Micronation

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This article is about self-proclaimed political entities that are not recognised as states. For small countries that are officially recognised, see Microstate.
Not to be confused with unrecognised state.

The Principality of Sealand is a micronation located on a seafort off the coast of the United Kingdom.
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A micronation is a political entity whose representatives claim that they belong to an independent nation or sovereign state, but which lacks legal recognition by any sovereign state. Micronations are classified separately from de facto states and quasi-states; they are also not considered to be autonomous or self-governing as they lack the legal basis in international law for their existence. The activities of micronations are almost always trivial enough to be ignored rather than disputed by the established nations whose territory they claim—referred to in micronationalism as "macronations". Several micronations have issued coins, flags, postage stamps, passports, medals and other state-related items, some as a source of revenue. Motivations for the creation of micronations include theoretical experimentation, political protest, artistic expression, personal entertainment and the conduct of criminal activity. The study of micronationalism is known as micropatriology[1] or micropatrology.[2][a]

Although several historical states have been retroactively called micronations, the concept was formulated in the 1970s, with a particular influence from the International Micropatrological Society. Micronationalism saw several developments thereafter, with several micronations being founded in Australia in the 1970s and a "micronations boom" in Japan in the 1980s. As a result of the emergence of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s, micronationalism lost much of its traditionally eccentric anti-establishment sentiment in favour of more hobbyist perspectives, and the number of exclusively online or merely simulation-based micronations expanded dramatically. This has allowed several intermicronational organisations to form, as well as allowing for many diplomatic summits to take place between micronations since the 2000s, including the biennial MicroCon convention.

Definition

See also: Sovereignty

Micronations are

national symbols, holding national elections and engaging in diplomacy with other micronations.[12][13] While most micronations claim sovereignty over physical territory, others are based solely around the Internet or do not claim sovereignty at all, a hobbyist paradigm of micronationalism that arose with the rise of the Internet from the mid-1990s onwards.[14][15][16]

In 2021, legal academics Harry Hobbs and George Williams, in their Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty, defined micronations as:

self-declared nations that perform and mimic acts of sovereignty, and adopt many of the protocols of nations, but lack a foundation in domestic and international law for their existence and are not recognised as nations in domestic or international forums.

— Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty, Page 76[17]

Online dictionary Collins English Dictionary, published by HarperCollins, gives a similar definition:

An

entity, typically existing only on the internet or within the private property of its members, that lays claim to sovereign status as an independent nation, but which is unrecognized by real nations.

— Collins English Dictionary[18]

History

See also: List of micronations

Retrospective micronations

Several historical

Republic of Parva Domus Magna Quies (since 1878),[22] and the more contemporary Kingdom of Elleore (since 1944),[22] Republic of Saugeais (since 1947),[23] Principality of Outer Baldonia (1949–1973)[24] and Sultanate of M'Simbati (1959–fl. 1964).[25]

Libertarian micronations and seasteading projects: 1964–1972

Republic of Rose Island, before its destruction
The Republic of Minerva was a libertarian project that succeeded in building an artificial island in 1972 by importing sand

Several entities that can be considered micronations by contemporary standards were established throughout the 1960s and early 1970s and based on ideals of libertarianism and many of them created via seasteading.

Guano Islands Act of 1856. Although Hemingway had plans to expand the raft, it was destroyed within a few years by a cyclone, and the project was completely abandoned in 1973.[26][27][28] In 1967, Paddy Roy Bates squatted on HM Fort Roughs, an offshore platform in the North Sea used during World War II approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) off the coast of the United Kingdom.[29] Bates had intended to broadcast a pirate radio station from the platform, however ultimately never did so.[30] He instead declared the independence of Fort Roughs and declared it the Principality of Sealand.[29][30] Bates died in 2012, and Michael Bates has since succeeded him as Prince of Sealand.[31]

media sensation.[39]

Conceptualisation

As of January 1973, the Office of the Geographer of the

Erwin S. Strauss.[47] The IMS contributed considerably to the work.[48] However, the word micronation is notably absent from the book. A second edition of the work was published in 1984 by Loompanics, followed in 1999 by a third edition published by Paladin Press.[47] According to the Yearbook of International Organizations, the IMS was disestablished in 1988.[49]

Initial developments in Australia: 1970–1981

Entrance to the Principality of Hutt River (formerly Hutt River Province), a micronation founded in Australia

Australia has a disproportionate number of micronations compared to other countries.

British Crown, Bumbunga was declared.[55][56]

The

Government of Victoria in regards to the flooding of his and others' properties.[58] He was inspired by Hutt River.[59] The Grand Duchy of Avram was established in Tasmania in the early 1980s by politician John Charlton Rudge, and issues its own banknotes.[50] In recognition of his status, Rudge legally changed his name to John the Duke of Avram.[60] In 1981, the Empire of Atlantium was founded in Sydney as a non-territorial global government based on the ideals of secularism, progressivism and liberalism. Among the causes Atlantium supports are the right to unrestricted international freedom of movement, the right to abortion, and the right to assisted suicide.[61][62]

Micronational community in Japan: 1981–1991

Main article: Mini-dokuritsukoku

In 1981, drawing on a news story about Hemingway's New Atlantis, novelist

Olympic games in 1986. However, the economic impact of the Japanese asset price bubble in 1991 ended the boom. Many of the villages were forced to merge with larger cities, and the micronations and confederations were generally dissolved.[65][66][67]

Protest micronations: 1980s

The 1980s saw the establishment of several micronational entities in protest.

The

aluminium smelter at Aramoana in New Zealand.[70] This was because the project called for the destruction of the villages of Aramoana and Te Ngaru, and also threatened a local wildlife reserve. The project was ultimately abandoned in the early 1980s, and the micronation of Aramoana peacefully reintegrated into New Zealand.[71]

The

Key West City Council complained repeatedly about the inconvenience, claiming that it hurt the Keys' tourism industry. Though the roadblock was soon removed, the claim to sovereignty of the Conch Republic has persisted as a tongue-in-cheek venture meant to bolster tourism.[72]

In 1986, the

New York State in the United States, Kamen was able to leverage his personal relationship with then-president George H. W. Bush to sign an unofficial non-aggression pact.[74]

Artistic micronations: 1990s

Several

statehood.[75]

In 1991,

Carolyn Shelby serving as Queen since 2011.[79] In 1997, the neighbourhood of Užupis in Vilnius, Lithuania declared tongue-in-cheek independence as a republic consisting of laidback artists.[80]

Effects of the Internet and media attention

In the mid-1990s, the emerging popularity of the

Ils ne siègent pas à l'ONU: revue de quelques micro-Etats, micro-nations et autres entités éphémères (They do not sit at the UN: a review of some micro-states, micro-nations and other ephemeral entities), which details over 600 micronations.[3]

A marker along the Republic of Molossia's claimed border with Nevada

In 2000, the

travel guide company Lonely Planet published a light-hearted guide to numerous micronations titled Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations.[95][96]

In 2007, two self-proclaimed princesses of the

stateless individuals, and they were interned at an immigration depot under supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.[99][100]

2010s

In 2010, the documentary film

Government of Australia.[109][110]

In 2015, the first convention of the biannual

John Briceño dismissed the project in 2022, calling them "stupid" and stating "We will never allow anybody to have their own country within this country [Belize] - what a stupid thing. If you stupid enough to pay a lot of money to buy [a] piece of land, good for you."[117]

2020s

During the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2020, several micronations imposed their own restrictions, mimicking countries.[118] Some inactive Internet-based micronations also returned to activity as people were commanded to stay home and quarantine.[119] In 2020, Netflix released the film Rose Island, based on the story of engineer Giorgio Rosa and the Republic of Rose Island.[120] In 2021, academics Harry Hobbs and George Williams published Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty, a book exploring various aspects of micronationalism.[121] It was published by Cambridge University Press.[122] A follow-up book on micronations by Hobbs and Williams, entitled How to Rule Your Own Country: The Weird and Wonderful World of Micronations, was published in 2022 by the University of New South Wales Press.[123] Also in 2022, illusionist Uri Geller purchased Lamb, an uninhabited island off the coast of Scotland and declared it independent as the Republic of Lamb. Geller offers citizenship, with proceeds going to Save a Child's Heart, an Israeli charity.[124]

Territorial claims

Empire of Austenasia, is a house in Carshalton, London[125]
The micronation project Liberland has claimed a piece of land it considers terra nullius due to technicalities in a border dispute between Croatia and Serbia.[126]

While most micronations

Kingdom of North Sudan. Heaton stated that he claimed the territory in order to fulfil a promise to his daughter to make her a princess, however Heaton has appeared to have other motivations, offering several initiatives—such as the implementation of a national currency and the construction of an international airport and capital city—via crowdfunding.[132][133]

Other micronational claims have been made to

right-libertarian politician and activist Vít Jedlička, and claims the largest pocket, Gornja Siga.[136][126] The land lacks infrastructure and lies on the floodplain of the Danube.[137]

Other claims

Some micronations have attempted to establish themselves in

non-profit organisation formed to facilitate the establishment of these seasteads.[102][138][139]

The

garbage patches around the world's oceans in protest against their existence.[145]

Functions as a sovereign state

Coins minted by the Principality of Sealand

Micronations function in the same way as sovereign states in that they have their own government,

stateless peoples, regions and micronations that are not allowed to join FIFA, in 2006.[150] The Seborga national football team was founded in 2014 and is run by the Football Federation of the Principality of Seborga.[151]

Community

Diplomacy

PoliNation 2012

Like countries, micronations engage in intermicronational diplomacy with one another. This includes the signing of

member states. Most of these organisations generally work to maintain peace, strengthen micronational cooperation and to improve diplomatic relations between member states.[153][154]

Intermicronational summits

Further information: summit (meeting)

Intermicronational summits are also commonplace within the micronational community,

Las Vegas, Nevada by Westarctica, having been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[162] The first summit hosted by the Microfrancophonie was held in 2016 in Aigues-Mortes, Occitania, and hosted by the Principality of Aigues-Mortes;[115] the second summit took place in 2018 in Vincennes, Paris, and was hosted by Angyalistan;[163] the third summit took place in 2022 in Blaye, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, organised by the Principality of Hélianthis.[157]

Websites and online communities

There are thousands of micronations which exist and operate solely online.

subreddit forum r/micronations on Reddit had another 8,000.[155][170]

Legality

Arguments for sovereignty

Micronation as a word has no basis in international law.

declarative theory of statehood as defined by the Montevideo Convention, which defines a state as: "a person of international law [that] possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states."[172][173]

In 2019, a couple seasteading off the coast of Thailand went into hiding after being accused by the

death penalty.[174][175] As of 2020, they relocated to Panama.[176]

Based on historical claims

Some micronations are founded on the basis of historical anomalies. The

heir to the imperial throne.[180]

See also

Footnotes

  1. microstates.[3][4]

References

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Bibliography

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of works on micronationalism

Nonfiction

Fiction

External links

The Wikibook Micronations has a page on the topic of: Starting your own micronation
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Micronation.
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