.g., a powder API) for a drug product (e.g., a capsule)[2] and, when the drug substance also happens to be liquid, this can potentially overlap what is termed microdispensing. For example, cannabis microdosing^[3][4] and psychedelic microdosing.^[5]

Techniques

The basic approach is to label a candidate drug using the radio isotope carbon-14,^[6] then administer the compound to human volunteers at levels typically about 100 times lower than the proposed therapeutic dosage (from around 1 to 100 micrograms but not above).^[7]

As only microdose levels of the drug are used, analytical methods are limited. Extreme sensitivity is needed. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the most common method for microdose analysis. AMS was developed in the late 1970s from two distinct research threads with a common goal:^[8] an improvement in radiocarbon dating that would make efficient use of datable material and that would extend the routine and maximum reach of radiocarbon dating. AMS is routinely used in geochronology and archaeology,^[9] but biological applications began appearing in 1990 mainly due to the work of scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. AMS service is now more accessible for biochemical quantitation from several private companies and non-commercial access to AMS is available at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Resource at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,^[10] or through the development of smaller affordable spectrometers. AMS does not measure the radioactivity of carbon-14 in microdose samples. AMS, like other mass spectrometry methods, measures ionic species according to mass-to-charge ratio.

Psychedelic

Psychedelic microdosing is the practice of using sub-threshold doses (microdoses) of

According to microdosify.com, there are 8 types of microdosing protocols or routines. Following are the types of microdosing protocols:[13]

• Fadiman Protocol
• Paul Stamets Stack
• Two Days a Week Protocol
• Every Other Day Microdosing Protocol
• Nightcap Protocol
• Intuitive Microdosing Protocol
• The Asha Sultana Protocol
• The 2:1 Protocol

Impact of use

In 2021 it was reported in a study done that an increased conscientiousness was seen due to microdosing. ^[14] Microdosing was seen to have improved mental health after microdosing with psychedelics after 30 days.^[15] More research is needed to ultimately decide weather or not microdosing helps those who suffer from depression and anxiety. ^[15] Microdosing has not seen to improve participants motor responses, attention, and cognitive problem-solving abilities.^[15] Microdosing is still under investigation as to weather it works or if it does not. Researchers are investigating into microdosing more and more, the placebo effect causes difficulties in research on this topic.^[16]

It is reported that 15 of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies have now used microdosing in drug development, and the use of the technique has been provisionally endorsed by both the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. It was once expected that by 2010, human microdosing would have gained a secure foothold at the discovery-preclinical interface, driven by early measurement of candidate drug behavior in humans and by irrefutable economic arguments.^{[citation needed]}

In January 2006, the European Union Microdose AMS Partnership Programme (EUMAPP) was launched.^[17] Ten organizations from five different countries (United Kingdom, Sweden, Netherlands, France, and Poland) will study various approaches to the basic AMS technique. The study is set to be published in 2009.^[18]

One of the most meaningful potential outcomes of Phase-0/Microdosing studies is the early termination of development. In 2017, Okour et al published the first example in literature of a termination of an oral drug based on IV microdose data.^[19] This study provides an example of the application of microdosing in circumstances where pre-clinical data were not sufficient to provide accurate information to guide first-in-human (FIH) study design.

See also

• Pharmacology

References